modulen.
/ˈmɒdjuːl/, /ˈmɒdʒuːl/, U.S. /ˈmɑdʒul/ I. General uses relating to extent or relationship.† 1. Allotted extent, compass, or scale; one's power or capabilities. Cf. model n. 15. Obsolete.† 2.
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the world > action or operation > ability > [noun] > limited
module1583
model1597
the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > [noun] > of construction, representation, or reproduction
module1583
model1597
scale1662
1583 H. Howard Defensatiue sig. ii According to the module of my slender skill.
1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1369/2 His counterfet so naturallie conveied into colours, with his white beard, the hollownesse of his cheekes,..and all within a module, the circumference whereof exceedeth not six inches.
1592 A. Day 2nd Pt. Eng. Secretorie sig. S4, in Eng. Secretorie (rev. ed.) To repose a foundation consonant to the module or compasse of this my present intendment.
1607 T. Walkington Optick Glasse Ep. Ded. 3 Yet for that module of these habiliments in me I have ever bent my judgement so far as in it lay to limit [etc.].
1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. Pref. The module of a preface cannot express the observations that are made in the work.
1640 G. Watts tr. F. Bacon Of Advancem. Learning ix. i. 471 That the mind for its Module [L. pro modulo] be dilated to the amplitude of the Mysteries.
1663 W. Charleton Chorea Gigantum 41 Whose picture, though in too small a module, is taken also by our Author.
1681 R. Wittie Οὐρανοσκοπια 70 I have reasoned with modesty according to my module.
a. A small-scale plan or design of something. Cf. model n. 1a. Obsolete.
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society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > [noun] > on small scale
module1589
modulet1610
1589 in Acts Privy Council (1898) XVII. 455 Send unto us a plat forme or module of the situation of the said mylne upon the river.
1611 R. Badley in T. Coryate Crudities sig. k Yet in thy booke the module is descried Of many a Citie, and Castle fortified.
1622 G. Hakewill King David's Vow (new ed.) vi. 222 Man..himselfe, a little map or module as it were of the great world.
1636 R. Boyle Diary in Lismore Papers (1886) 1st Ser. IV. 210 I sent [them]..to tak a module of the L. presidents howse..to make the lyke by ffor my son.
1695 J. Woodward Ess. Nat. Hist. Earth 107 That's the Business of the Larger Work, of which this is only the Module or Platform.
b. poetic. A mere image or counterfeit. Obsolete.
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the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of imagination > mental image, idea, or fancy > [noun] > something unreal
reverie1602
module1608
scindapsea1641
phantasm1642
Scotch mist1647
notional1653
1608 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. iv. 94 This Childe (no Man, but Man's pale Module now).
a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. vii. 58 And then all this thou seest, is but a clod, And module of confounded royalty. View more context for this quotation
a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) iv. iii. 102 Come, bring forth this counterfet module . View more context for this quotation
c. poetic in early use. A model for imitation; a perfect exemplar of something. Cf. model n. 9a, 10. Obsolete.
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the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [noun] > an imitation
resemblant1484
patterna1500
counterfeiture1548
counterfeit1587
idol1590
reduplication1592
copy1596
module1608
imitationa1616
mockage1615
echo1622
conduplicationa1631
transcript1646
ectype1647
mime1650
duplicating1659
mimicry1688
replication1692
shadow1693
reproduction1701
mimication?1715
repetition1774
replicate1821
autotype1829
replica1841
re-creation1915
retake1922
mock-up1957
reprise1961
the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > excellence > [noun] > model of excellence
pattern1324
module1608
samplea1616
meritress1617
paragon1689
fore-mark1863
the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > prototype > [noun] > model, pattern, or example
byseningc1175
mirrora1300
samplera1300
formc1384
calendarc1385
patternc1425
exemplar?a1439
lighta1450
projectc1450
moul1565
platform1574
module1608
paradigma1623
specimen1642
butt1654
paradigm1669
type1847
fore-mark1863
model1926
1608 J. Sylvester in tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. Ded. 212 From Thee (rare Module of Heröik mindes).
