misrulen.

Brit.

/ˌmɪsˈruːl/, U.S.

/ˌmɪsˈrul/

Forms: see mis- prefix¹ and rule n.¹

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: mis- prefix¹, rule n.¹

Etymology: < mis- prefix¹ + rule n.¹ Compare earlier misrule v.In quot. ?1406 at sense 1, mis reule is perhaps intended to be taken as two words, rendering Old French male regle; compare miss adj.

†1. Misconduct; ill-regulated living, dissoluteness; excess, lack of restraint. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > wrong conduct > [noun]

fiend-thewsc1275

misgovernancec1375

misusing1395

misrule?1406

misgovernmentc1450

misguiding1480

thowlessness1489

miscraft1496

demerit1509

misuse1509

misdemeanoura1513

prevarication1561

misguide1596

malconduct1684

misconduct1717

malversation1752

misdealing1851

?1406 T. Hoccleve La Mâle Règle 90 in E. P. Hammond Eng. Verse between Chaucer & Surrey (1927) 61/2 My freendes seiden vnto me ful ofte My mis reule me cause wolde a fit.

1447 O. Bokenham Lives of Saints (Arun.) (1938) 5863 (MED) Thou stondyst in a ful perlyous caas..Les..þi mysreule þe sone amende.

1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope iii. xi The cryme and mysrewle of his sone.

c1500 (?a1475) Assembly of Gods (1896) 1631 (MED) Welthe, vnbrydelyd..Encreseth mysrewle & oft causyth foly.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 7952 Thow might meruell the mykell of my misrewle, But..þere longes no loue..To hym þat dressis for my dethe.

a1600 (?c1535) tr. H. Boece Hist. Scotl. (Mar Lodge) xv. iii. f. 578, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Misreul(e Sic wanton latis and mysreul.

1620 Hist. Frier Rvsh sig. A2 The great Prince of Deuils..vnderstood of the great misrule and vile liuing of these Religious men.

2. The condition of being misruled; disorder, anarchy; (gen.) riotous conduct; commotion, riot. Also figurative.Not always distinguishable from sense 1.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > lack of subjection > unruliness > political unrest > [noun]

stirringa1154

motiona1387

troublec1435

misrule1442

commotion1471

stir1487

misgovernment1565

welteringa1586

confusions1599

distemper1605

distemperature?1606

convulsion1643

unsettlement1649

upturning1846

upturn1864

the natives are restless1950

1442 in H. Nicolas Proc. & Ordinances Privy Council (1835) V. 204 (MED) Yif that any suche mysrule or goevernaunce falle among the said soldeours for non paiement of theire wages, [etc.].

a1449 in S. A. Moore Lett. & Papers J. Shillingford (1871) ii. 104 (MED) It were þ^e part of the saide Maier, yif eny such mysrule and bawdery bee within the saide taverne..to compleyne.

c1475 ( in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1911) 26 515 (MED) Such persones..were odious to God and to the peple for thaire mysrule.

c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Knychthede (1993) i. 8 Than was syk mysreugle, and misgouernaunce..amang the peple for fault of justice.

1541 A. Kerr in Hamilton Papers I. 142 This mysrewill and breik upoun the Bordouris.

1587 in C. Innes Registrum Honoris de Morton (1853) I. 155 Finding sum new attemptatis of misreule and inobedience.

1606 State Papers Earl of Melrose (1837) I. 21 The present misreule of the incuntrey and vnquietnes of the Leylandis.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vii. 271 And the loud misrule Of Chaos farr remov'd.

1725 E. Fenton in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey I. i. 139 The heav'n-born maid Enormous riot and mis-rule survey'd.

1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth vii, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. II. 212 As the town is in misrule, we two, Harry, will carry her home.

1841 Gen. Abbott in C. R. Low Jrnl. (1879) ii. 195 There is such misrule here, that the country never can be quiet; people are sent out for the express purpose of getting up rows.

1873 Littell's Living Age 4 Oct. 15/1 These crowds of excited men are wonderful. There is law in their disorder, and a subtle harmony in their misrule.

1943 E. M. W. Tillyard Elizabethan World Picture viii. 97 Penelope refuses to join in something that is mere disorder or misrule.

