martialadj.n.

Brit.

/ˈmɑːʃl/, U.S.

/ˈmɑrʃəl/

Forms: late Middle English marcyal, late Middle English marcyall, late Middle English martialle, late Middle English–1500s marcial, late Middle English–1500s marciall, late Middle English–1500s marcialle, late Middle English–1500s marcill, late Middle English–1500s mercial, late Middle English–1500s merciall, late Middle English–1500s mercyall, late Middle English–1600s martiall, 1500s marsiall, 1500s martyall, 1500s mershall, 1500s–1700s marshal, 1500s–1700s marshall, 1500s– martial, 1600s marshiall, 1600s merchiall (Irish English); Scottish pre-1700 marciale, pre-1700 marcyal, pre-1700 marcyall, pre-1700 martial, pre-1700 martiall, pre-1700 martyall, pre-1700 mercial, pre-1700 merciall, pre-1700 mershal, pre-1700 mershial, pre-1700 mertiall.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French martial; Latin mārtiālis.

Etymology: < (i) Middle French, French martial (mid 16th cent. in senses A. 1a, A. 2, A. 3, and A. 6, 1606 in sense A. 5b, 1694 in sense A. 7; compare earlier martiart (1355 in phrase camp martiart Field of Mars)), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin mārtiālis of or belonging to Mars, the god of war (in post-classical Latin also in sense ‘occurring in March’ (see sense A. 5a), c1210 in a British source, in sense A. 6, 1504 in a British source, and in sense ‘of or relating to iron’ (see sense A. 7), 1545 or earlier) < Mārtius of Mars (see March n.²) + -ālis -al suffix¹; compare -ial suffix. Compare Italian marziale (c1340), Spanish marcial (c1570), Portuguese marcial (17th cent.). Compare Mavortial adj.Variant spellings of this word and of marshal n. make it clear that the two had become homophones by the end of the 16th cent., although this fact appears to be first explicitly noted by J. Wharton in 1654.

A. adj.

I. Senses relating to war.

a. Of or relating to battle or war; military.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > war > [adjective]

martiala1425

Martian1449

warly1457

martiable?a1475

warlike1560

polemical1640

stratiotic1656

a1425 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (1987) iv. 1669 Ne veyn delit,..or torney marcial..Ne made me to rewe on youre destresse.

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 2321 (MED) We..haue plente..To al þat longeth to assautis marcial.

1532–3 Act 24 Hen. VIII c. 13 Iustes, tourneis,..or other marcial feates or disguisings.

1559 D. Lindsay Complaynt 457 in Wks. (1931) I. 52 Thow..hes thy honour done awance, In Scotland, Ingland, and in France, Be Merciall dedis honourabyll.

1590 C. Marlowe Tamburlaine: 1st Pt. sig. A7^v My martiall prises..Wun on the fiftie headed Vuolgas waues.

?a1625 Lawes of Candy i. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Ggg3/2 That yong-man, who was not..skil'd In Martiall play.

1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iii. 303 See..in what martial equipage They issue forth.

1760 T. Warton Idler 16 Feb. 49 His martial Atchievements remain engraved on a Pillar of Flint.

1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. iv. 515 With martial order terrible.

1808 W. Scott Marmion v. vi. 249 All was alive with martial show.

1872 W. Besant & J. Rice Ready-money Mortiboy I. xiii. 261 The twelve javelin men, walking in martial array by the sides of the carriage.

1949 A. Koestler Promise & Fulfilm. i. xii. 131 The troops found no occasion for any martial activity.

1992 Times 1 Oct. 15/1 Greaves..are an idiosyncratically Greek piece of martial gear.

b. Of sport, exercise, etc.: serving as training for combat. Now chiefly in martial art n.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > drill or training > [adjective] > of training: military

martialc1425

warlike1585

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > [adjective]

martialc1425

warlike1585

stand-up1789

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) Prol. 87 He besyeth euere..To hawnte his body in plaies marcyal.

?1532 T. Elyot tr. Plutarch Educ. Children (new ed.) viii. sig. D3 It shall be most expedient to exercise children in feates of armes, as in rydynge..and suche other marcial actes.

1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 670 The king entendyng to see this martiall sport,..caused listes royall for the Champions..to be newly erected in West Smithfield in London.

a1586 Sir P. Sidney Apol. Poetrie (1595) sig. G4 Before Poets did soften vs, we were full of courage, giuen to martiall exercises.

1632 M. Parker True Tale of Robin Hood 39 in F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads (1888) III. v. 229 And shewd to them such martiall sport, With his long bow and arrow.

1652 J. Evelyn State of France 88 Academies dedicated chiefly to this Discipline, & other martiall Gymnastiques.

1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall I. xvii. 45 They soon became careless of their martial exercises.

1815 W. Wordsworth Poems I. 230 While my youthful peers, before my eyes..Prepared themselves for glorious enterprize By martial sports.

1869 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest III. xii. 226 There he was entertained with martial exercises.

1906 C. M. Doughty Dawn in Brit. III. xii. 183 Strive with the strong, Is the hero's wont: all martial exercises.

1985 Mil. Affairs 49 137/1 The peasantry of the feudal age, ever involved in warfare, engaged in many martial sports.

1992 Economist 7 Mar. 68/2 The People's Liberation Army..is getting back to square-bashing and other martial pursuits.

c. Of music, etc.: appropriate to or associated with warfare or military activities.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > [adjective] > qualities of music generally

wanton1583

martial1609

hesychastic1694

systaltic1694

figureless1887

ethnic1912

novelty1915

treacly1930

Afro1938

soft-focused1942

Afro-Caribbean1947

pop1956

toppy1956

shit-kicking1961

spacy1967

prog1976

loungy1977

1609 S. Rowlands Famous Hist. Guy Earle of Warwick xii. sig. L King Athelstone sent for his Champion..Who was received..With Martial Musick, Drum, and Trumpets sound.

1660 J. Dryden Astræa Redux 11 Th' incensed Powr's beheld..An Heaven..Which durst with..Martial brass bely the thunders sound.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 540 All the while Sonorous mettal blowing Martial sounds.

a1704 T. Brown Oration in Praise Drunkenness in Wks. (1707) I. i. 55 The Martial Kettle-Drum.