1609 S. Daniel Civile Wares (rev. ed.) iv. lxxxii. 108 That vertuous Prince..borne to bee The module of a glorious Monarch.
1761 F. Bernard Let. 15 Dec., in E. Channing & A. C. Coolidge Barrington-Bernard Corr. (1943) 43 There is in my opinion no System of Government in N America that is fit to be made a module of. The royal Governments are faulty in their constitution as well as the popular.
d. A physical representation or model (usually on a small scale) of a material object. Cf. model n. 4a. Obsolete.
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society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > [noun]
module1609
1609 T. Heywood Troia Britanica xii. lxxxvii The Pummel..rarely wrought With artful Modules.
1661 O. Felltham Lett. x. 74 in Resolves (rev. ed.) By this weeks Carrier you shall receive the Module of the World in a box.
e. A regularly formulated plan or scheme of government, etc. Cf. model n. 13a. Obsolete. rare.
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the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] > style of creation or construction
shaft888
suitc1330
generationa1382
makinga1398
frame?1520
workmanship1578
imagerya1592
model1597
fabricaturec1600
builtc1615
fabric1644
module1649
get-up1857
fashioning1870
the world > space > shape > [noun] > specifically of immaterial things, systems, etc.
featurea1375
model1591
module1649
cast1709
1649 Mercurius Pragmaticus (for King Charles II) No. 1 sig. A1v The people may know now more than what will dispose them to admit in the new module of slavery.
1650 M. Nedham Case Common-wealth Eng. ii. 50 Notwithstanding all the Reasons to the Contrary the Scotish Module was still pressed.
II. Chiefly technical uses relating to measurement and proportion.† 3. Architecture.† 4. A standard or unit for measuring. Now Obsolete in this general sense.† 6. Numismatics. The size of a coin, medal, or token, esp. in relation to others. Obsolete.
a. The capital of a pillar. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1585 J. Higgins tr. Junius Nomenclator 204/1 Epistylium, Vitru[vius], capitulum, modulus... The head or chapter of the piller: the module.
1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 411 What a sort of modules or Chapters of pillars [L. quot epistylia]..haue beene digged up.
1673 R. Hooke Diary 19 Oct. (1935) 66 Wrote this account. Perfected module of Piller. Swept room, made fire in it.
b. In the classical Greek and Roman orders: the unit of length by which proportions are determined, usually equal to the diameter or the radius of a column at the base of the shaft. Obsolete.Subdivided into 60 or 30 minutes (see minute n.1 7a).
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society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > column > [noun] > unit of proportion based on column diameter
modulus1563
model1598
module1664
1664 J. Evelyn tr. R. Fréart Parallel Antient Archit. i. xxvii. 66 The Chapter contains two Modules and a third.
1761 Philos. Trans. 1760 (Royal Soc.) 51 814 The shafts of the columns are so nearly 16 modules, that they seem to have been designed for that proportion.
1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 480 The height given to the column is fourteen modules, or seven diameters.
1842 J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. iii. i. 715 A is the systyle monotriglyph intercolumniation of 3 modules.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > measurement > [noun] > that by which one measures > unit of measurement
measurec1384
modulea1628
standard1646
unit1681
base unit1867
the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > conformity to or with a pattern, etc. > [noun] > a standard or norm
regulaOE
standardc1475
rate1509
square1549
formular1563
squarier1581
scantling1587
the King's beam1607
referencea1627
modulea1628
norme1635
the common beam1647
normaa1676
plummet line1683
norm1821
modulus1857
normative1909
a1628 F. Greville Cælica vi, in Certaine Wks. (1633) 164 Measure of all ioyes stay to phansie traces Module of pleasure.
1685 E. Bernard Let. in E. Pococke Comm. Hosea sig. (a) Many of the ancients serv'd themselves with ordinary grains of corne (which module hath also entred our English Laws) for the Measures both of length and capacity.
1712 tr. H. More Scholia Antidote Atheism 145 in H. More Coll. Philos. Writings (ed. 4) They are not made..by measure or module, which should limit, and, as it were, design and determine them.
