momentumn.

Brit.

/mə(ʊ)ˈmɛntəm/, U.S.

/moʊˈmɛn(t)əm/

Inflections: Plural momenta, (occasionally) momentums.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin mōmentum.

Etymology: < classical Latin mōmentum moment n. (see discussion at that entry).The word was reborrowed in the 17th cent.

†1. In medieval reckoning: the fortieth part of an hour. Cf. moment n. 2a. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > period > hour > [noun] > specific part of an hour

prickOE

momentumOE

prickleOE

punctOE

mileway1370

momenta1398

pointa1398

half-hourc1420

quartera1500

glass1599

semi-hore1623

scruple1728

part1806

OE On Length of Year (Titus) in H. Henel Stud. zum Altenglischen Computus (1934) 65 On anre æfenneahtlicre tide beoð feower punctas, ten minuta, fiftene partes, feowortig momenta, be sumra manna tale.

OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) ii. iii. 108 Nu gecyðað we þæt on þam dæge beoð nigon hund and syxtig momenta. Momentum ys gewyss stow þære sunnan on heofenum; þonne he byð feowertig siðon gegaderod, þonne gefylleð he ane tid, and he ys gecweden for þæra tungla hwætnysse momentum (þæt ys styrung).

†2. A turning motion; (Mathematics) = moment n. 8b. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > [noun] > twisting or rotary

torsion1543

momentum1610

torque1884

twist1891

1610 J. Healey tr. J. L. Vives in tr. St. Augustine Citie of God xi. xxi. 425 Momentum is also a turning, a conuersion or a changeable motion, comming of moueo to moue.

1683 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 13 63 To shew the strength and Momentum of a Muscle, He premises some propositions about the Vectes, which he applies to most of the chief Muscles of the body.

1839 Penny Cycl. XV. 311 Momentum, or Moment, of Inertia.

a. Physics and Mathematics. The quantity of motion in a moving body, now expressed as the product of its mass and its velocity.moment of momentum: see moment n. 8b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > [noun] > quantity of motion

momentum1699

moment1706

1699 J. Keill Exam. Theory Earth 10 According to the Laws of motion, the momentum or quantity of motion of both bodies taken together would remain the same.

1791 ‘T. Newte’ Prospects & Observ. Tour 179 The momentum of bodies depends on the quantum of their velocity multiplied into that of their matter.

1815 R. Bakewell Introd. Geol. (ed. 2) p. xvi In mechanics, the important question of the ratio between the velocity and momentum is still undecided.

1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 4 If either its weight or its velocity be doubled, its momentum will be likewise doubled.

1897 W. James Will to Believe 254 The spencerian philosophy of ‘Force’, effacing all the previous distinctions between actual and potential energy, momentum, work, force, mass, etc., which physicists have with so much agony achieved.

1913 W. R. King Steam Engin. v. 105 This compression provides an elastic cushion of steam which absorbs the momentum of the reciprocating parts of the engine and brings them to rest without shock.

1928 A. S. Eddington Nature Physical World xi. 236 The field laws—conservation of energy, mass, momentum and of electric change..are not controlling laws. They are truisms.

1949 T. B. Brown Found. Mod. Physics (ed. 2) 356 In fundamental physical theory, first place is still occupied by the conservation laws for electric charge and for momentum.

1990 Sci. Amer. June 65 Atoms with equal and opposite momenta tend to form pairs in which the two particles orbit each other at a distance.

b. gen. The effect of inertia in the continuance of motion after the force has ceased; impetus gained by movement.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > [noun] > force of movement > gained by movement

momentum1839

1839 C. Darwin in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin Narr. Surv. Voy. H.M.S. Adventure & Beagle III. x. 224 If the bird wished to descend, the wings were for a moment collapsed; and then when again expanded with an altered inclination, the momentum gained by the rapid descent seemed to urge the bird upwards.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xxvii. 216 His momentum rolled him over and over down the incline.

1874 H. R. Reynolds John the Baptist iii. iii. 189 Every drop of the Nile or the Ganges has been..lifted by the sunbeam to the height, the fall from which give the momentum of its onward passage to the sea.