1713 A. Pope Ode Musick 3 When our Country's Cause provokes to Arms, How martial Musick every Bosom warms!

1785 W. Cowper Task vi. 3 The ear is pleased With melting airs or martial.

1814 W. Scott Waverley II. xi. 185 The drum advanced, beating no measured martial tune, but a kind of rub-a-dub-dub.

1869 G. Rawlinson Man. Anc. Hist. 36 They had a lively and martial music.

1915 J. Buchan Salute to Adventurers i. 15 That bold girl singing a martial ballad to the storm.

1962 K. A. Porter Ship of Fools 45 The dinner bugle sounded with a fine martial clamour as if calling heroes to the battlefield.

1987 E. North Worldly Goods (1988) xv. 177 The use of martial music for religious purposes worried him not at all.

2. Esp. of a person: warlike, fierce, fond of fighting; courageous. Formerly often with some suggestion of sense A. 6a.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > courage > valour > warlike valour > [adjective]

proudc1275

steepc1275

wightc1275

sturdy1297

stoutc1325

valiantc1330

stern1390

martialc1425

pertc1450

stalwartc1480

talla1529

handsome1665

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. 2734 (MED) Vp-on his stede..þis man most marcial Pleyeth his pley amonge Mirundones.

a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) viii. 733 A werre gan Geyn Romeynes, this marcial woman.

1594 T. Kyd tr. R. Garnier Cornelia i. A2 A martiall people madding after Armes.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) ii. i. 21 Bur. But what's that Puzell... Tal. A Maid, they say. Bed. A Maid? And be so martiall ?

1625 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 336 The Northern Tract of the World, is in Nature the more Martiall Region.

1642 T. Fuller Holy State ii. xix. 120 Women have often been the nets to catch and ensnare the souls of many Martiall men.

1723 S. Wesley Battle of Sexes 12 Sounding Trumps delib'rate Valour breathe, Kindling in martial Breasts stern Love of War.

1744 J. Harris Three Treat. 96 There are Sounds to make us cheerful, or sad; martial, or tender.

1821 Ld. Byron Marino Faliero (2nd issue) iii. ii. 84 My nephew and the clients of our house, Many and martial.

1870 W. C. Bryant tr. Homer Iliad I. ii. 56 Wake the martial spirit in their breasts.

1925 V. Woolf Mrs. Dalloway 164 The liberator of the pent egotism, which a strong martial woman..feels rise within her.

1971 K. Kent in C. Bonington Annapurna South Face App. H. 310 The Eastern tribes.., together with some lesser-known but other martial tribes, also became known under the general title of Gurkhas.

1992 Times Lit. Suppl. 11 Dec. 4/2 Machiavelli's belief that a martial citizenry was a state's best defence was one he had come to share.

3. Of a characteristic, attribute, etc.: typical of or suitable for a warrior or soldier.

ΚΠ

a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) viii. 339 His victorious marcial hih prowesse.

c1450 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1911) i. 143 Pray for..hys Prynces Marcial Puissaunce, That high discrecioun may ther Brydel leede.

1574 B. Rich Right Exelent Dialogue Mercury & Eng. Souldier sig. b3 I had a kinde of martiall desyre to serue as a souldiour.

1599 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet iii. i. 158 He tilts With piercing steele at bold Mercutios breast, Who..with a Martiall scorne, with one hand beates Cold death aside, and with the other sends It backe to Tybalt.

1608 D. Tuvill Ess. Politicke, & Morall f. 37^v By reason of his Martiall carriage and aspect.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) iii. ii. 40 An. Will either of you beare me a challenge to him? To. Go, write it in a martial hand, be curst and briefe.

1783 J. Hoole tr. L. Ariosto Orlando Furioso II. xvi. 307 Rinaldo flies, with martial ardor prest.

1785 W. Cowper Task iv. 640 He steps right onward, martial in his air, His form, and movement.

1816 L. Hunt Story of Rimini iii. 20 Some tastes there were indeed that would prefer Giovanni's countenance as the martialler.

1817 C. Wolfe Burial Sir J. Moore in Edinb. Monthly Mag. June 278/1 But he lay like a warrior taking his rest, With his martial cloak around him.

1867 G. MacDonald Ann. Quiet Neighbourhood III. iv. 84 With an almost martial stride the little creature walked up to the speaker.

1931 P. Guedalla Duke i. iv. 22 Nor do the martial virtues thrive upon a simple diet of peg-top and battledore.

1973 C. C. Trench George II i. 7 He longed..to display the courage and martial genius which he felt sure he possessed.

1992 Dragon Mag. Feb. 11/2 To possess martial prowess, was the minimum expected of every nobleman.

4. Of or relating to the army, or the military profession; military, rather then civil. Now only in court martial n.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military service > [adjective]

militarya1460

militar1533

martial1537

uncivil1590

castrensic1840

1537 King Henry VIII in State Papers Henry VIII (1830) I. 538 The cours of our lawes must geve place to thordenaunces and estatutes marciall; our pleasure is that..you shal..cause such dredfull execution to be done upon a good nombre of thinhabitauntes of euery towne, village, and hamlet, that have offended in this rebellion.

1543 Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) clxxviii. 321 Without rule of marcill gouernaunce.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry IV f. vij^v He..caused dyuers lustie men to appele diuers olde men, vpon matters determinable at the common law, in the court marcial.

1590 R. Williams (title) A briefe discourse of warre..with his opinion concerning some parts of the martiall discipline.

1625 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 53 I know not how, but Martiall Men, are giuen to Loue.

1631 J. Weever Anc. Funerall Monuments 546 Dauid de Argenton, a Norman, and a martiall knight.

1715 London Gaz. No. 5322/3 To be Advocate-General, or Judge Martial of all His Majesty's Forces in England.

1757 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 4 Nov. (1932) (modernized text) V. 2256 Some are for a parliamentary inquiry, others for a martial one.