1991 D. Rowe Wanting Everything (1994) 399 The weekly carnival of misrule in contemporary football games—where the football rowdy..must seem like the incarnation of the unruly apprentice.

3. Bad, wrong, or inappropriate rule or government; misgovernment; the action of misruling.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > misrule or misgovernment > [noun]

misgovernancea1393

misrule1450

misusance1533

misgovernment1565

misswaying1603

misgoverning1609

misordering1643

malgovernment1652

malgovernance1673

1450 Rolls of Parl. V. 206/1 The Monasterie..is in gret disolacion..by the mysreule and dilapidacion of divers Abbottes.

c1475 (c1399) Mum & Sothsegger (Cambr. Ll.4.14) (1936) iv. 3 (MED) Where was euere ony cristen kynge..Þat helde swiche an household..As Richard in þis rewme, þoru myserule of oþer?

1603 J. Davies Microcosmos 131 So by their Subiects Sov'raignes are betraide, When their mis-rule makes them be disobaide.

1657–8 in T. Burton Diary (1828) II. 365 Misrule is better than no rule; and an ill government..is better than none.

1704 E. Ward Helter Skelter 20 On the Kings misrule or defection, God gave the People no Election, They were oblig'd to be content With such a King as Heaven sent.

1715 S. Croxall Vision 8 When vicious Fav'rites made the Crown their Tool, And overturn'd the State by base Misrule.

1777 W. Robertson Hist. Amer. (1851) I. vi. 650 The authority of government had been almost forgotten during the long prevalence of anarchy and mis-rule.

1835 W. Irving Legend Don Roderick i, in Crayon Misc. III. 11 (heading) Of the ancient inhabitants of Spain—of the misrule of Witiza the Wicked.

1882 Cent. Mag. Mar. 715/1 Further instances of Mormon misrule might be multiplied indefinitely.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 340/1 The vast provinces of Kordofan, Darfur and the Bahr-el-Ghazal were given over to dervish tyranny and misrule.

1988 B. Cooper Alexander Kennedy Isbister ii. v. 137 There was strong evidence of misrule by the Company.

4. Lord of Misrule n. (also King of Misrule, Master of Misrule, Abbot of Misrule, etc.)

a. A person (traditionally a man) chosen to preside over games and other revelry during the Christmas period (occasionally at other times; cf. summer lord n. at summer n.¹ and adj. Compounds 3), esp. in a wealthy household, at the Inns of Court, at Oxford and Cambridge colleges, and at civic entertainments. Now historical.Reversal of roles was often an important aspect of such revelry, and so the person chosen was typically of low rank or status. For a fuller discussion of Lords of Misrule, and the festivities over which they presided, see R. Hutton Stations of Sun (1996) 95–111.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > social event > festive occasion > persons and characters > [noun] > presiding > at Christmas festivities

Lord of Misrule1491

Christmas King1537

Christmas Lord1555

Christmas Prince1598

lieutenant1655

1491 Privy Purse Acct. Hen. VI 24 Dec. in S. Bentley Excerpta Hist. (1831) 88 To Ringley, lorde of misrewle, upon a prest, £5.

1492 Privy Purse Acct. Hen. VI 24 Oct. in S. Bentley Excerpta Hist. (1831) 92 To Ringeley, abbot of misreule, £5.

a1552 J. Leland De Rebus Brit. Collectanea (1715) I. 256 This Cristmas I saw no Disgysyngs, and but right few Pleys; but ther was an Abbot of Misrule that made muche Sport, and did right well his Office.

1571 E. Grindal Iniunctions Prouince of Yorke §19. sig. C.iij The Minister & churchwardens shall not suffer any Lordes of misrule, or Sommer Lordes..to come vnreuerently into any Church [etc.].

1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. 1067/2 On mondaie the fourth of Januarie, the said lord of merie disports came by water to London,..where he was receiued by Vause lord of misrule to John Mainard one of the shiriffes of London.

1593 G. Peele Famous Chron. King Edward the First sig. E4 Ile be maister of misrule.

1633 R. Evelyn in Archæol. (1817) 18 333 I giue free leave to Owen Flood my Trumpeter, gent. to be Lo^d of Misrule of all good Orders during the twelve dayes.