1906 J. London White Fang iv. iv. 227 He struck with such force that his momentum carried him on across over the other's body.

1964 F. Tuohy Ice Saints (1965) iii. 15 Before she could explain he had started off through the crowd, as though pulled forward by the momentum of the two swinging cases.

1985 D. Johnson Fiskadoro ii. 40 Jake Barnes's momentum had swung him around.

†4. Mathematics. = moment n. 3b. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > calculus > [noun] > differential calculus > differentiation > differential

differential1702

moment1706

momentane1706

increment1721

element1728

momentum1735

H1872

interval1918

differentio-differential1939

1735 B. Robins Disc. Newton's Method of Fluxions 75 Sir Isaac Newton's definition of momenta, That they are the momentaneous increments or decrements of varying quantities, may possibly be thought obscure.

1737 tr. I. Newton Treat. Method of Fluxions v. 83 Having therefore the ratios of these momenta, or which is the same thing, of their generating Fluxions, you will have the ratio of GC to the given line Cg.

†5. Force of movement. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > [noun] > force of movement

coursec1330

swough1338

swayc1374

birra1382

feezec1405

impetc1440

radeur1477

ravina1500

sweight1513

bensela1522

swinge1583

impetus1656

motive power1702

impulse1715

momentum1740

impulsion1795

send1890

1740 G. Cheyne Ess. Regimen 109 The Particles of Mercury have the greatest Momentum and Force.

1752 W. Smellie Treat. Midwifery I. 107 In young people the Momentum of the circulating fluid is greater than the resisting force of the solids.

1817 S. T. Coleridge Blessed are ye that Sow 84 The short interruptions may be well represented as a few steps backward, that it might leap forward with an additional momentum.

1825 W. Scott Betrothed iv, in Tales Crusaders I. 67 A momentum of speed, which increased with every moment.

1826 Lancet 21 Jan. 569/1 This may..be ascribable to the increased momentum of the blood, by which the tonic contraction is overcome.

a. figurative. A driving force, an impetus; continuing vigour resulting from an initial effort or expenditure of energy.

ΚΠ

1782 V. Knox Ess. I. lviii. 257 Such genius..makes itself felt by its own native force, and bears all before it by an irresistible momentum.

1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 68 That momentum of ignorance,..presumption, and lust of plunder, which nothing has been able to resist.

1863 A. W. Kinglake Invasion of Crimea II. xvi. 499 Ambition lends strength and momentum to the purposes of a general.

1902 A. B. Davidson Biblical & Lit. Ess. vii. 188 Faustus Socinus gave a new momentum to the exposition of the Epistle.

1948 T. Heggen Mister Roberts vi. 81 The quarrel began in the morning and gathered momentum through the day.

1995 N.Y. Times 24 Jan. b10/2 Wachter's season got off to a poor start, but she has gradually gained momentum by winning a World Cup super-G and finishing second in a giant slalom.

b. Stock Market (originally U.S.). The tendency of stock or share prices to continue movement in a particular direction (esp. upwards). In recent use frequently attributive: designating a stock or share displaying this tendency; (also) designating an investment strategy in which stocks or shares that are rising in price are bought whilst those that are falling in price are sold; designating a trader who employs such a strategy; chiefly in momentum investing, momentum investor.

ΚΠ

1929 Jrnl. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 24 319 The most perfect results in the interpretation and forecasting of the short-term movements [in stock sales]..are based on close analysis of the price momentum and step by step scrutiny of the trading.

1936 Jrnl. Business Univ. Chicago 9 364 The popular rule that the momentum of any price movement argues for its continuance.

1960 Econometrica 28 909 An investigation as to the evidence of inertia or momentum in stock prices.

1978 L. Miller Momentum-gap Method vi. 100 The chief feature of the overall market, as with individual stocks is momentum. The market is either going up or down in a trend.

1986 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 24 July d3 Mr. Duncan describes himself as a ‘momentum investor and a bottoms-up stock picker’.