1777 P. Stockdale Poet. Excursions Isle of Wight in Poet. Wks. (1810) 76 I drew this political, and martial prospect of America, at the commencement of our civil war on that continent.

1826 J. F. Cooper Last of Mohicans I. i. 2 The hardy colonist..frequently expended months in..effecting the rugged passes of the mountains, in quest of an opportunity to exhibit their courage in a more martial conflict.

†II. Senses relating to Mars.

a. Of the month of March. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > period > a month or calendar month > specific months > [adjective]

martialc1500

freeze-pot1557

sextile1560

Martian1623

sextilian1623

Aprilian1639

Septembrian1800

Septemberish1851

Aprilesque1856

c1500 (?a1437) Kingis Quair (1939) cxci (MED) Thankit mot be the sanctis marciall, That me first causit hath this accident.

b. Of, belonging to, or characteristic of Mars, the Roman god of war. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > deity > classical deity > [adjective] > of or resembling Mars

martial?1609

1547 A. Kelton Chron. Brutes in Chron. with Genealogie sig. bi^v We Arthur most worthyest of all Ought to remember..in deedes marciall Like Mars him selfe.

1579 T. Churchyard Gen. Rehearsall Warres sig. Eeiv And carde not with what losse of goods, his countrey gaine was bought Full bent to Marciall feats, a Mars in deede well tried.]

?1609 G. Chapman tr. Homer Twelue Bks. Iliads iv. 67 All hidde with slaughtred Carcases; yet still did hotely raigne The Martiall planet.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) iv. ii. 312 His Foote Mercuriall: his martiall Thigh, The brawnes of Hercules.

1659 R. Brathwait Panthalia 9 This Speech, though delivered by a gallant spirit and a Rhetoricall tongue (being no lesse Mercuriall then Martiall) was not so well relished as he expected.

1805 S. J. Pratt Love's Trials iii. i. (stage direct.) in Harvest-home II. 321 To be set with Jovial spirit and Martial ardor, and a full chorus.

1835 R. Mant Brit. Months I. iii. 85 See call'd from warlike Mars appear, Third in the annual round's career, The Martial month.

6. Usually Martial.

a. Astrology. Subject to the influence of the planet Mars; (of an animal or plant) venomous, poisonous; stinging. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > planet > primary planet > superior planet > [adjective] > Mars > influence

Martianc1395

martial1621

1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy i. ii. i. ii. 62 Gregorius Tolosanus makes seauen kindes of ætheriall Divels, according to the number of the seauen Planets Saturnine, Jovial, Martial.

1647 W. Lilly Christian Astrol. xv. 84 A Martiall Man, is many times full faced with a lively high colour.

1650 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica (ed. 2) vi. xiv. 289 The fixed Starres..are esteemed Martiall or Joviall, according to the colours whereby they answer these Planets.

1652 N. Culpeper Eng. Physitian Enlarged (1656) 42 They are furious Martial Plants.

1652 N. Culpeper Eng. Physitian Enlarged (1656) 377 Suppose a Man be bitten or stung by a Martial Creature, Wormwood an herb of Mars, giveth you present cure.

1689 T. Tryon Treat. Dreams & Visions iv. 55 If the Martial, or fierce Fire have the chief Government, then the Dreams are Fierce, filled with Wrath, Passion, Fear and Trembling, Amazing and Affrightning the outward Body.

b. Astronomy. Of or relating to the planet Mars; = Martian adj. 3a. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > planet > primary planet > superior planet > [adjective] > Mars

martial1784

Martian1873

1784 W. Herschel in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 74 273 The point Aries on the martial ecliptic answers to our 19° 28′ of Sagittarius.

1868 W. Lockyer & J. N. Lockyer tr. A. Guillemin Heavens (ed. 3) 210 The Terrestrial and Martial seasons.

1879 Astron. Reg. Mar. 70 However desirable it would be to alter the nomenclature of the Martial markings, I fear that it is now too late.

7. Chemistry. Of or relating to iron; containing iron. Obsolete.Iron was symbolically identified with the planet Mars in alchemy; cf. Mars n.¹ 2b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > iron > [adjective]

martial1685

ferrous1755

1685 R. Boyle Short Mem. Hist. Mineral Waters 114 I found..that more than one of our English Martial Springs..were too much weakned by the Water that Rained into them.

1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Martial Regulus of Antimony.

1708 J. Philips Cyder i. 36 Our Mines produce As perfect Martial Ore.

1744 Philos. Trans. 1740–41 (Royal Soc.) 41 828 All Martial Waters will, with Galls, turn blackish or inky.

1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters i. 14 This volatile acid..flies off, leaving the iron to precipitate in the form of a martial earth.

1776 J. Clegg in T. Percival Ess. (1776) III. App. 333 Lime-water tends to deepen the colour produced by some astringents and martial vitriol.

1789 Med. Communications 2 311 I had..made trial of the tincture of martial flowers.

1796 R. Kirwan Elements Mineral. (ed. 2) II. 82 It was a compleat Martial Liver of sulphur.

1798 Philos. Mag. 1 153 Sulphuret of iron or martial pyrites.

1803 F. C. Accum Syst. Theoret. & Pract. Chem. (1898) II. 40 Nickel..is found contaminated with iron in the mineral substance called martial nickel.

1822 J. Imison Elem. Sci. & Art II. 105 Black oxide of iron formerly martial ethiops.

1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 330 The smallest quantity of clay, gypsum, or martial matter.

1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 765 Humid Assay of Gold mixed with Martial Pyrites.

1889 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Martial preparations, medicaments containing iron or a salt of iron.

†B. n. rare.

1. A poem about war or wars. Obsolete.Apparently an isolated use.

ΚΠ

1589 A. Fleming in tr. Virgil Bucolikes Main Argt. sig. A4 His Bucoliks, or Pastoralls..his Georgiks or ruralls..his Æneids or Martialls.

2. Astrology. A celestial object subject to the influence of the planet Mars. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pract. Chymicall & Hermeticall Physicke i. xi. 47 There are starres which haue their most cold & moyste spirites..others most hote & drie, as the Solarie & Martialls [L. martiales].