1845 R. W. Hamilton Inst. Pop. Educ. vi. 128 A precise proposition is already adjusted, a module of the truth.
1863 J. F. W. Herschel Familiar Lect. Sci. (1868) 450 The only new measure I would legalize would be a ‘module’ (or some other name at present unoccupied) of 50 geometrical inches.
5. Mathematics.
a. = modulus n. 2b, 2d. rare.
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a1883 H. J. S. Smith Coll. Math. Papers (1894) II. 545 The squared modules resulting from the σ′ (n) primitive and primary transformations of n.
1970 O. Dopping Computers & Data Processing xvi. 257 A simple transformation method..is replacing the real key k with a pseudo key p according to the formula p = k mod m, where the module m is near the upper limit of the desired interval.
b. Originally: a set that is a subset of a ring and is closed under addition and subtraction. Now usually: a commutative additive group whose elements may be multiplied by those of a ring (usually a ring with an identity element), the product being in the group and the multiplication obeying the associative and distributive laws. left module n. a module in which the multiplying ring elements are written on the left of the module elements. right module n. one in which the ring elements are written on the right of the module elements.
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the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > numerical arrangement > [noun] > set > in abstract algebra > groups
syntheme1844
group1854
substitution group1861
quaternion group1881
subgroup1881
Abelian group1892
permutation group1893
quotient group1893
factor group1895
order1897
symmetric group1897
point group1903
Sylow subgroup1905
module1927
Lie group1939
symmetry group1956
Weyl group1961
stabilizer1965
1927 Amer. Math. Monthly 34 64 The class concept was introduced by Dedekind as follows. A set M of elements of I(α) which is closed under subtraction, and hence under addition and subtraction, is called a module. If M be such that, if β is any element of M, and γ is any element of I(α), then βγ is an element of M, the module M is called an ideal.
1970 Nature 19 Dec. 1234/2 A vector space is built up linearly by means of ‘scalar’ multipliers from a number field. The more general concept of a module replaces the field by an arbitrary ring (with unity) related to an Abelian group so that a ‘product’ is defined satisfying the usual distributive and associative laws.
1990 Q. Jrnl. Math. 41 3 Since R is left Noetherian, subfactors of finitely generated left modules are finitely generated.
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society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > [noun] > diameter of coin
module1887
1887 Athenæum 24 Sept. 411/3 There are thirty plates, many of them containing coins of the smallest module.
1896 W. C. Hazlitt Coin Collector ix. 247 Minim, a term which..has been assigned to a class of bronze money of Roman type..which..is of unusually small module.
7. Engineering. The pitch diameter of a gear wheel in millimetres or inches, divided by the number of teeth.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > wheel > [noun] > cog or gear > dimensions of cog or gear
addendum1841
module1909
1909 Webster's New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. Module, the pitch diameter of a gear wheel in millimeters divided by the number of teeth.
1912 G. T. White Toothed Gearing ii. 17 Module = Dmm/N = ..25·4/diametral pitch = circular pitch″ × 8·085.
1964 J. L. M. Morrison & B. Crossland Introd. Mech. Machines ii. 142 One set of standard proportions is that the addendum should be equal to the module m (or the reciprocal of the diametral pitch) and the dedendum..greater than this by an amount of one-twentieth of the circular pitch or 0·157m.
1984 E. P. DeGarmo et al. Materials & Processes in Manuf. (ed. 6) xxviii. 745 The second method for specifying gear tooth size is by means of the module (M), defined as the pitch diameter divided by the number of teeth.
8. A length chosen as the basis for the dimensions of the parts of a building, esp. one to be constructed from prefabricated components, all the dimensions being integral multiples of it. See also sense 9.The exact length is variable: see quots.
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the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of length > [noun] > a length chosen as basis of dimensions
module1936
the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > constituent part or component > of something built up
section1875
module1936
1936 A. F. Bemis & J. Burchard Evolving House III. iv. 64 A dimension of 4″ for the module..is selected because it is the nominal greatest common divisor of the wood-frame house, which represents the bulk of American housing.
