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单词 keto-
释义

keto-comb. form

Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly.
1. combining form of ketone n.
a. (Before a vowel also ket-.) As an inseparable formative element of terms in Chemistry and Medicine:
ketal n.
Brit. /ˈkiːtal/
,
U.S. /ˈkiˌtæl/
[after acetal n.] any compound of the type R1R2C(OR3)OR4, where neither R1 nor R2 is a hydrogen atom (see quot. 1926).
ΚΠ
1924 Chem. Abstr. 18 3518 (heading) Velocity of hydrolysis of acetals and ketals.
1926 Chem. Abstr. 20 2937 The saponification of ketals (acetals of ketones) was studied in the presence of mineral acid catalyzers. They are liquids of disagreeable odor, insol. in water, sol. in alc., ether, etc., stable towards dil. alkali, rapidly hydrolyzed by dil. acid.
1933 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 55 3744 The method described in this paper..furnishes a simple approach to cyclic ketals which are difficult or impossible to make by the usual method.
1965 Nomencl. Org. Chem. (I.U.P.A.C.) C. 104 Compounds containing the group COR1OR2 are termed acetals. [Note] The name ‘ketal’ is abandoned.
1967 I. L. Finar Org. Chem. (ed. 5) I. viii. 189 Ketones do not readily form ketals when treated with alcohols in the presence of hydrogen chloride... Ketals may, however, be prepared by treating the ketone with ethyl orthoformate.
ketamine n.
Brit. /ˈkɛtəmiːn/
,
/ˈkiːtəmiːn/
,
/ˈkɛtəmɪn/
,
U.S. /ˈkɛdəˌmin/
,
/ˈkɛdəmən/
,
/ˈkidəˌmin/
a crystalline anæsthetic and analgesic substance, C13H16NOCl; 2-o-chlorophenyl-2-methylaminocyclohexanone.
ΚΠ
1966 Approved Names (Brit. Pharmacopœia Comm.) 23 Ketamine.
1967 Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia (ed. 25) 1530/2 Ketamine hydrochloride is a potent analgesic and anaesthetic with actions similar to those of phencyclidine hydrochloride.., to which it is chemically related.
1968 Anesthesia & Analgesia Current Res. 47 775/2 Ketamine has both a stimulatory and a depressive effect on the cardiovascular system. The stimulation predominates with small doses.
1972 Anesthesiology 36 311 With the increased medical and veterinary use of ketamine, it will probably become a popular hallucinogenic street drug.
ketazine n.
Brit. /ˈkiːtəziːn/
,
U.S. /ˈkidəˌzin/
,
/ˈkidəzən/
[ < German ketazin (Curtius & Thun 1891, in Jrnl. f. prakt. Chem. XLIV. 162)] any compound of the type RR′C:N·N:CR″R‴, made by reacting one molecule of hydrazine with two molecules of (identical or different) ketones.
ΚΠ
1894 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 66 348 (heading) Transformation of ketazines into pyrazolines.
1911 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 100 i. 571 The ketazines from the following ketones have been prepared and examined: benzophenone, fluorenone, and tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone. All the compounds are stable..and when hydrolysed by hot mineral acids yield hydrazine and ketone.
1943 H. Gilman Org. Chem. (ed. 2) I. ix. 812 Hydrazones and ketazines have also been hydrogenated by means of platinum..catalysts.
ketimine n.
Brit. /ˈkiːtᵻmiːn/
,
U.S. /ˈkidᵻˌmin/
any compound containing the grouping C=NH, formed e.g. by the action of ammonia on a ketone.
ΚΠ
1909 J. F. Thorpe in Proc. Chem. Soc. 25 309 It is suggested that as the compounds containing the group C:NH are in many respects analogous to the ketones, the general name ketimine should be applied to them, leaving the name imine to be applied to the secondary amines.
1938 C. F. H. Allen & A. H. Blatt in H. Gilman Org. Chem. I. vi. 568 Monomolecular ketimines..have been prepared; they too are readily hydrolyzed and reduced.