3. A martial person, a soldier. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > military man > [noun]

martialist1576

cavalier1589

martial?1611

militarista1616

swordmana1616

camper1631

swordsman1701

military1709

serviceman1832

militant1842

?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xviii. 264 The Queene of martials, And Mars himselfe conducted them.

4. A Martian. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1880 P. Greg Across Zodiac I. v. 115 Every Martial can write at least as quickly as he can speak.

Compounds

C1.

martial-looking adj.

ΚΠ

1767 Hist. Miss Pittborough II. xix. 117 He is a very pretty martial looking figure,—sports his Brussels ruffles and diamond ring.

1859 C. Dickens Tale of Two Cities i. v. 20 This wine-shop keeper was a bull-necked, martial-looking man of thirty.

1937 W. Lewis Blasting & Bombardiering i. 31 Everyone would have been afraid anyway of going to war with such martial looking chaps.

2003 D. Bolelli On Warrior's Path ix. 119 The bulk of training revolves around performing martial-looking movements in the most beautiful way possible.

martial-minded adj.

ΚΠ

1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 296 The poore prince..as a martiall minded man..said [etc.].

1762 Beauties of all Mag. Sel. I. 155/1 Our English Ladies are so very martial-minded, that the chiefest diversions are Routs and Drums.

1824 C. R. Maturin Albigenses I. ix. 197 Sir Aymer and the abbot rose (the latter with some difficulty) at the presence of the noble, martial-minded widow.

1972 Jrnl. Hist. Ideas 33 446 Hume adopted a rather patronizing attitude when he wrote to a martial-minded relative early in 1776.

2014 X. Chen Reconsidering Shakespeare’s ‘Lateness’ vi. 218 The usually martial-minded Palamon prays to Venus for strength, while Arcite, who impresses one as more capable of tender affections, turns to Mars.

martial-sounding adj.

ΚΠ

a1817 W. Muir Poems (1818) 61 Is there that bears the name o' Scot, But feels his heart's bluid rising hot, To hear the martial sounding note Salute his ears.

1948 S. Bellow Spanish Let. in Partisan Rev. Feb. 224 There is a..barrel-organ that produces martial-sounding dances.

1997 Newsday (Electronic ed.) 11 Mar. b7 Prokofiev's Fifth is full of elemental struggles and long snare-drum rolls, a martial-sounding catharsis for a country at war.

2007 B. Urish & G. Bielen Words & Music J. Lennon 98 A middle section grounded by rapid martial-sounding snare drums and Lennon's impassioned vocals.

C2.

martial eagle n. a large brown and white crested eagle of central and southern Africa, Polemaetus bellicosus, which preys on game birds and some mammals.In quot. 1761 probably not a fixed collocation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Falconiformes (falcons, etc.) > family Accipitridae (hawks, etc.) > [noun] > eagles > other types of

duck-eagle1731

eagle-hawk1829

martial eagle1829

lammervanger1830

serpent eagle187.

1761 Universal Mag. Aug. 93/1 Haply there met the other day,..The martial eagle, bird of Jove, And emblematic peaceful dove.]

1829 E. Griffith et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom VI. 229 The Martial Eagle, sometimes called the griffard, is a large species discovered in Africa by Le Vaillant.

1861 Ibis 3 129 (heading) Aquila bellicosa (Daud.). Martial eagle.

1908 A. K. Haagner & R. H. Ivy Sketches S. Afr. Bird-life iii. 55 The Martial Eagle..is dark sepia above and below, except the abdominal regions.

1973 Sci. Amer. Dec. 103/3 The African martial eagle..uses thermals in much the same way that smaller eagles and hawks use a rocky crag or a telephone pole.

1986 Daily Tel. 29 Apr. 4/3 [He] pleaded guilty to importing the eggs of three crowned eagles, four martial eagles and two Verreaux's eagles.

2004 F. M. Webb tr. L. C. Rookmaaker et al. François Levaillant & Birds Afr. ii. 179 The Martial Eagle usually builds in a strong fork of a large tree rather than among rocks.

martial name n. now rare a fictitious name adopted by a soldier; = nom de guerre n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > naming > name or appellation > [noun] > assumed or fictitious name

alias1605

nom de guerre1652

onomastic1654

martial name1762

anonym1812

pseudonym1817

nom de plume1841

stage name1847

cryptonym1862

pen namea1864

allonym1867

code name1867

screen name1923

nom de vente1955

work name1963

1762 Ann. Reg. 1761 ii. 3 They laid aside their surnames, and assumed nick-names, or martial names.

1832 C. Coleman Mythol. Hindus App. 388/2 Mata, one of the martial names of Durga.

1867 J. L. Motley Hist. United Netherlands III. xxi. 14 Three captains—one of them rejoicing in the martial name of Cesar Guerra—were publicly beheaded.

2007 J. R. R. Flores in J. R. R. Flores & A. B. Vega Rumi Maki Fighting Arts Introd. p. xiv I studied and trained until I passed all the tests up to the ultimate level and received the martial name of Aylluni Inti (Relative of the Sun).

Derivatives

ˈmartial-like adj.

ΚΠ

1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus ii. f. 22^v Vailȝeand men of weir Richt martiall like.

1629 H. Burton Babel No Bethel 97 Who seeing the Martiallike Prelate accompanied with armmed men, begun to laugh.

1726 Four Years Voy. Capt. G. Roberts 270 They eat in a very disorderly Manner,..snatching and catching the Victuals from one another, which,..they said, look'd Martial-like.

1834 W. Weir & G. Allan Life Sir Walter Scott vii. 414 Amid the martial-like turmoil, the old man who had been the cause of all their enthusiasm, hirpled away unnoticed amongst the crowd of fashionables.