1993 Independent on Sunday (Nexis) 28 Nov. 15 The behaviour could reflect the arrival in the UK of ‘momentum investing’. This is a popular technique in the United States, whereby investors pile into shares in fast-growing companies but head for the exit at the first signs of waning momentum.

1999 N.Y. Times 22 Aug. iii. 7/5 The fund's unusual portfolio, about equally divided among fast-growing momentum stocks, blue-chip growth companies and contrarian plays.

7. An essential element or significant aspect of a complex conceptual entity; = moment n. 9. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > constituent part or component > of an immaterial whole

pointc1230

punct1427

element1600

puncta1651

momentum1829

moment1838

1829 W. Hamilton tr. M. V. Cousin in Edinb. Rev. Oct. 216 You have all the momenta whose relation and notion constitute the reality of knowledge.

1874 G. S. Morris tr. F. Ueberweg Hist. Philos. II. 232 The momenta of Quantity are: pure quantity, quantum, and degree.

1903 A. B. Davidson Old Test. Prophecy viii. 114 Revelation..was in all cases part of the life of the individual, a momentum in the spiritual relations of him and God.

Compounds

momentum space n. Physics a three-dimensional Cartesian space in which each particle of a physical system is represented by a point whose three coordinates are numerically equal to the components of its momentum in the directions of the three coordinate axes.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > [noun] > atomic mass > space containing

momentum space1928

1928 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 14 577 Concentrating our attention..upon the momentum space, we may number the regions, and the momentum and the energy of a particle in region r may be called p_r.

1948 W. Hume-Rothery Electrons, Atoms, Metals & Alloys xx. 143 The momentum space is divided into little cells of side h/L, and volume h³/L³.

1970 G. K. Woodgate Elem. Atomic Struct. vi. 98 Under this assumption the electrons are moving freely, with no forces acting on them, and their translational momenta can be taken to be directed isotropically in momentum space.