1652 T. Urquhart Εκσκυβαλαυρον 238 They may be likewise said to use their King..as..we do the King of Misrule; whom we invest with that title to no other end, but to countenance the Bacchanalian Riots and preposterous disorders of the family, where he is installed.

1664 H. More Modest Enq. Myst. Iniquity 323 Their Master of Misrule at Christmas.

1820 W. Scott Abbot I. xiv. 300 A hall, a hall! for the venerable Father Howleglas, the learned Monk of Misrule, and the Right Reverend Abbot of Unreason!

1883 Harper's Mag. Dec. 4/1 The games, the generous hospitality, Hobby-Horse and the Lord of Misrule, Maid Marian and Santa Claus, are a curious medley of the old and the new.

1911 Art & Progress Mar. 141/2 Twelfth Night, 1911, melted into the thirteenth day and the short-lived reign of the King of Misrule came to an end.

1951 Shakespeare Q. 2 25 The political significance of the Revels Office was well known and understood by Edward's advisers as the accounts for the Lord of Misrule at Christmas 1551-1552 and 1552-1553 show.

1994 Inside Fort Collins 15 Dec. 7/3 In pre-industrial England, the community would elect a semi-official to preside over Christmas festivities, called the ‘Lord of Misrule’.

b. In extended use: the leader of any festively unruly band of people; (hence) any person, emotion, etc., regarded as a cause or focus of disorderly conduct.The reference in quot. 1583 is to proceedings at a summer parish ale (see ale n. 2).

ΚΠ

1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. M2 All the wilde-heds of the Parish, conuenting together, chuse them a Graund-Captain (of all mischeefe) whome they innoble with the title of my Lord of Mis-rule, and him they crowne with great solemnitie, and adopt for their king.

1591 J. Lyly Endimion v. ii. sig. H4 Loue is a Lorde of misrule, and keepeth Christmas in my corps.

1623 J. Webster Dutchesse of Malfy iii. ii. sig. F3 ‘I must lye here.’ ‘Must? you are a Lord of Misse-rule.’ ‘Indeed, my Rule is onely in the night.’

1713 C. Johnson Successful Pyrate iii. i. 38 Look ye, this is no Rebellion, but an Uproar, and I am Lord of Misrule.

1715 R. South 12 Serm. IV. 63 Their great Master of Mis-rule Oliver [Cromwell].

1796 T. J. Mathias Pursuits of Lit.: Pt. II 3 Let Wakefield rant, and pallid Thelwall bawl, Lords of misrule in anarchy's wild hall.

1822 W. Irving Bracebridge Hall xxvi. 227 Slingsby..who is not merely lord of misrule in his school, but master of the revels to the village.

1855 J. L. Motley Rise Dutch Republic III. vi. ii. 446 That master of misrule, John van Imbize, had once more excited the populace to sedition.

1898 K. Grahame Golden Age 15 I [sc. the wind] am the strong capricious one, the lord of misrule.

1980 A. Mars-Jones Lantern Lecture (1981) 155 The hood distinguished sharply between obsessive planner and ritual functionary. From the moment he put it on, he was a lord of misrule, rather than a citizen transgressing.

1998 H. Lind Making Sense of Advertising 22 Those economists who feel that the unregulated capitalist pricing process works against the public interest have a strong tendency to pick on advertising as the chief lord of misrule.

†5. show of misrule n. Obsolete a festivity such as that presided over by a Lord of Misrule.Apparently an isolated use.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > social event > festive occasion > [noun]

festivityc1410

rejoicingc1475

festivala1500

gaudy1535

show of misrule1555

gaudc1571

wake1577

festal1581

jubilee1589

gaudy-nighta1616

gala night1762

bridewain1789

gala1800

bean-feast1805

holinighta1821

let-off1827

glorification1843

pesta1964

1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions ii. viii. 182 Thei [sc. Brachmanes] couette no sightes, nor shewes of misrule: no disguisinges nor entreludes.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2002; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

misrulev.

Brit.

/ˌmɪsˈruːl/, U.S.

/ˌmɪsˈrul/

Forms: see mis- prefix¹ and rule v.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: mis- prefix¹, rule v.

Etymology: < mis- prefix¹ + rule v.