2002 Rev.: Black Hawk Down (2001) in rec.arts.movies.reviews (Usenet newsgroup) 16 Jan. Another of the film's attributes is Hans Zimmer's martial-like score with its mournful undertone.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2000; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	martial
释义	martialadj.n. Brit. /ˈmɑːʃl/, U.S. /ˈmɑrʃəl/ Forms: late Middle English marcyal, late Middle English marcyall, late Middle English martialle, late Middle English–1500s marcial, late Middle English–1500s marciall, late Middle English–1500s marcialle, late Middle English–1500s marcill, late Middle English–1500s mercial, late Middle English–1500s merciall, late Middle English–1500s mercyall, late Middle English–1600s martiall, 1500s marsiall, 1500s martyall, 1500s mershall, 1500s–1700s marshal, 1500s–1700s marshall, 1500s– martial, 1600s marshiall, 1600s merchiall (Irish English); Scottish pre-1700 marciale, pre-1700 marcyal, pre-1700 marcyall, pre-1700 martial, pre-1700 martiall, pre-1700 martyall, pre-1700 mercial, pre-1700 merciall, pre-1700 mershal, pre-1700 mershial, pre-1700 mertiall. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French martial; Latin mārtiālis. Etymology: < (i) Middle French, French martial (mid 16th cent. in senses A. 1a, A. 2, A. 3, and A. 6, 1606 in sense A. 5b, 1694 in sense A. 7; compare earlier martiart (1355 in phrase camp martiart Field of Mars)), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin mārtiālis of or belonging to Mars, the god of war (in post-classical Latin also in sense ‘occurring in March’ (see sense A. 5a), c1210 in a British source, in sense A. 6, 1504 in a British source, and in sense ‘of or relating to iron’ (see sense A. 7), 1545 or earlier) < Mārtius of Mars (see March n.²) + -ālis -al suffix¹; compare -ial suffix. Compare Italian marziale (c1340), Spanish marcial (c1570), Portuguese marcial (17th cent.). Compare Mavortial adj.Variant spellings of this word and of marshal n. make it clear that the two had become homophones by the end of the 16th cent., although this fact appears to be first explicitly noted by J. Wharton in 1654. A. adj. I. Senses relating to war. 1. a. Of or relating to battle or war; military. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > war > [adjective] martiala1425 Martian1449 warly1457 martiable?a1475 warlike1560 polemical1640 stratiotic1656 a1425 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (1987) iv. 1669 Ne veyn delit,..or torney marcial..Ne made me to rewe on youre destresse. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 2321 (MED) We..haue plente..To al þat longeth to assautis marcial. 1532–3 Act 24 Hen. VIII c. 13 Iustes, tourneis,..or other marcial feates or disguisings. 1559 D. Lindsay Complaynt 457 in Wks. (1931) I. 52 Thow..hes thy honour done awance, In Scotland, Ingland, and in France, Be Merciall dedis honourabyll. 1590 C. Marlowe Tamburlaine: 1st Pt. sig. A7^v My martiall prises..Wun on the fiftie headed Vuolgas waues. ?a1625 Lawes of Candy i. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Ggg3/2 That yong-man, who was not..skil'd In Martiall play. 1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iii. 303 See..in what martial equipage They issue forth. View more context for this quotation 1760 T. Warton Idler 16 Feb. 49 His martial Atchievements remain engraved on a Pillar of Flint. 1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. iv. 515 With martial order terrible. 1808 W. Scott Marmion v. vi. 249 All was alive with martial show. 1872 W. Besant & J. Rice Ready-money Mortiboy I. xiii. 261 The twelve javelin men, walking in martial array by the sides of the carriage. 1949 A. Koestler Promise & Fulfilm. i. xii. 131 The troops found no occasion for any martial activity. 1992 Times 1 Oct. 15/1 Greaves..are an idiosyncratically Greek piece of martial gear. b. Of sport, exercise, etc.: serving as training for combat. Now chiefly in martial art n. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > drill or training > [adjective] > of training: military martialc1425 warlike1585 society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > [adjective] martialc1425 warlike1585 stand-up1789 c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) Prol. 87 He besyeth euere..To hawnte his body in plaies marcyal. ?1532 T. Elyot tr. Plutarch Educ. Children (new ed.) viii. sig. D3 It shall be most expedient to exercise children in feates of armes, as in rydynge..and suche other marcial actes. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 670 The king entendyng to see this martiall sport,..caused listes royall for the Champions..to be newly erected in West Smithfield in London. a1586 Sir P. Sidney Apol. Poetrie (1595) sig. G4 Before Poets did soften vs, we were full of courage, giuen to martiall exercises. 1632 M. Parker True Tale of Robin Hood 39 in F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads (1888) III. v. 229 And shewd to them such martiall sport, With his long bow and arrow. 1652 J. Evelyn State of France 88 Academies dedicated chiefly to this Discipline, & other martiall Gymnastiques. 1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall I. xvii. 45 They soon became careless of their martial exercises. 1815 W. Wordsworth Poems I. 230 While my youthful peers, before my eyes..Prepared themselves for glorious enterprize By martial sports. 1869 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest III. xii. 226 There he was entertained with martial exercises. 1906 C. M. Doughty Dawn in Brit. III. xii. 183 Strive with the strong, Is the hero's wont: all martial exercises. 1985 Mil. Affairs 49 137/1 The peasantry of the feudal age, ever involved in warfare, engaged in many martial sports. 1992 Economist 7 Mar. 68/2 The People's Liberation Army..is getting back to square-bashing and other martial pursuits. c. Of music, etc.: appropriate to or associated with warfare or military activities. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > [adjective] > qualities of music generally wanton1583 martial1609 hesychastic1694 systaltic1694 figureless1887 ethnic1912 novelty1915 treacly1930 Afro1938 soft-focused1942 Afro-Caribbean1947 pop1956 toppy1956 shit-kicking1961 spacy1967 prog1976 loungy1977 1609 S. Rowlands Famous Hist. Guy Earle of Warwick xii. sig. L King Athelstone sent for his Champion..Who was received..With Martial Musick, Drum, and Trumpets sound. 