1997 R. W. Robinett Quantum Mech. v. 98 It is possible..to transform the Schrödinger equation itself into momentum space and solve for ϕ(p, t) directly.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	momentum
释义	momentumn. Brit. /mə(ʊ)ˈmɛntəm/, U.S. /moʊˈmɛn(t)əm/ Inflections: Plural momenta, (occasionally) momentums. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin mōmentum. Etymology: < classical Latin mōmentum moment n. (see discussion at that entry).The word was reborrowed in the 17th cent. †1. In medieval reckoning: the fortieth part of an hour. Cf. moment n. 2a. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > time > period > hour > [noun] > specific part of an hour prickOE momentumOE prickleOE punctOE mileway1370 momenta1398 pointa1398 half-hourc1420 quartera1500 glass1599 semi-hore1623 scruple1728 part1806 OE On Length of Year (Titus) in H. Henel Stud. zum Altenglischen Computus (1934) 65 On anre æfenneahtlicre tide beoð feower punctas, ten minuta, fiftene partes, feowortig momenta, be sumra manna tale. OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) ii. iii. 108 Nu gecyðað we þæt on þam dæge beoð nigon hund and syxtig momenta. Momentum ys gewyss stow þære sunnan on heofenum; þonne he byð feowertig siðon gegaderod, þonne gefylleð he ane tid, and he ys gecweden for þæra tungla hwætnysse momentum (þæt ys styrung). †2. A turning motion; (Mathematics) = moment n. 8b. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > [noun] > twisting or rotary torsion1543 momentum1610 torque1884 twist1891 1610 J. Healey tr. J. L. Vives in tr. St. Augustine Citie of God xi. xxi. 425 Momentum is also a turning, a conuersion or a changeable motion, comming of moueo to moue. 1683 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 13 63 To shew the strength and Momentum of a Muscle, He premises some propositions about the Vectes, which he applies to most of the chief Muscles of the body. 1839 Penny Cycl. XV. 311 Momentum, or Moment, of Inertia. 3. a. Physics and Mathematics. The quantity of motion in a moving body, now expressed as the product of its mass and its velocity.moment of momentum: see moment n. 8b. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > [noun] > quantity of motion momentum1699 moment1706 1699 J. Keill Exam. Theory Earth 10 According to the Laws of motion, the momentum or quantity of motion of both bodies taken together would remain the same. 1791 ‘T. Newte’ Prospects & Observ. Tour 179 The momentum of bodies depends on the quantum of their velocity multiplied into that of their matter. 1815 R. Bakewell Introd. Geol. (ed. 2) p. xvi In mechanics, the important question of the ratio between the velocity and momentum is still undecided. 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 4 If either its weight or its velocity be doubled, its momentum will be likewise doubled. 1897 W. James Will to Believe 254 The spencerian philosophy of ‘Force’, effacing all the previous distinctions between actual and potential energy, momentum, work, force, mass, etc., which physicists have with so much agony achieved. 1913 W. R. King Steam Engin. v. 105 This compression provides an elastic cushion of steam which absorbs the momentum of the reciprocating parts of the engine and brings them to rest without shock. 1928 A. S. Eddington Nature Physical World xi. 236 The field laws—conservation of energy, mass, momentum and of electric change..are not controlling laws. They are truisms. 1949 T. B. Brown Found. Mod. Physics (ed. 2) 356 In fundamental physical theory, first place is still occupied by the conservation laws for electric charge and for momentum. 1990 Sci. Amer. June 65 Atoms with equal and opposite momenta tend to form pairs in which the two particles orbit each other at a distance. b. gen. The effect of inertia in the continuance of motion after the force has ceased; impetus gained by movement. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > [noun] > force of movement > gained by movement momentum1839 1839 C. Darwin in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin Narr. Surv. Voy. H.M.S. Adventure & Beagle III. x. 224 If the bird wished to descend, the wings were for a moment collapsed; and then when again expanded with an altered inclination, the momentum gained by the rapid descent seemed to urge the bird upwards. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xxvii. 216 His momentum rolled him over and over down the incline. 1874 H. R. Reynolds John the Baptist iii. iii. 189 Every drop of the Nile or the Ganges has been..lifted by the sunbeam to the height, the fall from which give the momentum of its onward passage to the sea. 1906 J. London White Fang iv. iv. 227 He struck with such force that his momentum carried him on across over the other's body. 1964 F. Tuohy Ice Saints (1965) iii. 15 Before she could explain he had started off through the crowd, as though pulled forward by the momentum of the two swinging cases. 1985 D. Johnson Fiskadoro ii. 40 Jake Barnes's momentum had swung him around. †4. Mathematics. = moment n. 3b. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > calculus > [noun] > differential calculus > differentiation > differential differential1702 moment1706 momentane1706 increment1721 element1728 momentum1735 H1872 interval1918 differentio-differential1939 1735 B. Robins Disc. Newton's Method of Fluxions 75 Sir Isaac Newton's definition of momenta, That they are the momentaneous increments or decrements of varying quantities, may possibly be thought obscure. 1737 tr. I. Newton Treat. Method of Fluxions v. 83 Having therefore the ratios of these momenta, or which is the same thing, of their generating Fluxions, you will have the ratio of GC to the given line Cg. †5. Force of movement. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > [noun] > force of movement coursec1330 swough1338 swayc1374 birra1382 feezec1405 impetc1440 radeur1477 ravina1500 sweight1513 bensela1522 swinge1583 impetus1656 motive power1702 impulse1715 momentum1740 impulsion1795 send1890 1740 G. Cheyne Ess. Regimen 109 The Particles of Mercury have the greatest Momentum and Force. 1752 W. Smellie Treat. Midwifery I. 107 In young people the Momentum of the circulating fluid is greater than the resisting force of the solids. 1817 S. T. Coleridge Blessed are ye that Sow 84 The short interruptions may be well represented as a few steps backward, that it might leap forward with an additional momentum. 1825 W. Scott Betrothed iv, in Tales Crusaders I. 67 A momentum of speed, which increased with every moment. 1826 Lancet 21 Jan. 569/1 This may..be ascribable to the increased momentum of the blood, by which the tonic contraction is overcome. 6. a. figurative. A driving force, an impetus; continuing vigour resulting from an initial effort or expenditure of energy. ΚΠ 1782 V. Knox Ess. I. lviii. 257 Such genius..makes itself felt by its own native force, and bears all before it by an irresistible momentum. 1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 68 That momentum of ignorance,..presumption, and lust of plunder, which nothing has been able to resist. View more context for this quotation 1863 A. W. Kinglake Invasion of Crimea II. xvi. 499 Ambition lends strength and momentum to the purposes of a general. 1902 A. B. Davidson Biblical & Lit. Ess. vii. 188 Faustus Socinus gave a new momentum to the exposition of the Epistle. 1948 T. Heggen Mister Roberts vi. 81 The quarrel began in the morning and gathered momentum through the day. 1995 N.Y. Times 24 Jan. b10/2 Wachter's season got off to a poor start, but she has gradually gained momentum by winning a World Cup super-G and finishing second in a giant slalom. b. Stock Market (originally U.S.). The tendency of stock or share prices to continue movement in a particular direction (esp. upwards). In recent use frequently attributive: designating a stock or share displaying this tendency; (also) designating an investment strategy in which stocks or shares that are rising in price are bought whilst those that are falling in price are sold; designating a trader who employs such a strategy; chiefly in momentum investing, momentum investor. ΚΠ 1929 Jrnl. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 24 319 The most perfect results in the interpretation and forecasting of the short-term movements [in stock sales]..are based on close analysis of the price momentum and step by step scrutiny of the trading. 1936 Jrnl. Business Univ. Chicago 9 364 The popular rule that the momentum of any price movement argues for its continuance. 1960 Econometrica 28 909 An investigation as to the evidence of inertia or momentum in stock prices. 1978 L. Miller Momentum-gap Method vi. 100 The chief feature of the overall market, as with individual stocks is momentum. The market is either going up or down in a trend. 1986 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 24 July d3 Mr. Duncan describes himself as a ‘momentum investor and a bottoms-up stock picker’. 1993 Independent on Sunday (Nexis) 28 Nov. 15 The behaviour could reflect the arrival in the UK of ‘momentum investing’. This is a popular technique in the United States, whereby investors pile into shares in fast-growing companies but head for the exit at the first signs of waning momentum. 1999 N.Y. Times 22 Aug. iii. 7/5 The fund's unusual portfolio, about equally divided among fast-growing momentum stocks, blue-chip growth companies and contrarian plays. 7. An essential element or significant aspect of a complex conceptual entity; = moment n. 9. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > constituent part or component > of an immaterial whole pointc1230 punct1427 element1600 puncta1651 momentum1829 moment1838 1829 W. Hamilton tr. M. V. Cousin in Edinb. Rev. Oct. 216 You have all the momenta whose relation and notion constitute the reality of knowledge. 1874 G. S. Morris tr. F. Ueberweg Hist. Philos. II. 232 The momenta of Quantity are: pure quantity, quantum, and degree. 1903 A. B. Davidson Old Test. Prophecy viii. 114 Revelation..was in all cases part of the life of the individual, a momentum in the spiritual relations of him and God. Compounds momentum space n. Physics a three-dimensional Cartesian space in which each particle of a physical system is represented by a point whose three coordinates are numerically equal to the components of its momentum in the directions of the three coordinate axes. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > [noun] > atomic mass > space containing momentum space1928 1928 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 14 577 Concentrating our attention..upon the momentum space, we may number the regions, and the momentum and the energy of a particle in region r may be called p_r. 1948 W. Hume-Rothery Electrons, Atoms, Metals & Alloys xx. 143 The momentum space is divided into little cells of side h/L, and volume h³/L³. 1970 G. K. Woodgate Elem. Atomic Struct. vi. 98 Under this assumption the electrons are moving freely, with no forces acting on them, and their translational momenta can be taken to be directed isotropically in momentum space. 1997 R. W. Robinett Quantum Mech. v. 98 It is possible..to transform the Schrödinger equation itself into momentum space and solve for ϕ(p, t) directly. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.OE
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