Balkanadj.n.

Brit.

/ˈbɔːlk(ə)n/,

/ˈbɒlk(ə)n/, U.S.

/ˈbɔlkən/,

/ˈbɑlkən/

Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Balkan.

Etymology: < Balkan, name of the mountain range between the Danube and Maritsa Rivers, < Ottoman Turkish Balḳān (1518 or earlier with reference to the particular mountain range) < Ottoman Turkish balḳān (Turkish balkan ) wooded mountain or mountain range (further etymology uncertain). For use in other place names, compare Ottoman Turkish Ungurus-Balḳāni the Carpathians, lit. ‘Hungarian Mountains’, Turkmen Balkan ( < Chaghatai Balkhān ), name of the two mountain ranges between the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea and the Kopet Dag, and also Kipchak Balḳan (1312, in Abu Ḥayyān), probably with reference to the ranges east of the Caspian. With use as name of the mountain range between the Danube and Maritsa, compare post-classical Latin Bolchanus (1490; < Ottoman Turkish, although that is apparently attested later: see above), French Balkan (1621), Italian Balkan (1598 or earlier), German Balkan (late 16th cent.). In sense A. 2 ultimately after German Balkan in †Balkanhalbeiland Balkan peninsula (1808), formed after †Alpenhalbeiland Apennine peninsula (compare Alp n.¹), †Pirenäenhalbeiland Iberian peninsula (compare Pyrenean adj.) probably reflecting the previously widespread belief that the mountain range ran from the Black to the Adriatic Sea (compare quot. 1652 in the note below), constituting the northern boundary of the peninsula. With use in sense B. 2, compare French Balkans , plural noun (1857 or earlier), German Balkan , masculine singular noun (1837 or earlier). With peninsula of the Balkan n. at Phrases, compare French péninsule des Balkans (1857 or earlier) and presqu'île des Balkans (1861 or earlier). With Balkan peninsula n. at Compounds 2, compare German Balkanhalbinsel (1809 or earlier).In the singular uses in sense B. 2, probably short for the Balkan peninsula (see Balkan peninsula n. at Compounds 2). For early use of the place name in an English context, compare:1652 P. Heylyn Cosmographie ii. sig. Ss5^v Before we enter into Greece we must crosse Mount Haemus, a ridge of hils extending from the Euxine Sea to the Adriatick..Pinetus calling it by the name of Catena Mundi,..the Italians, Mont Argentorato; the French, Monte de Castegnao; the Sclavonians, Cumaniza; and the Turks, Balkan.1675 E. Sherburne in tr. M. Manilius Sphere 170 Æmus or Hæmus, a Mountain of Thrace called by some Catena Mundi, by the Italians Monte Argentario, by the Turks Balkan.1684 tr. Eutropius Breviary Rom. Hist. sig. O^v Æmus, or Hæmus, the greatest Hill of Thrace, called now Balkan.

A. adj.

1. Designating the Balkans, a range of mountains in modern Bulgaria (see sense B. 1); of or relating to this mountain range.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > mountain > [adjective] > range > spec

Alpine?a1475

Pyrene?a1475

Riphaean1555

Pyrenean?1556

Pyrenee1590

hercynian1598

Alpic1611

Appalachian1672

Carpathian1673

Rhipaean1703

Alleghenian1740

Altaic1762

Altaian1780

Balkan1785

Uralian1801

Lepontine1802

Altai1824

Dinaric1833

Andean1845

Alpigene1847

Lepontian1857

Uralic1861

Himalayan1866

Cordilleran1891

Andine1900

Armorican1906

Variscan1906

1785 J. Capper Observ. Passage to India (ed. 3) 80 The view extends over this plain or rather beautiful lawn, which is pleasingly interspersed with clumps of trees, to the foot of the Balkan mountain.

1828 Derby Mercury 25 June Parks of artillery were on the road to the Balkan passes.

1854 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 24 53 The plateau of the principal Balkan chain.

1876 W. Forsyth Slavonic Prov. v. 131 Bulgaria..is separated from Roumelia on the south by the lofty range of the Balkan Mountains.

1926 Econ. Geogr. 2 26/1 Corn..dominates the agriculture of the plain, however, and of the Balkan foothills bordering it on the south.

1986 B. H. Isaac Greek Settlements in Thrace iii. 142 Most of the Greek towns on the Thracian south-coast were protected from the northerly winds of Rumania and Hungary by the barrier of the Balkan ridge.