†1. transitive. To manage or control (oneself, one's actions or faculties) badly or in a disorderly manner. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > behave badly [verb (reflexive)]

misbearc1300

misguyc1375

misleada1393

misrulea1393

misgovernc1400

misordera1450

misbehave1475

misdemeana1525

mishave1528

misuse1532

dismeanor1598

misdemeanour1620

misconduct1812

the world > action or operation > ability > inability > unskilfulness > be unskilled in [verb (transitive)] > manage unskilfully

misleadc1225

misrulea1393

misgovernc1400

miscook?1507

mishandle1530

maladminister1649

mismanage1692

misconduct1755

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. 2509 Wher such thing falleth overal That eny king himself misreule.

a1400 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1895) I. 172 (MED) Þe foule fende..mone gostle men begils þorou preway [read þreway] pontz of pryde þat misrewle þere witte.

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. ix. 59 Moche wo worth þat man þat mys-reuleth his Inwitte.

a1500 (a1475) G. Ashby Dicta Philosophorum 19 in Poems (1899) 43 Suche folk as mysreule theire spendyng.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 638/1 If you mysrule your selfe, you maye..catche some disease.

1606 S. Daniel Queenes Arcadia iii. ii. sig. F2^v Me thought..He said I had misruld my bodie much, As if he meant that in some wanton sorte, I had abus'd my bodie with some man.

2. transitive. To rule or govern badly; to misgovern. Also intransitive.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > misrule or misgovernment > misrule or misgovern [verb (transitive)]

misrulea1393

misgovernc1485

misguidea1513

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. 2114 If he misreule that kingdom.

c1475 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 224 Engeland..Which hath be mysrewled ȝerys sertayne.

1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 197 Preistis..Misreule the realm and court no moir.

1772 G. A. Stevens Songs 32 'Tis a pitiful piece, like a Farce in a Fair, Where shew, noise, and nonsense misrule.

1810 G. Chalmers Caledonia II. ii. v. 200 The Duke of Albany misruled his kingdom.

1828 W. Sotheby Italy & Other Poems 240 Where senseless force misrules at pleasure, No form comes forth in rule and measure.

1883 Pall Mall Gaz. 12 Sept. 10/1 He pleaded guilty to being a disturber so long as Ireland was misruled by England.

1950 World Politics 2 327 The impression created..is that, even before the Germans fired a shot, France—long misruled by a gouvernement de vieillards—was beaten.

1991 N.Y. Times 13 Oct. i. 7/2 The National Party, which has misruled South Africa for over 40 years.

Derivatives

misˈruling n. and adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > [noun]

abominationc1350

misgovernancec1375

misleadinga1387

misusing1395

misbearinga1400

misordinancea1400

misruling?a1425

misgovernail?a1439

misdraughtc1450

misgovernmentc1450

misbehaving1451

misguiding1480

misbehaviour1486

misdemeaning1487

misgoverning1487

misdemeanoura1513

misordera1513

misordering1526

misusage1532

misnurturea1540

misdemean1579

miscarriage1594

misguide1596

demeanour1681

misconduct1717

society > authority > rule or government > misrule or misgovernment > [adjective]

misruling1839

society > authority > control > [noun] > regulation > a regulation or rule > wrong or unfair

misruling1927

?a1425 tr. Catherine of Siena Orcherd of Syon (Harl.) (1966) 315 (MED) Al þe world is moore corrupte by hem þan by alle þe mysrulynge of seculeris.

?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 214 For here synne & mysreulynge of hem self.

a1450 (a1396) W. Hilton Eight Chapters on Perfection 32 (MED) As þis perel may liȝtli falle of mysrulinge of loue, þerfore it is good to þe for to haue suspect and drede in þi-silf all maner loue.

1750 W. Shirley Edward Black Prince iv. i. 48 Misruling Anger, ever mad Revenge, And thou, too partial Biaser, Affection.

1839 Ld. Brougham Foreign Relat. Great Brit. in Wks. (1857) VIII. 126 Like the knell of death to the hopes of the misruling few.