1971 N. L. Allinger et al. Org. Chem. xxi. 586 Grignard reagents add to the cyano group of most nitriles to give salts of ketimines.
ketoacidosis n.
Brit. /ˌkiːtəʊasᵻˈdəʊsɪs/
,
U.S. /ˌkidoʊˌæsəˈdoʊsəs/
acidosis due to enhanced production of ketone bodies.
ΚΠ
1958 Diabetes 7 230 (heading) The nature and correction of diabetic ketoacidosis.
1961 Endocrinology 68 815 Rather marked insulin insufficiency is necessary for the development of uncontrolled diabetic ketoacidosis.
1969 Nature 20 Dec. 1155/1 All the children suffered from vomiting, lethargy and ketoacidosis, and did not grow.
ketoacidotic adj.
Brit. /ˌkiːtəʊasᵻˈdɒtɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌkidoʊˌæsəˈdɑdɪk/
of or pertaining to ketoacidosis.
ΚΠ
1966 D. M. Dunlop & S. Alstead Textbk. Med. Treatm. (ed. 10) 353 The patient in ketoacidotic coma must be sent without delay to hospital.
1972 Jrnl. Clin. Investig. 51 493/2 Intensive therapy for 72–96 hr with parenteral glucose and alkali were necessary before he recovered from his ketoacidotic episodes.
ketobemidone n.
Brit. /ˌkiːtə(ʊ)ˈbɛmədəʊn/
,
U.S. /ˌkidoʊˈbɛməˌdoʊn/
,
/ˌkidəˈbɛməˌdoʊn/
[perhaps < car be thoxy- + -m- (in methyl n.) + -ide suffix + -one suffix] an analgesic, (C6H4OH)(COC2H5)C5H8N·CH3, with action similar to that of morphine.
ΚΠ
1949 Jrnl. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therapeutics 97 188 Keto-bemidone appears to be one of the most addictive drugs yet discovered.
1958 Arch. Internal Med. 101 745 Comparison of ketobemidone with other common analgesics shows that it is one of the safest drugs to use for analgesia because of the great difference between its analgesic and euphoria-producing doses.
1972 J. Ball Five Pieces Jade vi. 73 Have you heard of keto-bedmidone [sic]? Or Claradon, that's another name for it... It is extremely addictive. Considerably more than heroin.
ketogenesis n.
Brit. /ˌkiːtə(ʊ)ˈdʒɛnᵻsɪs/
,
U.S. /ˌkidoʊˈdʒɛnəsəs/
,
/ˌkidəˈdʒɛnəsəs/
production of ketone bodies.
ΚΠ
1915 Arch. Internal Med. 15 65 Feeding of pancreas may augment ketogenesis by determining increased absorption of fat.
1933 A. T. Cameron & C. R. Gilmour Biochem. of Med. v. 77 1 gram by weight of glucose can be oxidized in the body along with 4·8 grams of fat, without ketogenesis.
1972 Diabetes 21 50/2 Ketogenesis from fatty acid is thus tied into the liver cell's energy metabolism.
ketogenic adj.
Brit. /ˌkiːtə(ʊ)ˈdʒɛnɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌkidəˈdʒɛnɪk/
,
/ˌkidoʊˈdʒɛnɪk/
ΚΠ
1911 T. L. Stedman Pract. Med. Dict. 452/1 Ketogenic.
1921 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 49 162 A method is described by which the ratio of ketogenic to antiketogenic molecules in the metabolic mixture of a subject may be calculated from the respiratory quotient.
1930 Sci. Amer. Nov. 391 This is called a ketogenic diet, because it tends to produce an excessive amount of ketones and their derivatives in the blood.
1952 J. K. Norymberski in Nature 20 Dec. 1075/1 The difference between 17-ketosteroids found before and after oxidation of urine affords a measure of ‘17-ketogenic steroids’ which represent an important group of corticosteroids.
1968 R. F. Steiner Life Chem. ix. 168 Four amino acids—leucine, isoleucine, phenylanine [sic] and tyrosine—can give rise to ketone bodies... The..group of amino acids are termed ketogenic.