2011 R. Daskalov Debating Past i. 8 A small Bulgarian state was set up with Russian help north of the Balkan range.

a. Of or relating to the Balkans, a region of south-eastern Europe (see sense B. 2); of or relating to the people of this area, or their customs.Earliest in Balkan peninsula n. at Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > countries of Eastern Europe > [adjective] > Balkan

Balkan1855

Balkanic1880

Balkanoid1931

1855 Fraser's Mag. Nov. 576/2 The government of Constantinople was declared to be only ‘encamped’ in Europe, and to possess no right of dominion over the Balkan peninsula.

1876 Times 24 Oct. 9/2 Let Russia abandon all interest in the Balkan Question.

1886 J. G. C. Minchin Growth of Freedom in Balkan Penins. v. 92 The Russians dismembered the Ottoman Empire, while she succeeded in keeping the Balkan States weak and divided.

1912 Economist 12 Oct. 691/1 When it was considered that a general Balkan conflict was unavoidable, there were some pretty considerable falls in the stocks of the various Balkan States.

1914 Ann. Brit. School Athens 1912–13 19 254 A camel is a popular figure at Carnival in Athens and other South Balkan towns.

1915 A. D. Innes Hohenzollerns vi. 88 In dealing with the Balkan problem, the Powers ought not to regard themselves as two hostile groups.

1942 E. Waugh Put out More Flags ii. 91 The floor was covered..by bright Balkan rugs.

1967 Life 6 Oct. 84/3 One after another the Balkan peoples rose up against the Turks and won their freedom: the Greeks in 1829, the Serbians in 1830, the Romanians in 1856, the Bulgarians in 1878.

1993 World Today 49 43/1 In the last few months the future of Kosovo..has moved nearer centre stage in the Balkan crisis.

2011 Guardian (Nexis) 11 Oct. 45 Ramiz Alia..became leader of the tiny, impoverished Balkan state..following the death in 1985 of the dictator Enver Hoxha.

b. Resembling (that of) the Balkans; typical or characteristic of the Balkans or of Balkan society; esp. (with negative connotations) characterized by hostile relations between numerous neighbouring states or ethnic groups and frequent episodes of political and social unrest.

ΚΠ

1917 Geogr. Rev. Sept. 232 The shifting of Near Eastern problems a few points to the east after the war may convert Asia Minor into a storm-center of the Balkan type.

1962 Listener 25 Jan. 157/1 There are all the makings of a ‘Balkan situation’ in West Africa.

1991 St. Louis (Missouri) Post-Dispatch (Nexis) 16 Jan. 3 c In Israel, for instance, a Balkan mingling of peoples means the situation on the ground could be worse than any in the skies.

2010 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 24 Sept. a2 [Greece] teeters awkwardly between European modernity and a Balkan mindset.

3. Surgery. Designating an apparatus consisting of a beam or pole, or framework of these, to which pulleys and weights are attached to suspend a fractured limb. Esp. in Balkan beam, Balkan frame, Balkan splint.Originally developed by Dr. Vatroslav Florschütz (1879–1967) in Osijek (Croatia) around 1911.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > surgical supports > [noun] > cradle for injured limb

solen1693

cradle1705

Balkan frame1916

the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > surgical supports > [noun] > splint

spelkc1000

splintc1400

shindle1598

splinter1598

junk1617

fish1666

starch bandage1838

starch splint1843

pistol-splint1860

Balkan splint1916

gutter-splint1919

1914 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 5 Dec. 988/2 The suspension appliances chiefly in use are of two types. One bears a general resemblance to a Hodgen's splint, and is known as a ‘Balkan’.]

1916 Med. Rec. 19 Aug. 320/1 The Balkan splint, for leg wounds requiring extension and suspension.

1936 J. Dos Passos Big Money 309 Charley was in the hospital three months with his leg in a Balkan frame.

1949 M. Dickens Flowers on Grass (1962) x. 215 Sister Ferguson liked to see her fractured femurs all together on one side of the ward, with their Balkan beams exactly parallel.

1990 Burns 16 382/2 The ankle joint was immobilized using a subtalar pin and after dressings the leg was elevated using an os calcis Steinmann pin and Balkan beam system.

2011 P. B. Lynn Taylor's Handbk. Clin. Nursing Skills 52 The use of a specialty bed, or bed equipment, such as Balkan frame or foot cradle, should be documented.

B. n.

1. In plural. With the. (A name for) a range of mountains extending across modern Bulgaria from the eastern border of Serbia in the west to the Black Sea in the east, and forming the watershed between the Danube and Maritsa Rivers.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > mountain > [noun] > range > other spec.

Mountains of the Moon1597

Carnic Alps1601

the Ghats1603

Pyreneans1768

Rocky Mountains1798

Balkans1802

Carnian Alps1802

Rockies1827

Carpathiana1832

Appalachians1834

Adirondack1838

keel1857

1802 Trav. in Crimea vii. 245 On leaving this place, the Balkans appeared diminished to hillocks.

1821 Morning Chron. 23 July The Russians..have entered Galatz, and are advancing by forced marches towards the Balkans.

1854 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 24 52 Bulgarians and Turks have divided amongst themselves the deeper and more inland valleys of the Balkans.

