Livoniann.adj.

Brit.

/lɪˈvəʊnɪən/, U.S.

/ləˈvoʊniən/

Forms: 1500s–1600s Liuonian, 1500s– Livonian.

Origin: From a proper name, combined with an English element. Etymons: proper name Livonia , -an suffix.

Etymology: < Livonia, the name of a region comprising large parts of present-day Latvia and Estonia (Livonian Līvõmō, Estonian Liivimaa, Latvian Livonija) + -an suffix.The current form of the place name in English is < post-classical Latin Livonia (13th cent.) < Livones , plural (also Livonii ), the name of the people inhabiting the region (13th cent.; probably < a self-designation; compare Livonian līvlizt , lit. ‘Livonian people’, Old Russian lib′ (12th cent.), English Livs ) + -ia -ia suffix¹. The region was also formerly known in English as Livland ( < German Livland < same ethnonym + German Land land n.¹); compare Russian Lifljandija ( < German), Livonija ( < Latin).

A. n.

1. A native or inhabitant of Livonia, a historical region around the Gulf of Riga, corresponding to most of modern Latvia and Estonia.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Asia > native or inhabitant of Russia, the Russian Empire, or the Soviet Union > [noun] > states or provinces

Albanianc1400

Georgian?a1425

Armenian?1520

Moldave1552

Permian1555

Anatolian1588

Podolian1603

Lithuanian1607

Livonian1652

Zemblan1674

Zemblian1674

Siberian1719

Kurile1764

Crimean1768

Ukrainera1815

Ukrainian1823

Bessarabian1835

Sibiriak1903

Latvian1941

1555 R. Eden tr. S. von Herberstein Rerum moscouiticarum commentarii in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 291 They haue seldome any rest or quyetnesse. For they eyther keepe warre with the Lithuanians. Liuonians, Suetians, or Tartars of Casan.

1606 T. Palmer Ess. Meanes to make Trauailes More Profitable ii. 71 The Liuonians vnder the Duke of Muscouie are so seruile, that they dare not but call him Tzar, or King.

1652 P. Heylyn Cosmographie ii. sig. Oo6 Derpt or Derbren,..situate on the Beck..in the midst of the Province; and taken at the same time by the Moscovite; who transporting the Livonians into other places, planted these parts with Colonies of his own people.

1723 tr. F. C. Weber Present State Russia I. 336 Their Dress is like that of the Livonians.

1779 tr. Duke of Berwick Mem. I. 58 He was a Livonian, and had commenced service in France, in the regiment of the old General Rosen.

1882 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 724/1 The Livonians..have nearly all passed away.

1919 Times 28 Mar. 12/3 The Bolshevists have begun an offensive against the Esthonians and Livonians.

1998 D. R. Dickson Tessera of Antilia iv. 128 A Livonian named Heinrich Morian had secured permission from the Swedish crown to propagate Christianity in Russia.

2013 H. Haarmann in S. Danver Native Peoples of World II. 341/1 Only about 220 ethnic Livonians remain, and their language is on the verge of extinction.

2. The language of the Livonians.Now usually used to refer to a Finno-Ugric language related to Estonian, but formerly also used to denote Latvian, an Indo-European language. (Quot. 1790 appears to confuse various Indo-European and Finno-Ugric languages of the region with one another.)

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > languages of the world > Uralic > [noun] > Samoyedic > Finno-Ugric > Finnic > Baltic Finnic languages

Livonian1790

Finnisha1845

Vepsian1877

Karelian1879

Ludian1921

Olonetsian1932

Ingrian1933

Olonets1952

1790 W. Coxe Trav. Poland, Russia, Sweden & Denmark III. xi. v. 303 The language of the natives in Courland is a dialect of the Livonian or Lettish, the same language which is spoken, with a little variation, by the natives in Livonia and Esthonia, and is probably derived from the Finnish.

1799 W. Tooke View Russ. Empire I. i. iii. 220 The old Livonians..speak the runic language, which is entirely confined to them, and perhaps is the true Livonian.

1841 R. G. Latham Eng. Lang. 3 The Livonian (or Lettish) of Livonia and of Courland..[is] Indo-European.

1872 R. Morris Hist. Outl. Eng. Accidence i. 8 The Lettic Languages. (1) Old Prussian... (2) Lettish or Livonian (spoken in Kurland and Livonia). (3) Lithuanian.

1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. 68 The other languages of the Baltic branch, Carelian,..Ludian, Vepsian, Livonian, [etc.].

1972 W. B. Lockwood Panorama Indo-European Lang. 140 Languages belonging to the Baltic division of Finnic... The best known of the languages concerned is Livonian.

2009 Guardian 20 Feb. 25/1 Whether Livonian's disappearance is viewed stoically as a result of time passing or with horror as a consequence of globalisation, one thing is certain: it is not an unusual case.