1927 Daily Tel. 25 Oct. 8/5 If in refereeing I give a flagrant legal mis-ruling..the Rugby Union can send for me and say what they think about me and my mis-ruling.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	misrule
释义	misrulen. Brit. /ˌmɪsˈruːl/, U.S. /ˌmɪsˈrul/ Forms: see mis- prefix¹ and rule n.¹ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: mis- prefix¹, rule n.¹ Etymology: < mis- prefix¹ + rule n.¹ Compare earlier misrule v.In quot. ?1406 at sense 1, mis reule is perhaps intended to be taken as two words, rendering Old French male regle; compare miss adj. †1. Misconduct; ill-regulated living, dissoluteness; excess, lack of restraint. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > wrong conduct > [noun] fiend-thewsc1275 misgovernancec1375 misusing1395 misrule?1406 misgovernmentc1450 misguiding1480 thowlessness1489 miscraft1496 demerit1509 misuse1509 misdemeanoura1513 prevarication1561 misguide1596 malconduct1684 misconduct1717 malversation1752 misdealing1851 ?1406 T. Hoccleve La Mâle Règle 90 in E. P. Hammond Eng. Verse between Chaucer & Surrey (1927) 61/2 My freendes seiden vnto me ful ofte My mis reule me cause wolde a fit. 1447 O. Bokenham Lives of Saints (Arun.) (1938) 5863 (MED) Thou stondyst in a ful perlyous caas..Les..þi mysreule þe sone amende. 1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope iii. xi The cryme and mysrewle of his sone. c1500 (?a1475) Assembly of Gods (1896) 1631 (MED) Welthe, vnbrydelyd..Encreseth mysrewle & oft causyth foly. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 7952 Thow might meruell the mykell of my misrewle, But..þere longes no loue..To hym þat dressis for my dethe. a1600 (?c1535) tr. H. Boece Hist. Scotl. (Mar Lodge) xv. iii. f. 578, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Misreul(e Sic wanton latis and mysreul. 1620 Hist. Frier Rvsh sig. A2 The great Prince of Deuils..vnderstood of the great misrule and vile liuing of these Religious men. 2. The condition of being misruled; disorder, anarchy; (gen.) riotous conduct; commotion, riot. Also figurative.Not always distinguishable from sense 1. ΘΚΠ society > authority > lack of subjection > unruliness > political unrest > [noun] stirringa1154 motiona1387 troublec1435 misrule1442 commotion1471 stir1487 misgovernment1565 welteringa1586 confusions1599 distemper1605 distemperature?1606 convulsion1643 unsettlement1649 upturning1846 upturn1864 the natives are restless1950 1442 in H. Nicolas Proc. & Ordinances Privy Council (1835) V. 204 (MED) Yif that any suche mysrule or goevernaunce falle among the said soldeours for non paiement of theire wages, [etc.]. a1449 in S. A. Moore Lett. & Papers J. Shillingford (1871) ii. 104 (MED) It were þ^e part of the saide Maier, yif eny such mysrule and bawdery bee within the saide taverne..to compleyne. c1475 ( in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1911) 26 515 (MED) Such persones..were odious to God and to the peple for thaire mysrule. c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Knychthede (1993) i. 8 Than was syk mysreugle, and misgouernaunce..amang the peple for fault of justice. 1541 A. Kerr in Hamilton Papers I. 142 This mysrewill and breik upoun the Bordouris. 1587 in C. Innes Registrum Honoris de Morton (1853) I. 155 Finding sum new attemptatis of misreule and inobedience. 1606 State Papers Earl of Melrose (1837) I. 21 The present misreule of the incuntrey and vnquietnes of the Leylandis. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vii. 271 And the loud misrule Of Chaos farr remov'd. View more context for this quotation 1725 E. Fenton in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey I. i. 139 The heav'n-born maid Enormous riot and mis-rule survey'd. 1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth vii, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. II. 212 As the town is in misrule, we two, Harry, will carry her home. 1841 Gen. Abbott in C. R. Low Jrnl. (1879) ii. 195 There is such misrule here, that the country never can be quiet; people are sent out for the express purpose of getting up rows. 1873 Littell's Living Age 4 Oct. 15/1 These crowds of excited men are wonderful. There is law in their disorder, and a subtle harmony in their misrule. 