1903 F. V. Greene Campaign in Bulgaria 1877–8 8 There were no troops left to send over the Balkans.

1963 Biblical Archaeol. 26 95 The plain extends broad and flat toward the northwest and is closed in by the foothills of the Balkans.

2006 D. R. Stone Mil. Hist. Russia ix. 134 A small detachment liberated Sofia while the remainder turned east, unhinging Turkish defenses all along the southern slopes of the Balkans.

2. With the. (The name of) a region in south-eastern Europe, usually considered to include the countries of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, and often also Greece and European Turkey. Now only in plural.The geographical area designated by this term is not fixed. The Balkans may be considered to include the whole of the peninsula bounded by the Adriatic, Ionian, Aegean, and Black Seas, including Greece and European Turkey (cf. Balkan peninsula n. at Compounds 2). Slovenia and, more rarely, Hungary may also be included, although the rivers Sava and Danube are sometimes considered to mark the northern boundary of the region. This area corresponds, broadly speaking, to the part of Europe that was included in the Ottoman Empire until the 19th cent., and which, prior to the Congress of Berlin in 1878 was most commonly referred to in English as European Turkey. In recent use, however, Greece and Turkey are less likely to be considered part of the Balkans. The term is now primarily associated with the region north of Greece, and particularly with Albania and those countries which made up Yugoslavia.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > countries of Eastern Europe > [noun] > condition of being Balkan

Balkan1871

1871 Examiner 16 Sept. 918/1 It would be a wise policy to prepare the way by extending the principle of autonomy with the greatest possible quickness to all the States of the Balkan and the Danube.

1885 Times 23 Apr. 5/2 It was she [sc. Russia] who took from you [sc. the Ottoman Empire] almost the whole of the Balkans.

1906 Spectator 16 June 934/2 Hungary would seek dependent allies among the States of the Balkan.

1912 Financial Times 2 Oct. 6/3 The Stock Exchange yesterday was overshadowed by the development of the crisis in the Balkans.

1915 N. Forbes et al. (title) The Balkans: a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Roumania, Turkey.

1946 Artibus Asiae 9 73 There is much in the folk art of the Balkans which may help us to get a clearer understanding of the carpet designs of Western Asia.

1974 Jrnl. Field Arch. 1 27 [Macedonia's] inherent connections are with the continental land mass of the Balkans rather than with the maritime peninsula of Greece.

1994 T. Stoianovich Balkan Worlds 37 The average yearly temperature has increased everywhere in the Balkans except in peninsular Greece by half a degree centigrade every fifty years.

1995 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 24 Nov. a15 The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees is gearing up to help several million people uprooted by ethnic fighting in the Balkans.

2011 Observer (Nexis) 20 Nov. 57 Italy, Greece and the Balkans will be dry with plenty of sunshine.

Phrases

† peninsula of the Balkan n. (also peninsula of the Balkans) Obsolete = Balkan peninsula n. at Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

1846 C. T. Blumhardt Christian Missions II. iv. 127 To this [i.e. Turkey in Europe] belongs the whole peninsula of the Balkan, except Greece.

1863 V. Yovanovitch Serbian Nation & Eastern Question 32 If at the time of the Crimean war of 1854 the Serbs had arisen, the whole peninsula of the Balkan would have rejected the yoke of Turkey.

1877 W. E. Gladstone Lessons in Massacre 53 It had become necessary to mass them [sc. troops] in the Peninsula of the Balkans.

1885 Galveston (Texas) Daily News 27 Nov. 1/6 It is known that the hog disease is spreading upon the peninsula of the Balkan and in Italy.

1897 Hampshire Advertiser 23 Jan. 7/3 A chain of Slav States..would be formed across the peninsula of the Balkans.

Compounds

C1. Designating a type of tobacco blend typically containing a high proportion of Turkish and Latakia tobaccos, or a cigarette made from this, as Balkan blend, Balkan cigarette, Balkan mixture, Balkan Sobranie (cf. Sobranie n.).Balkan Sobranie is a proprietary name in the U.K. and U.S.

ΚΠ

1899 Tobacco 1 Mar. p. lxvi/2 Register of specialities…cigarettes... Balkan Sobranie—Robt. Lewis, 20, St. James St., Lon., S.W.