1660 J. Dryden Astræa Redux 11 Th' incensed Powr's beheld..An Heaven..Which durst with..Martial brass bely the thunders sound. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 540 All the while Sonorous mettal blowing Martial sounds. View more context for this quotation a1704 T. Brown Oration in Praise Drunkenness in Wks. (1707) I. i. 55 The Martial Kettle-Drum. 1713 A. Pope Ode Musick 3 When our Country's Cause provokes to Arms, How martial Musick every Bosom warms! 1785 W. Cowper Task vi. 3 The ear is pleased With melting airs or martial. 1814 W. Scott Waverley II. xi. 185 The drum advanced, beating no measured martial tune, but a kind of rub-a-dub-dub. View more context for this quotation 1869 G. Rawlinson Man. Anc. Hist. 36 They had a lively and martial music. 1915 J. Buchan Salute to Adventurers i. 15 That bold girl singing a martial ballad to the storm. 1962 K. A. Porter Ship of Fools 45 The dinner bugle sounded with a fine martial clamour as if calling heroes to the battlefield. 1987 E. North Worldly Goods (1988) xv. 177 The use of martial music for religious purposes worried him not at all. 2. Esp. of a person: warlike, fierce, fond of fighting; courageous. Formerly often with some suggestion of sense A. 6a. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > courage > valour > warlike valour > [adjective] proudc1275 steepc1275 wightc1275 sturdy1297 stoutc1325 valiantc1330 stern1390 martialc1425 pertc1450 stalwartc1480 talla1529 handsome1665 c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. 2734 (MED) Vp-on his stede..þis man most marcial Pleyeth his pley amonge Mirundones. a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) viii. 733 A werre gan Geyn Romeynes, this marcial woman. 1594 T. Kyd tr. R. Garnier Cornelia i. A2 A martiall people madding after Armes. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) ii. i. 21 Bur. But what's that Puzell... Tal. A Maid, they say. Bed. A Maid? And be so martiall ? View more context for this quotation 1625 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 336 The Northern Tract of the World, is in Nature the more Martiall Region. 1642 T. Fuller Holy State ii. xix. 120 Women have often been the nets to catch and ensnare the souls of many Martiall men. 1723 S. Wesley Battle of Sexes 12 Sounding Trumps delib'rate Valour breathe, Kindling in martial Breasts stern Love of War. 1744 J. Harris Three Treat. 96 There are Sounds to make us cheerful, or sad; martial, or tender. 1821 Ld. Byron Marino Faliero (2nd issue) iii. ii. 84 My nephew and the clients of our house, Many and martial. 1870 W. C. Bryant tr. Homer Iliad I. ii. 56 Wake the martial spirit in their breasts. 1925 V. Woolf Mrs. Dalloway 164 The liberator of the pent egotism, which a strong martial woman..feels rise within her. 1971 K. Kent in C. Bonington Annapurna South Face App. H. 310 The Eastern tribes.., together with some lesser-known but other martial tribes, also became known under the general title of Gurkhas. 1992 Times Lit. Suppl. 11 Dec. 4/2 Machiavelli's belief that a martial citizenry was a state's best defence was one he had come to share. 3. Of a characteristic, attribute, etc.: typical of or suitable for a warrior or soldier. ΚΠ a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) viii. 339 His victorious marcial hih prowesse. c1450 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1911) i. 143 Pray for..hys Prynces Marcial Puissaunce, That high discrecioun may ther Brydel leede. 1574 B. Rich Right Exelent Dialogue Mercury & Eng. Souldier sig. b3 I had a kinde of martiall desyre to serue as a souldiour. 1599 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet iii. i. 158 He tilts With piercing steele at bold Mercutios breast, Who..with a Martiall scorne, with one hand beates Cold death aside, and with the other sends It backe to Tybalt. View more context for this quotation 1608 D. Tuvill Ess. Politicke, & Morall f. 37^v By reason of his Martiall carriage and aspect. a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) iii. ii. 40 An. Will either of you beare me a challenge to him? To. Go, write it in a martial hand, be curst and briefe. View more context for this quotation 1783 J. Hoole tr. L. Ariosto Orlando Furioso II. xvi. 307 Rinaldo flies, with martial ardor prest. 1785 W. Cowper Task iv. 640 He steps right onward, martial in his air, His form, and movement. 1816 L. Hunt Story of Rimini iii. 20 Some tastes there were indeed that would prefer Giovanni's countenance as the martialler. 1817 C. Wolfe Burial Sir J. Moore in Edinb. Monthly Mag. June 278/1 But he lay like a warrior taking his rest, With his martial cloak around him. 1867 G. MacDonald Ann. Quiet Neighbourhood III. iv. 84 With an almost martial stride the little creature walked up to the speaker. 1931 P. Guedalla Duke i. iv. 22 Nor do the martial virtues thrive upon a simple diet of peg-top and battledore. 1973 C. C. Trench George II i. 7 He longed..to display the courage and martial genius which he felt sure he possessed. 1992 Dragon Mag. Feb. 11/2 To possess martial prowess, was the minimum expected of every nobleman. 4. Of or relating to the army, or the military profession; military, rather then civil. Now only in court martial n. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military service > [adjective] militarya1460 militar1533 martial1537 uncivil1590 castrensic1840 1537 King Henry VIII in State Papers Henry VIII (1830) I. 538 The cours of our lawes must geve place to thordenaunces and estatutes marciall; our pleasure is that..you shal..cause such dredfull execution to be done upon a good nombre of thinhabitauntes of euery towne, village, and hamlet, that have offended in this rebellion. 1543 Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) clxxviii. 321 Without rule of marcill gouernaunce. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry IV f. vij^v He..caused dyuers lustie men to appele diuers olde men, vpon matters determinable at the common law, in the court marcial. 1590 R. Williams (title) A briefe discourse of warre..with his opinion concerning some parts of the martiall discipline. 1625 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 53 I know not how, but Martiall Men, are giuen to Loue. 1631 J. Weever Anc. Funerall Monuments 546 Dauid de Argenton, a Norman, and a martiall knight. 