1943 E. M. W. Tillyard Elizabethan World Picture viii. 97 Penelope refuses to join in something that is mere disorder or misrule. 1991 D. Rowe Wanting Everything (1994) 399 The weekly carnival of misrule in contemporary football games—where the football rowdy..must seem like the incarnation of the unruly apprentice. 3. Bad, wrong, or inappropriate rule or government; misgovernment; the action of misruling. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > misrule or misgovernment > [noun] misgovernancea1393 misrule1450 misusance1533 misgovernment1565 misswaying1603 misgoverning1609 misordering1643 malgovernment1652 malgovernance1673 1450 Rolls of Parl. V. 206/1 The Monasterie..is in gret disolacion..by the mysreule and dilapidacion of divers Abbottes. c1475 (c1399) Mum & Sothsegger (Cambr. Ll.4.14) (1936) iv. 3 (MED) Where was euere ony cristen kynge..Þat helde swiche an household..As Richard in þis rewme, þoru myserule of oþer? 1603 J. Davies Microcosmos 131 So by their Subiects Sov'raignes are betraide, When their mis-rule makes them be disobaide. 1657–8 in T. Burton Diary (1828) II. 365 Misrule is better than no rule; and an ill government..is better than none. 1704 E. Ward Helter Skelter 20 On the Kings misrule or defection, God gave the People no Election, They were oblig'd to be content With such a King as Heaven sent. 1715 S. Croxall Vision 8 When vicious Fav'rites made the Crown their Tool, And overturn'd the State by base Misrule. 1777 W. Robertson Hist. Amer. (1851) I. vi. 650 The authority of government had been almost forgotten during the long prevalence of anarchy and mis-rule. 1835 W. Irving Legend Don Roderick i, in Crayon Misc. III. 11 (heading) Of the ancient inhabitants of Spain—of the misrule of Witiza the Wicked. 1882 Cent. Mag. Mar. 715/1 Further instances of Mormon misrule might be multiplied indefinitely. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 340/1 The vast provinces of Kordofan, Darfur and the Bahr-el-Ghazal were given over to dervish tyranny and misrule. 1988 B. Cooper Alexander Kennedy Isbister ii. v. 137 There was strong evidence of misrule by the Company. 4. Lord of Misrule n. (also King of Misrule, Master of Misrule, Abbot of Misrule, etc.) a. A person (traditionally a man) chosen to preside over games and other revelry during the Christmas period (occasionally at other times; cf. summer lord n. at summer n.¹ and adj. Compounds 3), esp. in a wealthy household, at the Inns of Court, at Oxford and Cambridge colleges, and at civic entertainments. Now historical.Reversal of roles was often an important aspect of such revelry, and so the person chosen was typically of low rank or status. For a fuller discussion of Lords of Misrule, and the festivities over which they presided, see R. Hutton Stations of Sun (1996) 95–111. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > social event > festive occasion > persons and characters > [noun] > presiding > at Christmas festivities Lord of Misrule1491 Christmas King1537 Christmas Lord1555 Christmas Prince1598 lieutenant1655 1491 Privy Purse Acct. Hen. VI 24 Dec. in S. Bentley Excerpta Hist. (1831) 88 To Ringley, lorde of misrewle, upon a prest, £5. 1492 Privy Purse Acct. Hen. VI 24 Oct. in S. Bentley Excerpta Hist. (1831) 92 To Ringeley, abbot of misreule, £5. a1552 J. Leland De Rebus Brit. Collectanea (1715) I. 256 This Cristmas I saw no Disgysyngs, and but right few Pleys; but ther was an Abbot of Misrule that made muche Sport, and did right well his Office. 1571 E. Grindal Iniunctions Prouince of Yorke §19. sig. C.iij The Minister & churchwardens shall not suffer any Lordes of misrule, or Sommer Lordes..to come vnreuerently into any Church [etc.]. 1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. 1067/2 On mondaie the fourth of Januarie, the said lord of merie disports came by water to London,..where he was receiued by Vause lord of misrule to John Mainard one of the shiriffes of London. 1593 G. Peele Famous Chron. King Edward the First sig. E4 Ile be maister of misrule. 1633 R. Evelyn in Archæol. (1817) 18 333 I giue free leave to Owen Flood my Trumpeter, gent. to be Lo^d of Misrule of all good Orders during the twelve dayes. 