1921 Times 20 Apr. 1/3 Lost, Monday afternoon, a leather cigarette case with gold band, containing Balkan cigarettes.

1923 Trade Marks Jrnl. 19 Dec. 2707 The Balkan Sobranie... Cigarettes.

1963 Winnipeg Free Press 11 Sept. iv. 55/3 Mr. Weed took a long pull on his cigarette, the special Balkan blend with the three gold rings.

1966 ‘A. York’ Eliminator iii. 49 She put the pistol away in her bedside drawer and lit a Balkan Sobranie.

1991 Financial Times 20 Dec. 14/6 She favoured the firm's hand-made gold-tipped Alexandra Balkan cigarettes.

2006 Sunday Times (Nexis) 12 Nov. (Features section) 1 I'd buy the Three Gold Rings, James Bond's cigarette, the Balkan mixture of tobacco.

C2.

Balkan League n. (also with lower-case initial in second element) an alliance involving states of the Balkans; esp. the alliance of Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and Serbia, which fought the First Balkan War (1912–13) against the Ottoman Empire.

ΚΠ

1879 Standard 27 Oct. 5/4 The postponement of the Balkan league to next spring is in keeping with what is going on elsewhere.

1912 Financial Times 10 Oct. 7/3 At Constantinople and in the capitals of the Balkan League a strict censorship is being exercised on messages and but little news has been received..of the progress of hostilities between Turkey and Montenegro.

1923 W. Miller Balkans (ed. 3) 487 The foolish attempt of the ‘Young’ Turks to Ottomanise the various races of the Empire, achieved what had been the dream of well-wishers of the Balkan nations,..—a Balkan League.

2003 R. C. Hall in R. F. Hamilton & H. H. Herwig Origins of World War I iii. 98 Russia had a different purpose in mind for this Balkan League. While the Bulgarians and Serbs saw the alliance as a weapon directed against the Ottoman Empire, the Russians saw it was a means to strengthen their position in the Balkans.

Balkan peninsula n. (also with capital initial in the second element) a large peninsula in south-eastern Europe bounded by the Adriatic and Ionian Seas on the west, by the Aegean and Mediterranean seas on the south and south-east, and by the Black Sea on the east.

ΚΠ

1855Balkan peninsula [see sense A. 2a].

?1877 Ethnol. Map European Turkey & Greece 5 The richest valleys of the Balkan peninsula.

1972 W. B. Lockwood Panorama Indo-European Lang. 172 Thracian was spoken throughout the eastern half of the Balkan Peninsula and stretched northwards into the Central European Plain.

2012 Observer (Nexis) 27 May 51 The Balkan Peninsula will have heavy and prolonged showers or thunderstorms.

Balkan war n. a military conflict taking place in or involving the states of the Balkans; spec. (frequently with capital initials) either of two wars in the period 1912–13, responsible for depriving the Ottoman Empire of most of its remaining European territory, and significantly increasing tensions in the Balkans in the period leading up to the First World War (1914–18); (in plural) these two wars collectively.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > war > types of war > [noun] > other specific war

Punic War1556

Vandal war1613

American Civil War1775

Seven Years War1775

Revolutionary Wara1784

Peninsular war1811

Great War1815

Mormon war1833

opium war1841

the Thirty Years' War1841

the Thirty Years' War1842

Mexican War1846

Napoleonic War1850

Crimean War1854

Hundred Years War1874

Balkan war1881

Boer War1883

Winter War1939

Six Day War1967

Yom Kippur War1973

Gulf War1981

Falklands conflict1982

1881 Times 19 Apr. 5/4 The Russian disasters in the Balkan war of 1828.

1912 Economist 7 Dec. 1166/1 The lessons of the Tripoli and Balkan Wars are already being turned over.

1929 N. Amer. Rev. June 755/1 The constituting of Albania as a separate State after the Balkan Wars.

1996 Washington Post (Nexis) 14 Nov. a23 Mladic rose to prominence during the Balkan war as a commander of Serb forces..during the Serbs' 1991 uprising against the Croatian independence movement.

2009 A. Axelrod Little-known Wars xv. 219 The First and Second Balkan Wars..destroyed the delicate balance of power among the nations of Europe and Asia Minor.

Derivatives

ˈBalkanoid adj. rare Balkan; Balkan-like.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > countries of Eastern Europe > [adjective] > Balkan

Balkan1855

Balkanic1880

Balkanoid1931

1931 H. E. Wortham Delightful Profession xviii. 363 Ten years later..the Empire, which the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was intended to consolidate, fell to pieces, and Balkanoid growths now cover much of the broad lands.