B. adj.

Of or relating to Livonia, its people, language, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Russia, the Russian Empire, or the Soviet Union > [adjective] > Baltic lands > specific

Pomeranian1632

Livonian1757

Lithuanian1797

Latvian1920

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Asia > native or inhabitant of Russia, the Russian Empire, or the Soviet Union > [adjective] > states or provinces

Georgian1585

Balticc1590

Armenic1609

Crimean1679

Siberian1719

Lithuanian1797

White Russian1799

Livonian1824

Ossetan1892

Sibiriak1903

Moldovan1990

the mind > language > languages of the world > Uralic > [adjective] > Samoyed > Finno-Ugric languages > Finnic > Baltic Finnic

Votyak1770

Votic1890

Livonian1954

Karelian1967

1598 R. Hakluyt tr. W. Esturmy & J. Kington in Princ. Navigations (new ed.) I. 156 The value of which ships and of the goods contained in them, according to the computation of the Liuonian marchants, doeth amount vnto the summe of 8037. pound, 12. shillings 7. pence.

1652 P. Heylyn Cosmographie ii. sig. Oo5^v Winde, a Livonian river falling into the Baltick.

1698 J. Crull Antient & Present State Muscovy I. vi. 98 The Origin of the Livonian Nobility is founded upon the Services they have in former Ages done against the Infidels and Muscovites.

1723 tr. F. C. Weber Present State Russia I. 100 The same has been attempted with the Livonian Language, which entirely differs from that of Esthonia.

1757 J. Dyer Fleece iv. 126 The Livonian gulph Receives her sails.

1824 J. D. Cochrane Narr. Pedestrian Journey through Russia I. 23 A young Livonian Baron..gave me letters of recommendation to the frontiers of Siberia.

1882 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 723/2 [The] plateaus..of Haanhoff and of the Livonian Aa.

1926 Spectator 31 July 176/1 If one of their German servants or retainers wanted to marry a Livonian girl the Lutheran priest would seek to stop him.

1954 Trans. Philol. Soc. 86 In the Livonian dialect of Lettish all gender has vanished, a state of affairs clearly due to the influence of Livonian, a Finno-Ugrian, genderless language.