1945 Archit. Record Jan. 103/1 The architect can best realize the advantage of the coordination of masonry and metal window dimensions by doing preliminary building layouts on the familiar cross section paper of the module system, each grid line representing 4 inches.
1949 Architects' Jrnl. 20 Oct. 432/1 The planning grid on which the Hertfordshire County Council structure is based was an 8 ft. 3 in. module.
1973 J. S. Foster Struct. & Fabric I. ii. 36/2 In great Britain the accepted module is 100 mm.
1995 Lay Witness Jan.–Feb. 4/2 We relate ourselves, consciously or unconsciously, to the module upon which the building is built.
III. A component of a larger or more complex system.
9. gen. Any of a series of independent units or parts of a more complex structure, produced to a standard design in order to facilitate assembly and allow mass production. More generally: any more or less self-contained unit which goes to make up a complete set, a finished article, etc.
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the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > constituent part or component > single element of collective whole
piece1473
unit1600
module1946
1946 Industr. Standardization 17 269/1 ‘Module’ furniture is designed on a coordinated 6-inch scale so that all pieces are interchangeable.
1955 Sci. Amer. Aug. 30 (caption) Assembled module consists of a stack of wafers coated with opaque plastic.
1959 E. F. Horsey & L. D. Shergalis Proc. Symposium Microminiaturization of Electronic Assemblies 1958 i. iv. 44 The electronic ‘module’..is an individually fabricated subassembly that may be replaced in toto when repair becomes necessary.
1969 W. V. Tipping Introd. Mech. Assembly ix. 240 The modules are bolted together to form a full machine ready for final trouble-shooting.
1970 New Yorker 3 Oct. 28/1 Modules are larger, three-dimensional units, which are completely finished in the factory and then bolted together at the site in a much shorter time.
1977 F. K. Baskette Art of Editing (rev. ed.) xiv. 293 A module is a unit or component of a whole (or a page)..[and it] clearly separates and features a story inside it.
1990 Thames Valley Now Feb. 13/1 The fascinating Thames Valley Time Trail... Six time modules represent the six stages of development, from volcanic eruptions and dinosaurs to gravel and mineral quarrying.
2000 Wired Feb. 194/3 The Charm Communicator, an all-in-one wearable that uses plug-in modules to combine wireless voice and data connectivity, GPS, a camera, [etc.].
10. Astronautics. A section of a spacecraft that can operate as an independent self-contained unit.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > spacecraft > [noun] > module or capsule
landing craft1940
ferry1951
capsule1954
space capsule1954
module1961
service module1961
Lem1962
moonbug1963
1961 New Scientist 4 May 241/3 To deal with its dual function the Apollo craft will have three separate sections, or modules: first, a command centre module..; secondly, a propulsion module..; and finally, a so-called ‘mission’ module.
1963 Ann. Reg. 1962 400 A capsule was to be fired from the earth into orbit round the moon, when a special part of it, christened the lunar excursion module, would detach itself.
1969 Listener 24 July 123/1 The ITV audience was being guided..towards the first climax of the night, the landing of the module on the Moon's surface.
1970 Sci. Jrnl. Aug. 35/2 As additional modules are placed in orbit and docked with the first module, some could be devoted to specialized activities.
1984 Science 13 July 146/2 A pressurized laboratory module designed for materials processing, and suitable for docking at the shuttle or at a space station.
1992 New Scientist 11 July 38/2 Spacelab, an extra module for the shuttle, will quadruple the experimental facilities on board the shuttle.
11.
a. Computing. Any of a number of distinct units from which a computer program may be built up, or into which a complex process or activity is analysed (usually for computer simulation), each of which is complete in itself but bears a definite relationship to the other units.
ΘΚΠ
society > computing and information technology > programming language > program or code > [noun] > set of instructions
routine1945
procedure1946
subroutinec1946
subprogramme1947
block1948
module1963
partition1971
script1978
1963 L. Schultz Digital Processing xv. 340 The total program system could be segmented into completely independent parts (called modules) that exhibit interdependence only through a central communication pool.
1968 F. F. Martin Computer Modeling ix. 193 System modules simulate a specific function in system (or operation) logic... Auxiliary modules are nonsystem modules and are not necessarily unique to any given model.