2011 Cape Times (Nexis) 17 Jan. (Style section) 9 Combining elements of ragga, hip hop, Balkanoid horns, Arab and Bulgarian guest singers, Greek guitars and more, Balkan Beat Box hooks around its two founders.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2013; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	balkan
释义	Balkanadj.n. Brit. /ˈbɔːlk(ə)n/, /ˈbɒlk(ə)n/, U.S. /ˈbɔlkən/, /ˈbɑlkən/ Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Balkan. Etymology: < Balkan, name of the mountain range between the Danube and Maritsa Rivers, < Ottoman Turkish Balḳān (1518 or earlier with reference to the particular mountain range) < Ottoman Turkish balḳān (Turkish balkan ) wooded mountain or mountain range (further etymology uncertain). For use in other place names, compare Ottoman Turkish Ungurus-Balḳāni the Carpathians, lit. ‘Hungarian Mountains’, Turkmen Balkan ( < Chaghatai Balkhān ), name of the two mountain ranges between the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea and the Kopet Dag, and also Kipchak Balḳan (1312, in Abu Ḥayyān), probably with reference to the ranges east of the Caspian. With use as name of the mountain range between the Danube and Maritsa, compare post-classical Latin Bolchanus (1490; < Ottoman Turkish, although that is apparently attested later: see above), French Balkan (1621), Italian Balkan (1598 or earlier), German Balkan (late 16th cent.). In sense A. 2 ultimately after German Balkan in †Balkanhalbeiland Balkan peninsula (1808), formed after †Alpenhalbeiland Apennine peninsula (compare Alp n.¹), †Pirenäenhalbeiland Iberian peninsula (compare Pyrenean adj.) probably reflecting the previously widespread belief that the mountain range ran from the Black to the Adriatic Sea (compare quot. 1652 in the note below), constituting the northern boundary of the peninsula. With use in sense B. 2, compare French Balkans , plural noun (1857 or earlier), German Balkan , masculine singular noun (1837 or earlier). With peninsula of the Balkan n. at Phrases, compare French péninsule des Balkans (1857 or earlier) and presqu'île des Balkans (1861 or earlier). With Balkan peninsula n. at Compounds 2, compare German Balkanhalbinsel (1809 or earlier).In the singular uses in sense B. 2, probably short for the Balkan peninsula (see Balkan peninsula n. at Compounds 2). For early use of the place name in an English context, compare:1652 P. Heylyn Cosmographie ii. sig. Ss5^v Before we enter into Greece we must crosse Mount Haemus, a ridge of hils extending from the Euxine Sea to the Adriatick..Pinetus calling it by the name of Catena Mundi,..the Italians, Mont Argentorato; the French, Monte de Castegnao; the Sclavonians, Cumaniza; and the Turks, Balkan.1675 E. Sherburne in tr. M. Manilius Sphere 170 Æmus or Hæmus, a Mountain of Thrace called by some Catena Mundi, by the Italians Monte Argentario, by the Turks Balkan.1684 tr. Eutropius Breviary Rom. Hist. sig. O^v Æmus, or Hæmus, the greatest Hill of Thrace, called now Balkan. A. adj. 1. Designating the Balkans, a range of mountains in modern Bulgaria (see sense B. 1); of or relating to this mountain range. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > mountain > [adjective] > range > spec Alpine?a1475 Pyrene?a1475 Riphaean1555 Pyrenean?1556 Pyrenee1590 hercynian1598 Alpic1611 Appalachian1672 Carpathian1673 Rhipaean1703 Alleghenian1740 Altaic1762 Altaian1780 Balkan1785 Uralian1801 Lepontine1802 Altai1824 Dinaric1833 Andean1845 Alpigene1847 Lepontian1857 Uralic1861 Himalayan1866 Cordilleran1891 Andine1900 Armorican1906 Variscan1906 1785 J. Capper Observ. Passage to India (ed. 3) 80 The view extends over this plain or rather beautiful lawn, which is pleasingly interspersed with clumps of trees, to the foot of the Balkan mountain. 1828 Derby Mercury 25 June Parks of artillery were on the road to the Balkan passes. 1854 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 24 53 The plateau of the principal Balkan chain. 1876 W. Forsyth Slavonic Prov. v. 131 Bulgaria..is separated from Roumelia on the south by the lofty range of the Balkan Mountains. 1926 Econ. Geogr. 2 26/1 Corn..dominates the agriculture of the plain, however, and of the Balkan foothills bordering it on the south. 1986 B. H. Isaac Greek Settlements in Thrace iii. 142 Most of the Greek towns on the Thracian south-coast were protected from the northerly winds of Rumania and Hungary by the barrier of the Balkan ridge. 2011 R. Daskalov Debating Past i. 8 A small Bulgarian state was set up with Russian help north of the Balkan range. 