1972 Jrnl. Clin. Endocrinol. & Metabolism 34 580/1 Routine urine steroid analysis showed normal excretion of 17-ketosteroids and 17-ketogenic steroids.
1973 Nature 2 Mar. 74/1 He was interested in the mechanism of action of ketogenic diets which were then used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.
† ketogeˈnetic adj. Obsolete producing ketone bodies; applied spec. to a diet that is rich in fats and low in carbohydrates and has been used therapeutically to produce ketosis; (17-)ketogenic steroid, any steroid which yields a (17-)ketosteroid on oxidation with a bismuthate.
ΚΠ
1915 Arch. Internal Med. 15 63 It seems probable that it falls in the same category as that increased sensitiveness of the diabetic organism to ketogenetic factors after repeated pancreatic opotherapy.
α-ketoglutaric acid n.
Brit. /alfəˌkiːtə(ʊ)ɡluːˌtarɪk ˈasɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌælfəˌkidoʊɡluˌtɛrɪk ˈæsəd/
a dibasic keto-acid, HOOC·CO·CH2·CH2·COOH, which is formed by oxidation and decarboxylation of isocitric acid in the Krebs cycle.
ΚΠ
1908 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 94 i. 713 When ethyl oxalosuccinate is treated with hydrogen chloride in the cold and the solution boiled, hydrolysis takes place and α-ketoglutaric acid..is formed.
1937 Biochem. Jrnl. 31 300 α-Ketoglutaric acid thus appears to arise in the course of pyruvic acid oxidation.
1938 Biochem. Jrnl. 32 112 Ten human urines contained between 10 and 40 mg. α-ketoglutaric acid per 24 hr. specimen.
1968 R. F. Steiner Life Chem. xii. 219 α-Ketoglutaric acid represents an important junction between the metabolic pathways of carbohydrates and amino acids.
α-ketoglutarate n.
Brit. /alfəˌkiːtə(ʊ)ˈɡluːtəreɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌælfəˌkidoʊˈɡludəˌreɪt/
a salt or ester, or the anion, of α-ketoglutaric acid.
ΚΠ
1911 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 100 i. 520 Ethyl α-ketoglutarate, b.p. 114°/13 mm., obtained by esterification of the acid in a closed tube at 120°, is a colourless liquid.
1940 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 136 302 Carbon dioxide combines directly with pyruvic acid to yield oxaloacetic acid, the latter then combining with an additional molecule of pyruvate to form α-ketoglutarate.
1971 Scand. Jrnl. Clin. & Lab. Invest. 28 365/1 The known ammonia-detoxifying processes..involve amination of α-ketoglutarate to glutamate and amidation of glutamate to glutamine.
ketohexose n.
Brit. /ˌkiːtə(ʊ)ˈhɛksəʊz/
,
/ˌkiːtə(ʊ)ˈhɛksəʊs/
,
U.S. /ˌkidoʊˈhɛkˌsoʊs/
,
/ˌkidoʊˈhɛkˌsoʊz/
any ketose with six carbon atoms.
ΚΠ
1899 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 75 423 With ketohexoses (lævulose, sorbose), the purple colour appears after a few minutes.
1938 M. L. Wolfram in H. Gilman Org. Chem. I. xvi. 1442 The French scientist, Pelouze, described the isolation of a new ketohexose from the juice of the berries of the mountain ash.
1971 N. L. Allinger et al. Org. Chem. xxvii. 698 Fructose, another common hexose, has a ketone group at C-2 and is called a ketohexose.
α-ketoisovaleric acid n.
Brit. /alfəˌkiːtəʊˌʌɪsə(ʊ)vəlɪərɪk ˈasɪd/
,
/alfəˌkiːtəʊˌʌɪsə(ʊ)vəlɛːrɪk ˈasɪd/
,
/alfəˌkiːtəʊˌʌɪsə(ʊ)vəlɛrɪk ˈasɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌælfəˌkidoʊˌaɪsoʊvəˌlɛrɪk ˈæsəd/
,
/ˌælfəˌkidoʊˌaɪsoʊvəˌlɪrɪk ˈæsəd/
a crystalline carboxylic acid, (CH3)2CH·CO·COOH, from which valine is synthesized by transamination in fungi.