2000 Independent on Sunday 2 Apr. (Culture section) 8/8 On the Livonian Links page there are nine links—just one fewer than the number of native Livonian speakers of the real world.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	livonian
释义	Livoniann.adj. Brit. /lɪˈvəʊnɪən/, U.S. /ləˈvoʊniən/ Forms: 1500s–1600s Liuonian, 1500s– Livonian. Origin: From a proper name, combined with an English element. Etymons: proper name Livonia , -an suffix. Etymology: < Livonia, the name of a region comprising large parts of present-day Latvia and Estonia (Livonian Līvõmō, Estonian Liivimaa, Latvian Livonija) + -an suffix.The current form of the place name in English is < post-classical Latin Livonia (13th cent.) < Livones , plural (also Livonii ), the name of the people inhabiting the region (13th cent.; probably < a self-designation; compare Livonian līvlizt , lit. ‘Livonian people’, Old Russian lib′ (12th cent.), English Livs ) + -ia -ia suffix¹. The region was also formerly known in English as Livland ( < German Livland < same ethnonym + German Land land n.¹); compare Russian Lifljandija ( < German), Livonija ( < Latin). A. n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Livonia, a historical region around the Gulf of Riga, corresponding to most of modern Latvia and Estonia. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Asia > native or inhabitant of Russia, the Russian Empire, or the Soviet Union > [noun] > states or provinces Albanianc1400 Georgian?a1425 Armenian?1520 Moldave1552 Permian1555 Anatolian1588 Podolian1603 Lithuanian1607 Livonian1652 Zemblan1674 Zemblian1674 Siberian1719 Kurile1764 Crimean1768 Ukrainera1815 Ukrainian1823 Bessarabian1835 Sibiriak1903 Latvian1941 1555 R. Eden tr. S. von Herberstein Rerum moscouiticarum commentarii in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 291 They haue seldome any rest or quyetnesse. For they eyther keepe warre with the Lithuanians. Liuonians, Suetians, or Tartars of Casan. 1606 T. Palmer Ess. Meanes to make Trauailes More Profitable ii. 71 The Liuonians vnder the Duke of Muscouie are so seruile, that they dare not but call him Tzar, or King. 1652 P. Heylyn Cosmographie ii. sig. Oo6 Derpt or Derbren,..situate on the Beck..in the midst of the Province; and taken at the same time by the Moscovite; who transporting the Livonians into other places, planted these parts with Colonies of his own people. 1723 tr. F. C. Weber Present State Russia I. 336 Their Dress is like that of the Livonians. 1779 tr. Duke of Berwick Mem. I. 58 He was a Livonian, and had commenced service in France, in the regiment of the old General Rosen. 1882 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 724/1 The Livonians..have nearly all passed away. 1919 Times 28 Mar. 12/3 The Bolshevists have begun an offensive against the Esthonians and Livonians. 1998 D. R. Dickson Tessera of Antilia iv. 128 A Livonian named Heinrich Morian had secured permission from the Swedish crown to propagate Christianity in Russia. 2013 H. Haarmann in S. Danver Native Peoples of World II. 341/1 Only about 220 ethnic Livonians remain, and their language is on the verge of extinction. 2. The language of the Livonians.Now usually used to refer to a Finno-Ugric language related to Estonian, but formerly also used to denote Latvian, an Indo-European language. (Quot. 1790 appears to confuse various Indo-European and Finno-Ugric languages of the region with one another.) ΘΚΠ the mind > language > languages of the world > Uralic > [noun] > Samoyedic > Finno-Ugric > Finnic > Baltic Finnic languages Livonian1790 Finnisha1845 Vepsian1877 Karelian1879 Ludian1921 Olonetsian1932 Ingrian1933 Olonets1952 1790 W. Coxe Trav. Poland, Russia, Sweden & Denmark III. xi. v. 303 The language of the natives in Courland is a dialect of the Livonian or Lettish, the same language which is spoken, with a little variation, by the natives in Livonia and Esthonia, and is probably derived from the Finnish. 1799 W. Tooke View Russ. Empire I. i. iii. 220 The old Livonians..speak the runic language, which is entirely confined to them, and perhaps is the true Livonian. 1841 R. G. Latham Eng. Lang. 3 The Livonian (or Lettish) of Livonia and of Courland..[is] Indo-European. 1872 R. Morris Hist. Outl. Eng. Accidence i. 8 The Lettic Languages. (1) Old Prussian... (2) Lettish or Livonian (spoken in Kurland and Livonia). (3) Lithuanian. 1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. 68 The other languages of the Baltic branch, Carelian,..Ludian, Vepsian, Livonian, [etc.]. 1972 W. B. Lockwood Panorama Indo-European Lang. 140 Languages belonging to the Baltic division of Finnic... The best known of the languages concerned is Livonian. 2009 Guardian 20 Feb. 25/1 Whether Livonian's disappearance is viewed stoically as a result of time passing or with horror as a consequence of globalisation, one thing is certain: it is not an unusual case. B. adj. Of or relating to Livonia, its people, language, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Russia, the Russian Empire, or the Soviet Union > [adjective] > Baltic lands > specific Pomeranian1632 Livonian1757 Lithuanian1797 Latvian1920 the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Asia > native or inhabitant of Russia, the Russian Empire, or the Soviet Union > [adjective] > states or provinces Georgian1585 Balticc1590 Armenic1609 Crimean1679 Siberian1719 Lithuanian1797 White Russian1799 Livonian1824 Ossetan1892 Sibiriak1903 Moldovan1990 the mind > language > languages of the world > Uralic > [adjective] > Samoyed > Finno-Ugric languages > Finnic > Baltic Finnic Votyak1770 Votic1890 Livonian1954 Karelian1967 1598 R. Hakluyt tr. W. Esturmy & J. Kington in Princ. Navigations (new ed.) I. 156 The value of which ships and of the goods contained in them, according to the computation of the Liuonian marchants, doeth amount vnto the summe of 8037. pound, 12. shillings 7. pence. 1652 P. Heylyn Cosmographie ii. sig. Oo5^v Winde, a Livonian river falling into the Baltick. 1698 J. Crull Antient & Present State Muscovy I. vi. 98 The Origin of the Livonian Nobility is founded upon the Services they have in former Ages done against the Infidels and Muscovites. 1723 tr. F. C. Weber Present State Russia I. 100 The same has been attempted with the Livonian Language, which entirely differs from that of Esthonia. 1757 J. Dyer Fleece iv. 126 The Livonian gulph Receives her sails. 1824 J. D. Cochrane Narr. Pedestrian Journey through Russia I. 23 A young Livonian Baron..gave me letters of recommendation to the frontiers of Siberia. 1882 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 723/2 [The] plateaus..of Haanhoff and of the Livonian Aa. 1926 Spectator 31 July 176/1 If one of their German servants or retainers wanted to marry a Livonian girl the Lutheran priest would seek to stop him. 1954 Trans. Philol. Soc. 86 In the Livonian dialect of Lettish all gender has vanished, a state of affairs clearly due to the influence of Livonian, a Finno-Ugrian, genderless language. 2000 Independent on Sunday 2 Apr. (Culture section) 8/8 On the Livonian Links page there are nine links—just one fewer than the number of native Livonian speakers of the real world. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1555
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