2. a. Of or relating to the Balkans, a region of south-eastern Europe (see sense B. 2); of or relating to the people of this area, or their customs.Earliest in Balkan peninsula n. at Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > countries of Eastern Europe > [adjective] > Balkan Balkan1855 Balkanic1880 Balkanoid1931 1855 Fraser's Mag. Nov. 576/2 The government of Constantinople was declared to be only ‘encamped’ in Europe, and to possess no right of dominion over the Balkan peninsula. 1876 Times 24 Oct. 9/2 Let Russia abandon all interest in the Balkan Question. 1886 J. G. C. Minchin Growth of Freedom in Balkan Penins. v. 92 The Russians dismembered the Ottoman Empire, while she succeeded in keeping the Balkan States weak and divided. 1912 Economist 12 Oct. 691/1 When it was considered that a general Balkan conflict was unavoidable, there were some pretty considerable falls in the stocks of the various Balkan States. 1914 Ann. Brit. School Athens 1912–13 19 254 A camel is a popular figure at Carnival in Athens and other South Balkan towns. 1915 A. D. Innes Hohenzollerns vi. 88 In dealing with the Balkan problem, the Powers ought not to regard themselves as two hostile groups. 1942 E. Waugh Put out More Flags ii. 91 The floor was covered..by bright Balkan rugs. 1967 Life 6 Oct. 84/3 One after another the Balkan peoples rose up against the Turks and won their freedom: the Greeks in 1829, the Serbians in 1830, the Romanians in 1856, the Bulgarians in 1878. 1993 World Today 49 43/1 In the last few months the future of Kosovo..has moved nearer centre stage in the Balkan crisis. 2011 Guardian (Nexis) 11 Oct. 45 Ramiz Alia..became leader of the tiny, impoverished Balkan state..following the death in 1985 of the dictator Enver Hoxha. b. Resembling (that of) the Balkans; typical or characteristic of the Balkans or of Balkan society; esp. (with negative connotations) characterized by hostile relations between numerous neighbouring states or ethnic groups and frequent episodes of political and social unrest. ΚΠ 1917 Geogr. Rev. Sept. 232 The shifting of Near Eastern problems a few points to the east after the war may convert Asia Minor into a storm-center of the Balkan type. 1962 Listener 25 Jan. 157/1 There are all the makings of a ‘Balkan situation’ in West Africa. 1991 St. Louis (Missouri) Post-Dispatch (Nexis) 16 Jan. 3 c In Israel, for instance, a Balkan mingling of peoples means the situation on the ground could be worse than any in the skies. 2010 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 24 Sept. a2 [Greece] teeters awkwardly between European modernity and a Balkan mindset. 3. Surgery. Designating an apparatus consisting of a beam or pole, or framework of these, to which pulleys and weights are attached to suspend a fractured limb. Esp. in Balkan beam, Balkan frame, Balkan splint.Originally developed by Dr. Vatroslav Florschütz (1879–1967) in Osijek (Croatia) around 1911. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > surgical supports > [noun] > cradle for injured limb solen1693 cradle1705 Balkan frame1916 the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > surgical supports > [noun] > splint spelkc1000 splintc1400 shindle1598 splinter1598 junk1617 fish1666 starch bandage1838 starch splint1843 pistol-splint1860 Balkan splint1916 gutter-splint1919 1914 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 5 Dec. 988/2 The suspension appliances chiefly in use are of two types. One bears a general resemblance to a Hodgen's splint, and is known as a ‘Balkan’.] 1916 Med. Rec. 19 Aug. 320/1 The Balkan splint, for leg wounds requiring extension and suspension. 1936 J. Dos Passos Big Money 309 Charley was in the hospital three months with his leg in a Balkan frame. 1949 M. Dickens Flowers on Grass (1962) x. 215 Sister Ferguson liked to see her fractured femurs all together on one side of the ward, with their Balkan beams exactly parallel. 1990 Burns 16 382/2 The ankle joint was immobilized using a subtalar pin and after dressings the leg was elevated using an os calcis Steinmann pin and Balkan beam system. 2011 P. B. Lynn Taylor's Handbk. Clin. Nursing Skills 52 The use of a specialty bed, or bed equipment, such as Balkan frame or foot cradle, should be documented. B. n. 1. In plural. With the. (A name for) a range of mountains extending across modern Bulgaria from the eastern border of Serbia in the west to the Black Sea in the east, and forming the watershed between the Danube and Maritsa Rivers. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > mountain > [noun] > range > other spec. Mountains of the Moon1597 Carnic Alps1601 the Ghats1603 Pyreneans1768 Rocky Mountains1798 Balkans1802 Carnian Alps1802 Rockies1827 Carpathiana1832 Appalachians1834 Adirondack1838 keel1857 1802 Trav. in Crimea vii. 245 On leaving this place, the Balkans appeared diminished to hillocks. 1821 Morning Chron. 23 July The Russians..have entered Galatz, and are advancing by forced marches towards the Balkans. 