1715 London Gaz. No. 5322/3 To be Advocate-General, or Judge Martial of all His Majesty's Forces in England. 1757 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 4 Nov. (1932) (modernized text) V. 2256 Some are for a parliamentary inquiry, others for a martial one. 1777 P. Stockdale Poet. Excursions Isle of Wight in Poet. Wks. (1810) 76 I drew this political, and martial prospect of America, at the commencement of our civil war on that continent. 1826 J. F. Cooper Last of Mohicans I. i. 2 The hardy colonist..frequently expended months in..effecting the rugged passes of the mountains, in quest of an opportunity to exhibit their courage in a more martial conflict. †II. Senses relating to Mars. 5. a. Of the month of March. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > time > period > a month or calendar month > specific months > [adjective] martialc1500 freeze-pot1557 sextile1560 Martian1623 sextilian1623 Aprilian1639 Septembrian1800 Septemberish1851 Aprilesque1856 c1500 (?a1437) Kingis Quair (1939) cxci (MED) Thankit mot be the sanctis marciall, That me first causit hath this accident. b. Of, belonging to, or characteristic of Mars, the Roman god of war. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > deity > classical deity > [adjective] > of or resembling Mars martial?1609 1547 A. Kelton Chron. Brutes in Chron. with Genealogie sig. bi^v We Arthur most worthyest of all Ought to remember..in deedes marciall Like Mars him selfe. 1579 T. Churchyard Gen. Rehearsall Warres sig. Eeiv And carde not with what losse of goods, his countrey gaine was bought Full bent to Marciall feats, a Mars in deede well tried.] ?1609 G. Chapman tr. Homer Twelue Bks. Iliads iv. 67 All hidde with slaughtred Carcases; yet still did hotely raigne The Martiall planet. a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) iv. ii. 312 His Foote Mercuriall: his martiall Thigh, The brawnes of Hercules. View more context for this quotation 1659 R. Brathwait Panthalia 9 This Speech, though delivered by a gallant spirit and a Rhetoricall tongue (being no lesse Mercuriall then Martiall) was not so well relished as he expected. 1805 S. J. Pratt Love's Trials iii. i. (stage direct.) in Harvest-home II. 321 To be set with Jovial spirit and Martial ardor, and a full chorus. 1835 R. Mant Brit. Months I. iii. 85 See call'd from warlike Mars appear, Third in the annual round's career, The Martial month. 6. Usually Martial. a. Astrology. Subject to the influence of the planet Mars; (of an animal or plant) venomous, poisonous; stinging. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > planet > primary planet > superior planet > [adjective] > Mars > influence Martianc1395 martial1621 1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy i. ii. i. ii. 62 Gregorius Tolosanus makes seauen kindes of ætheriall Divels, according to the number of the seauen Planets Saturnine, Jovial, Martial. 1647 W. Lilly Christian Astrol. xv. 84 A Martiall Man, is many times full faced with a lively high colour. 1650 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica (ed. 2) vi. xiv. 289 The fixed Starres..are esteemed Martiall or Joviall, according to the colours whereby they answer these Planets. 1652 N. Culpeper Eng. Physitian Enlarged (1656) 42 They are furious Martial Plants. 1652 N. Culpeper Eng. Physitian Enlarged (1656) 377 Suppose a Man be bitten or stung by a Martial Creature, Wormwood an herb of Mars, giveth you present cure. 1689 T. Tryon Treat. Dreams & Visions iv. 55 If the Martial, or fierce Fire have the chief Government, then the Dreams are Fierce, filled with Wrath, Passion, Fear and Trembling, Amazing and Affrightning the outward Body. b. Astronomy. Of or relating to the planet Mars; = Martian adj. 3a. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > planet > primary planet > superior planet > [adjective] > Mars martial1784 Martian1873 1784 W. Herschel in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 74 273 The point Aries on the martial ecliptic answers to our 19° 28′ of Sagittarius. 1868 W. Lockyer & J. N. Lockyer tr. A. Guillemin Heavens (ed. 3) 210 The Terrestrial and Martial seasons. 1879 Astron. Reg. Mar. 70 However desirable it would be to alter the nomenclature of the Martial markings, I fear that it is now too late. 7. Chemistry. Of or relating to iron; containing iron. Obsolete.Iron was symbolically identified with the planet Mars in alchemy; cf. Mars n.¹ 2b. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > iron > [adjective] martial1685 ferrous1755 1685 R. Boyle Short Mem. Hist. Mineral Waters 114 I found..that more than one of our English Martial Springs..were too much weakned by the Water that Rained into them. 1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Martial Regulus of Antimony. 1708 J. Philips Cyder i. 36 Our Mines produce As perfect Martial Ore. 1744 Philos. Trans. 1740–41 (Royal Soc.) 41 828 All Martial Waters will, with Galls, turn blackish or inky. 1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters i. 14 This volatile acid..flies off, leaving the iron to precipitate in the form of a martial earth. 1776 J. Clegg in T. Percival Ess. (1776) III. App. 333 Lime-water tends to deepen the colour produced by some astringents and martial vitriol. 1789 Med. Communications 2 311 I had..made trial of the tincture of martial flowers. 1796 R. Kirwan Elements Mineral. (ed. 2) II. 82 It was a compleat Martial Liver of sulphur. 1798 Philos. Mag. 1 153 Sulphuret of iron or martial pyrites. 1803 F. C. Accum Syst. Theoret. & Pract. Chem. (1898) II. 40 Nickel..is found contaminated with iron in the mineral substance called martial nickel. 1822 J. Imison Elem. Sci. & Art II. 105 Black oxide of iron formerly martial ethiops. 1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 330 The smallest quantity of clay, gypsum, or martial matter. 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 765 Humid Assay of Gold mixed with Martial Pyrites. 1889 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Martial preparations, medicaments containing iron or a salt of iron. †B. n. rare. 1. A poem about war or wars. Obsolete.Apparently an isolated use. ΚΠ 1589 A. Fleming in tr. Virgil Bucolikes Main Argt. sig. A4 His Bucoliks, or Pastoralls..his Georgiks or ruralls..his Æneids or Martialls. 2. Astrology. A celestial object subject to the influence of the planet Mars. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pract. Chymicall & Hermeticall Physicke i. xi. 47 There are starres which haue their most cold & moyste spirites..others most hote & drie, as the Solarie & Martialls [L. martiales]. 3. A martial person, a soldier. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > military man > [noun] martialist1576 cavalier1589 martial?1611 militarista1616 swordmana1616 camper1631 swordsman1701 military1709 serviceman1832 militant1842 ?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xviii. 264 The Queene of martials, And Mars himselfe conducted them. 4. A Martian. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1880 P. Greg Across Zodiac I. v. 115 Every Martial can write at least as quickly as he can speak. Compounds C1. martial-looking adj. ΚΠ 1767 Hist. Miss Pittborough II. xix. 117 He is a very pretty martial looking figure,—sports his Brussels ruffles and diamond ring. 1859 C. Dickens Tale of Two Cities i. v. 20 This wine-shop keeper was a bull-necked, martial-looking man of thirty. 1937 W. Lewis Blasting & Bombardiering i. 31 Everyone would have been afraid anyway of going to war with such martial looking chaps. 2003 D. Bolelli On Warrior's Path ix. 119 The bulk of training revolves around performing martial-looking movements in the most beautiful way possible. martial-minded adj. ΚΠ 1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 296 The poore prince..as a martiall minded man..said [etc.]. 1762 Beauties of all Mag. Sel. I. 155/1 Our English Ladies are so very martial-minded, that the chiefest diversions are Routs and Drums. 1824 C. R. Maturin Albigenses I. ix. 197 Sir Aymer and the abbot rose (the latter with some difficulty) at the presence of the noble, martial-minded widow. 1972 Jrnl. Hist. Ideas 33 446 Hume adopted a rather patronizing attitude when he wrote to a martial-minded relative early in 1776. 2014 X. Chen Reconsidering Shakespeare’s ‘Lateness’ vi. 218 The usually martial-minded Palamon prays to Venus for strength, while Arcite, who impresses one as more capable of tender affections, turns to Mars. martial-sounding adj. ΚΠ a1817 W. Muir Poems (1818) 61 Is there that bears the name o' Scot, But feels his heart's bluid rising hot, To hear the martial sounding note Salute his ears. 1948 S. Bellow Spanish Let. in Partisan Rev. Feb. 224 There is a..barrel-organ that produces martial-sounding dances. 1997 Newsday (Electronic ed.) 11 Mar. b7 Prokofiev's Fifth is full of elemental struggles and long snare-drum rolls, a martial-sounding catharsis for a country at war. 2007 B. Urish & G. Bielen Words & Music J. Lennon 98 A middle section grounded by rapid martial-sounding snare drums and Lennon's impassioned vocals. C2. martial eagle n. a large brown and white crested eagle of central and southern Africa, Polemaetus bellicosus, which preys on game birds and some mammals.In quot. 1761 probably not a fixed collocation. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Falconiformes (falcons, etc.) > family Accipitridae (hawks, etc.) > [noun] > eagles > other types of duck-eagle1731 eagle-hawk1829 martial eagle1829 lammervanger1830 serpent eagle187. 1761 Universal Mag. Aug. 93/1 Haply there met the other day,..The martial eagle, bird of Jove, And emblematic peaceful dove.] 1829 E. Griffith et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom VI. 229 The Martial Eagle, sometimes called the griffard, is a large species discovered in Africa by Le Vaillant. 1861 Ibis 3 129 (heading) Aquila bellicosa (Daud.). Martial eagle. 1908 A. K. Haagner & R. H. Ivy Sketches S. Afr. Bird-life iii. 55 The Martial Eagle..is dark sepia above and below, except the abdominal regions. 1973 Sci. Amer. Dec. 103/3 The African martial eagle..uses thermals in much the same way that smaller eagles and hawks use a rocky crag or a telephone pole. 1986 Daily Tel. 29 Apr. 4/3 [He] pleaded guilty to importing the eggs of three crowned eagles, four martial eagles and two Verreaux's eagles. 2004 F. M. Webb tr. L. C. Rookmaaker et al. François Levaillant & Birds Afr. ii. 179 The Martial Eagle usually builds in a strong fork of a large tree rather than among rocks. martial name n. now rare a fictitious name adopted by a soldier; = nom de guerre n. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > naming > name or appellation > [noun] > assumed or fictitious name alias1605 nom de guerre1652 onomastic1654 martial name1762 anonym1812 pseudonym1817 nom de plume1841 stage name1847 cryptonym1862 pen namea1864 allonym1867 code name1867 screen name1923 nom de vente1955 work name1963 1762 Ann. Reg. 1761 ii. 3 They laid aside their surnames, and assumed nick-names, or martial names. 1832 C. Coleman Mythol. Hindus App. 388/2 Mata, one of the martial names of Durga. 1867 J. L. Motley Hist. United Netherlands III. xxi. 14 Three captains—one of them rejoicing in the martial name of Cesar Guerra—were publicly beheaded. 2007 J. R. R. Flores in J. R. R. Flores & A. B. Vega Rumi Maki Fighting Arts Introd. p. xiv I studied and trained until I passed all the tests up to the ultimate level and received the martial name of Aylluni Inti (Relative of the Sun). Derivatives ˈmartial-like adj. ΚΠ 1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus ii. f. 22^v Vailȝeand men of weir Richt martiall like. 1629 H. Burton Babel No Bethel 97 Who seeing the Martiallike Prelate accompanied with armmed men, begun to laugh. 1726 Four Years Voy. Capt. G. Roberts 270 They eat in a very disorderly Manner,..snatching and catching the Victuals from one another, which,..they said, look'd Martial-like. 1834 W. Weir & G. Allan Life Sir Walter Scott vii. 414 Amid the martial-like turmoil, the old man who had been the cause of all their enthusiasm, hirpled away unnoticed amongst the crowd of fashionables. 2002 Rev.: Black Hawk Down (2001) in rec.arts.movies.reviews (Usenet newsgroup) 16 Jan. Another of the film's attributes is Hans Zimmer's martial-like score with its mournful undertone. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2000; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.n.a1425
随便看	filter factor filter faucet filter feed filter feeder filter feeding filter flask filter inductor filter lane filter light filter out filter paper filter press filter pump filter reactor filter shot filter tip filter tipping filter-caked filter-feeding filter-passer filter-passing filter-tipped filterabilities filterability filterable