1971 B. de Ferranti Living with Computer ix. 82 The computer programmer breaks his problem down into modules and gives the modules names so that they can be handled.
1985 Pract. Computing July 37/1 A payroll program might have a module for calculating tax, which in turn calls a module to determine the tax rate, which in turn calls a table look-up routine.
1992 Portable Computing 1 60/2 The word processing modules found in most integrated packages are ill-equipped for formatting complex printed documents.
b. In role-playing games: a particular adventure scenario, which usually forms part of a series of similar adventures.
ΚΠ
1979 G. Gygax Advanced Dungeons & Dragons: Dungeon Master Guide (ed. 4) 111 Every AD&D module is a ready-to-play adventure setting, populated with appropriate monsters, treasures, tricks, and traps, and including maps, background information, and histories.
1989 GM Nov. 62/3 (advt.) For sale: AD&D Rulebooks (£5 each) and modules (£3 each).
1990 Dragon Mag. Mar. 50/1 The adventure's pretty long, because it's going to be published in three separate modules.
12. Education. Any of a number of independent units of study or training which can be combined in a variety of ways to form a course at a college or university. Cf. modular adj. 2c.
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society > education > teaching > means of teaching > [noun] > class or course > types of
summer session1594
evening class1762
summer school1793
training course1822
shop class1844
elective1850
optional1855
night class1870
correspondence class1876
Chautauqua1884
correspondence course1902
gut1902
holiday course1906
shop1912
pud1917
training seminar1917
film school1929
day school1931
refresher1939
farm shop1941
survey course1941
weekend course1944
crash programme1947
sandwich course1955
thick sandwich1962
module1966
bird course1975
1966 Economist 3 Dec. 1005/1 Eventually the sort of retraining envisaged could fit in with the notion..of periodic training ‘modules’, whereby skilled men would take repeated periods off productive work to renew their perhaps rusty skills and learn new ones.
1986 Business Educ. Today June 27/1 A related aspect of this narrowness of vision is that numeracy is associated with these specialised modules and, consequently, neglected elsewhere in the course.
1997 B. Rowlands Which? Guide Complementary Med. ii. 25 Modules in complementary therapy are now being incorporated into medical degrees, and are highly popular.
IV. Other uses.
13. An apparatus for measuring or regulating a supply of water.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > liquid flow > action or process of flowing > [noun] > rate of flow > instrument to regulate or measure rate
module1852
rotameter1911
flow-meter1920
1852 R. B. Smith Italian Irrigation I. ii. i. 109 It is to the engineer Contini that Piedmont is indebted for the first introduction into the irrigation system..of a module for the measurement of the water.
1875 L. D'A. Jackson Hydraulic Man. (ed. 3) 136 Hydraulic engineers not having yet arrived at a perfect module for measuring the amount of water drawn off in an open channel for irrigation.
1875 L. D'A. Jackson Hydraulic Man. (ed. 3) 147 This module discharges one cubic metre..per hour.
1881 Encycl. Brit. XII. 477/2 To deliver a regulated quantity of water from the irrigation channel, arrangements termed modules are used.
1965 R. Hammond Dict. Civil Engin. (1968) 141 Module, a device for delivering liquid at a constant head through a hole 1 in. high of variable width.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
† modulev.1
Obsolete. rare.
transitive. To sing, perform (music).
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society > leisure > the arts > music > performing music > perform (music) [verb (transitive)]
present1573
module1610
rendera1676
execute1826
1610 G. Fletcher Christs Victorie 31 Soone the old Palmer his deuotions sung, Like pleasing anthems, moduled in time.
1612 M. Drayton Poly-olbion xiii. 215 That Charmer of the Night..That moduleth her tunes so admirably rare.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2019).
† modulev.2
Obsolete. rare.
transitive. To model, mould, shape.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > shape or give shape to [verb (transitive)] > an immaterial thing
shapea1300
model1605
idea1638
module1695
1695 J. Woodward Ess. Nat. Hist. Earth 83 Men..which were to inhabit this Earth, thus moduled anew.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online September 2018).
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