1854 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 24 52 Bulgarians and Turks have divided amongst themselves the deeper and more inland valleys of the Balkans. 1903 F. V. Greene Campaign in Bulgaria 1877–8 8 There were no troops left to send over the Balkans. 1963 Biblical Archaeol. 26 95 The plain extends broad and flat toward the northwest and is closed in by the foothills of the Balkans. 2006 D. R. Stone Mil. Hist. Russia ix. 134 A small detachment liberated Sofia while the remainder turned east, unhinging Turkish defenses all along the southern slopes of the Balkans. 2. With the. (The name of) a region in south-eastern Europe, usually considered to include the countries of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, and often also Greece and European Turkey. Now only in plural.The geographical area designated by this term is not fixed. The Balkans may be considered to include the whole of the peninsula bounded by the Adriatic, Ionian, Aegean, and Black Seas, including Greece and European Turkey (cf. Balkan peninsula n. at Compounds 2). Slovenia and, more rarely, Hungary may also be included, although the rivers Sava and Danube are sometimes considered to mark the northern boundary of the region. This area corresponds, broadly speaking, to the part of Europe that was included in the Ottoman Empire until the 19th cent., and which, prior to the Congress of Berlin in 1878 was most commonly referred to in English as European Turkey. In recent use, however, Greece and Turkey are less likely to be considered part of the Balkans. The term is now primarily associated with the region north of Greece, and particularly with Albania and those countries which made up Yugoslavia. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > countries of Eastern Europe > [noun] > condition of being Balkan Balkan1871 1871 Examiner 16 Sept. 918/1 It would be a wise policy to prepare the way by extending the principle of autonomy with the greatest possible quickness to all the States of the Balkan and the Danube. 1885 Times 23 Apr. 5/2 It was she [sc. Russia] who took from you [sc. the Ottoman Empire] almost the whole of the Balkans. 1906 Spectator 16 June 934/2 Hungary would seek dependent allies among the States of the Balkan. 1912 Financial Times 2 Oct. 6/3 The Stock Exchange yesterday was overshadowed by the development of the crisis in the Balkans. 1915 N. Forbes et al. (title) The Balkans: a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Roumania, Turkey. 1946 Artibus Asiae 9 73 There is much in the folk art of the Balkans which may help us to get a clearer understanding of the carpet designs of Western Asia. 1974 Jrnl. Field Arch. 1 27 [Macedonia's] inherent connections are with the continental land mass of the Balkans rather than with the maritime peninsula of Greece. 1994 T. Stoianovich Balkan Worlds 37 The average yearly temperature has increased everywhere in the Balkans except in peninsular Greece by half a degree centigrade every fifty years. 1995 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 24 Nov. a15 The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees is gearing up to help several million people uprooted by ethnic fighting in the Balkans. 2011 Observer (Nexis) 20 Nov. 57 Italy, Greece and the Balkans will be dry with plenty of sunshine. Phrases † peninsula of the Balkan n. (also peninsula of the Balkans) Obsolete = Balkan peninsula n. at Compounds 2. ΚΠ 1846 C. T. Blumhardt Christian Missions II. iv. 127 To this [i.e. Turkey in Europe] belongs the whole peninsula of the Balkan, except Greece. 1863 V. Yovanovitch Serbian Nation & Eastern Question 32 If at the time of the Crimean war of 1854 the Serbs had arisen, the whole peninsula of the Balkan would have rejected the yoke of Turkey. 1877 W. E. Gladstone Lessons in Massacre 53 It had become necessary to mass them [sc. troops] in the Peninsula of the Balkans. 1885 Galveston (Texas) Daily News 27 Nov. 1/6 It is known that the hog disease is spreading upon the peninsula of the Balkan and in Italy. 1897 Hampshire Advertiser 23 Jan. 7/3 A chain of Slav States..would be formed across the peninsula of the Balkans. Compounds C1. Designating a type of tobacco blend typically containing a high proportion of Turkish and Latakia tobaccos, or a cigarette made from this, as Balkan blend, Balkan cigarette, Balkan mixture, Balkan Sobranie (cf. Sobranie n.).Balkan Sobranie is a proprietary name in the U.K. and U.S. ΚΠ 1899 Tobacco 1 Mar. p. lxvi/2 Register of specialities…cigarettes... Balkan Sobranie—Robt. Lewis, 20, St. James St., Lon., S.W. 1921 Times 20 Apr. 1/3 Lost, Monday afternoon, a leather cigarette case with gold band, containing Balkan cigarettes. 1923 Trade Marks Jrnl. 19 Dec. 2707 The Balkan Sobranie... Cigarettes. 