1652 T. Urquhart Εκσκυβαλαυρον 238 They may be likewise said to use their King..as..we do the King of Misrule; whom we invest with that title to no other end, but to countenance the Bacchanalian Riots and preposterous disorders of the family, where he is installed. 1664 H. More Modest Enq. Myst. Iniquity 323 Their Master of Misrule at Christmas. 1820 W. Scott Abbot I. xiv. 300 A hall, a hall! for the venerable Father Howleglas, the learned Monk of Misrule, and the Right Reverend Abbot of Unreason! 1883 Harper's Mag. Dec. 4/1 The games, the generous hospitality, Hobby-Horse and the Lord of Misrule, Maid Marian and Santa Claus, are a curious medley of the old and the new. 1911 Art & Progress Mar. 141/2 Twelfth Night, 1911, melted into the thirteenth day and the short-lived reign of the King of Misrule came to an end. 1951 Shakespeare Q. 2 25 The political significance of the Revels Office was well known and understood by Edward's advisers as the accounts for the Lord of Misrule at Christmas 1551-1552 and 1552-1553 show. 1994 Inside Fort Collins 15 Dec. 7/3 In pre-industrial England, the community would elect a semi-official to preside over Christmas festivities, called the ‘Lord of Misrule’. b. In extended use: the leader of any festively unruly band of people; (hence) any person, emotion, etc., regarded as a cause or focus of disorderly conduct.The reference in quot. 1583 is to proceedings at a summer parish ale (see ale n. 2). ΚΠ 1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. M2 All the wilde-heds of the Parish, conuenting together, chuse them a Graund-Captain (of all mischeefe) whome they innoble with the title of my Lord of Mis-rule, and him they crowne with great solemnitie, and adopt for their king. 1591 J. Lyly Endimion v. ii. sig. H4 Loue is a Lorde of misrule, and keepeth Christmas in my corps. 1623 J. Webster Dutchesse of Malfy iii. ii. sig. F3 ‘I must lye here.’ ‘Must? you are a Lord of Misse-rule.’ ‘Indeed, my Rule is onely in the night.’ 1713 C. Johnson Successful Pyrate iii. i. 38 Look ye, this is no Rebellion, but an Uproar, and I am Lord of Misrule. 1715 R. South 12 Serm. IV. 63 Their great Master of Mis-rule Oliver [Cromwell]. 1796 T. J. Mathias Pursuits of Lit.: Pt. II 3 Let Wakefield rant, and pallid Thelwall bawl, Lords of misrule in anarchy's wild hall. 1822 W. Irving Bracebridge Hall xxvi. 227 Slingsby..who is not merely lord of misrule in his school, but master of the revels to the village. 1855 J. L. Motley Rise Dutch Republic III. vi. ii. 446 That master of misrule, John van Imbize, had once more excited the populace to sedition. 1898 K. Grahame Golden Age 15 I [sc. the wind] am the strong capricious one, the lord of misrule. 1980 A. Mars-Jones Lantern Lecture (1981) 155 The hood distinguished sharply between obsessive planner and ritual functionary. From the moment he put it on, he was a lord of misrule, rather than a citizen transgressing. 1998 H. Lind Making Sense of Advertising 22 Those economists who feel that the unregulated capitalist pricing process works against the public interest have a strong tendency to pick on advertising as the chief lord of misrule. †5. show of misrule n. Obsolete a festivity such as that presided over by a Lord of Misrule.Apparently an isolated use. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > social event > festive occasion > [noun] festivityc1410 rejoicingc1475 festivala1500 gaudy1535 show of misrule1555 gaudc1571 wake1577 festal1581 jubilee1589 gaudy-nighta1616 gala night1762 bridewain1789 gala1800 bean-feast1805 holinighta1821 let-off1827 glorification1843 pesta1964 1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions ii. viii. 182 Thei [sc. Brachmanes] couette no sightes, nor shewes of misrule: no disguisinges nor entreludes. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2002; most recently modified version published online June 2022). misrulev. Brit. /ˌmɪsˈruːl/, U.S. /ˌmɪsˈrul/ Forms: see mis- prefix¹ and rule v. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: mis- prefix¹, rule v. Etymology: < mis- prefix¹ + rule v. †1. transitive. To manage or control (oneself, one's actions or faculties) badly or in a disorderly manner. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > behave badly [verb (reflexive)] misbearc1300 misguyc1375 misleada1393 misrulea1393 misgovernc1400 misordera1450 misbehave1475 misdemeana1525 mishave1528 misuse1532 dismeanor1598 misdemeanour1620 misconduct1812 the world > action or operation > ability > inability > unskilfulness > be unskilled in [verb (transitive)] > manage unskilfully misleadc1225 misrulea1393 misgovernc1400 miscook?1507 mishandle1530 maladminister1649 mismanage1692 misconduct1755 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. 2509 Wher such thing falleth overal That eny king himself misreule. a1400 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1895) I. 172 (MED) Þe foule fende..mone gostle men begils þorou preway [read þreway] pontz of pryde þat misrewle þere witte. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. ix. 59 Moche wo worth þat man þat mys-reuleth his Inwitte. a1500 (a1475) G. Ashby Dicta Philosophorum 19 in Poems (1899) 43 Suche folk as mysreule theire spendyng. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 638/1 If you mysrule your selfe, you maye..catche some disease. 1606 S. Daniel Queenes Arcadia iii. ii. sig. F2^v Me thought..He said I had misruld my bodie much, As if he meant that in some wanton sorte, I had abus'd my bodie with some man. 2. transitive. To rule or govern badly; to misgovern. Also intransitive. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > misrule or misgovernment > misrule or misgovern [verb (transitive)] misrulea1393 misgovernc1485 misguidea1513 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. 2114 If he misreule that kingdom. c1475 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 224 Engeland..Which hath be mysrewled ȝerys sertayne. 1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 197 Preistis..Misreule the realm and court no moir. 1772 G. A. Stevens Songs 32 'Tis a pitiful piece, like a Farce in a Fair, Where shew, noise, and nonsense misrule. 1810 G. Chalmers Caledonia II. ii. v. 200 The Duke of Albany misruled his kingdom. 1828 W. Sotheby Italy & Other Poems 240 Where senseless force misrules at pleasure, No form comes forth in rule and measure. 1883 Pall Mall Gaz. 12 Sept. 10/1 He pleaded guilty to being a disturber so long as Ireland was misruled by England. 1950 World Politics 2 327 The impression created..is that, even before the Germans fired a shot, France—long misruled by a gouvernement de vieillards—was beaten. 1991 N.Y. Times 13 Oct. i. 7/2 The National Party, which has misruled South Africa for over 40 years. Derivatives misˈruling n. and adj. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > [noun] abominationc1350 misgovernancec1375 misleadinga1387 misusing1395 misbearinga1400 misordinancea1400 misruling?a1425 misgovernail?a1439 misdraughtc1450 misgovernmentc1450 misbehaving1451 misguiding1480 misbehaviour1486 misdemeaning1487 misgoverning1487 misdemeanoura1513 misordera1513 misordering1526 misusage1532 misnurturea1540 misdemean1579 miscarriage1594 misguide1596 demeanour1681 misconduct1717 society > authority > rule or government > misrule or misgovernment > [adjective] misruling1839 society > authority > control > [noun] > regulation > a regulation or rule > wrong or unfair misruling1927 ?a1425 tr. Catherine of Siena Orcherd of Syon (Harl.) (1966) 315 (MED) Al þe world is moore corrupte by hem þan by alle þe mysrulynge of seculeris. ?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 214 For here synne & mysreulynge of hem self. a1450 (a1396) W. Hilton Eight Chapters on Perfection 32 (MED) As þis perel may liȝtli falle of mysrulinge of loue, þerfore it is good to þe for to haue suspect and drede in þi-silf all maner loue. 1750 W. Shirley Edward Black Prince iv. i. 48 Misruling Anger, ever mad Revenge, And thou, too partial Biaser, Affection. 1839 Ld. Brougham Foreign Relat. Great Brit. in Wks. (1857) VIII. 126 Like the knell of death to the hopes of the misruling few. 1927 Daily Tel. 25 Oct. 8/5 If in refereeing I give a flagrant legal mis-ruling..the Rugby Union can send for me and say what they think about me and my mis-ruling. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.?1406v.a1393
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