1963 Winnipeg Free Press 11 Sept. iv. 55/3 Mr. Weed took a long pull on his cigarette, the special Balkan blend with the three gold rings. 1966 ‘A. York’ Eliminator iii. 49 She put the pistol away in her bedside drawer and lit a Balkan Sobranie. 1991 Financial Times 20 Dec. 14/6 She favoured the firm's hand-made gold-tipped Alexandra Balkan cigarettes. 2006 Sunday Times (Nexis) 12 Nov. (Features section) 1 I'd buy the Three Gold Rings, James Bond's cigarette, the Balkan mixture of tobacco. C2. Balkan League n. (also with lower-case initial in second element) an alliance involving states of the Balkans; esp. the alliance of Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and Serbia, which fought the First Balkan War (1912–13) against the Ottoman Empire. ΚΠ 1879 Standard 27 Oct. 5/4 The postponement of the Balkan league to next spring is in keeping with what is going on elsewhere. 1912 Financial Times 10 Oct. 7/3 At Constantinople and in the capitals of the Balkan League a strict censorship is being exercised on messages and but little news has been received..of the progress of hostilities between Turkey and Montenegro. 1923 W. Miller Balkans (ed. 3) 487 The foolish attempt of the ‘Young’ Turks to Ottomanise the various races of the Empire, achieved what had been the dream of well-wishers of the Balkan nations,..—a Balkan League. 2003 R. C. Hall in R. F. Hamilton & H. H. Herwig Origins of World War I iii. 98 Russia had a different purpose in mind for this Balkan League. While the Bulgarians and Serbs saw the alliance as a weapon directed against the Ottoman Empire, the Russians saw it was a means to strengthen their position in the Balkans. Balkan peninsula n. (also with capital initial in the second element) a large peninsula in south-eastern Europe bounded by the Adriatic and Ionian Seas on the west, by the Aegean and Mediterranean seas on the south and south-east, and by the Black Sea on the east. ΚΠ 1855Balkan peninsula [see sense A. 2a]. ?1877 Ethnol. Map European Turkey & Greece 5 The richest valleys of the Balkan peninsula. 1972 W. B. Lockwood Panorama Indo-European Lang. 172 Thracian was spoken throughout the eastern half of the Balkan Peninsula and stretched northwards into the Central European Plain. 2012 Observer (Nexis) 27 May 51 The Balkan Peninsula will have heavy and prolonged showers or thunderstorms. Balkan war n. a military conflict taking place in or involving the states of the Balkans; spec. (frequently with capital initials) either of two wars in the period 1912–13, responsible for depriving the Ottoman Empire of most of its remaining European territory, and significantly increasing tensions in the Balkans in the period leading up to the First World War (1914–18); (in plural) these two wars collectively. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > war > types of war > [noun] > other specific war Punic War1556 Vandal war1613 American Civil War1775 Seven Years War1775 Revolutionary Wara1784 Peninsular war1811 Great War1815 Mormon war1833 opium war1841 the Thirty Years' War1841 the Thirty Years' War1842 Mexican War1846 Napoleonic War1850 Crimean War1854 Hundred Years War1874 Balkan war1881 Boer War1883 Winter War1939 Six Day War1967 Yom Kippur War1973 Gulf War1981 Falklands conflict1982 1881 Times 19 Apr. 5/4 The Russian disasters in the Balkan war of 1828. 1912 Economist 7 Dec. 1166/1 The lessons of the Tripoli and Balkan Wars are already being turned over. 1929 N. Amer. Rev. June 755/1 The constituting of Albania as a separate State after the Balkan Wars. 1996 Washington Post (Nexis) 14 Nov. a23 Mladic rose to prominence during the Balkan war as a commander of Serb forces..during the Serbs' 1991 uprising against the Croatian independence movement. 2009 A. Axelrod Little-known Wars xv. 219 The First and Second Balkan Wars..destroyed the delicate balance of power among the nations of Europe and Asia Minor. Derivatives ˈBalkanoid adj. rare Balkan; Balkan-like. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > countries of Eastern Europe > [adjective] > Balkan Balkan1855 Balkanic1880 Balkanoid1931 1931 H. E. Wortham Delightful Profession xviii. 363 Ten years later..the Empire, which the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was intended to consolidate, fell to pieces, and Balkanoid growths now cover much of the broad lands. 2011 Cape Times (Nexis) 17 Jan. (Style section) 9 Combining elements of ragga, hip hop, Balkanoid horns, Arab and Bulgarian guest singers, Greek guitars and more, Balkan Beat Box hooks around its two founders. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2013; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < adj.n.1785
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