ΚΠ
1953 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 205 457 (heading) Isoleucine and valine metabolism in Escherichia coli. V. α-Ketoisovaleric acid accumulation.
1971 Jrnl. Nutrition 101 1165/1 The effect of substituting α-ketoisovaleric acid for l-valine upon the nitrogen balance of a young female was evaluated.
α-ketoisovalerate n.
Brit. /alfəˌkiːtəʊˌʌɪsə(ʊ)ˈvaləreɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌælfəˌkidoʊˌaɪsoʊˈvæləˌreɪt/
a salt or ester, or the anion, of α-ketoisovaleric acid.
ΚΠ
1953 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 205 480 Conversely, α-ketoisovalerate accumulation is depressed whenever the supply of valine is sufficient to permit maximal growth rate.
1966 Biochemistry 5 409/1 A soil microorganism, Pseudomonas P-2, growing on pantothenate as sole carbon source, converts this in part to β-alanine, α-ketoisovalerate, and valine.
ketoketen n.
Brit. /ˌkiːtə(ʊ)ˈkiːtn/
,
/ˌkiːtə(ʊ)ˈkiːtiːn/
,
U.S. /ˌkidoʊˈkitn/
,
/ˌkidoʊˈkiˌtin/
(also ketoˈketene) [ < German ketoketen (Staudinger & Klever 1908, in Berichte der Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 41 909)] any ketene of the type RR′C:C:O.
ΚΠ
1908 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 94 i. 318 The first groups are termed aldo-ketens and the second, keto-ketens.
1937 F. C. Whitmore Org. Chem. 281 The ketoketenes are colored, are easily auto-oxidized to give peroxides, and form addition cpds. with cyclic tertiary amines.
1951 I. L. Finar Org. Chem. I. xii. 230 If the compound is of the type R·CH:C:O, it is known as an aldoketen; and if R2C:C:O, then a ketoketen.
ketolysis n.
Brit. /kɪˈtɒlᵻsɪs/
,
U.S. /kiˈtɑləsəs/
decomposition of ketone bodies.
ΚΠ
1937 Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. 119 734 Any reduction in the ketosis consequent to carbohydrate administration must be due to either a decrease in the rate of the former (‘antiketogenesis’) or to an increase in the rate of the latter (‘ketolysis’).
1938 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 126 106 Liver slices from a well fed monkey have a very low rate of ketolysis as compared with liver slices from well fed rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs.
ketolytic adj.
Brit. /ˌkiːtəˈlɪtɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌkidəˈlɪdɪk/
causing or pertaining to ketolysis.
ΚΠ
1921 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 47 435 Glucose thus exhibits, in alkaline solution in vitro, a ‘ketolytic’ action in hastening the oxidation of acetoacetic acid which would appear to be analogous to its ‘antiketogenic’ action in the body.
1936 Jrnl. Nutrition 12 646 That aspect of the quantitative relationship of ketolytic to ketogenic factors which has interested us especially.., is the relation of carbohydrate combustion to the reduction of ketogenesis.
ketolytically adv.
Brit. /ˌkiːtəˈlɪtᵻkli/
,
U.S. /ˌkidəˈlɪdək(ə)li/
ΚΠ
1938 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 126 106 The large amount of work..showing the extrahepatic tissues..to be much more active ketolytically than the liver is very convincing.
ketosteroid n.
Brit. /ˌkiːtə(ʊ)ˈstɛrɔɪd/
,
/ˌkiːtə(ʊ)ˈstɪərɔɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌkidoʊˈstɛˌrɔɪd/
,
/ˌkidoʊˈstɪˌrɔɪd/
any steroid whose molecules contain a ketone group; 17-ketosteroid (see quot. 1964).
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > organic compounds > [noun] > cyclic compounds > steroids > ketosteroid
ketosteroid1939
oxosteroid1956
1939 Biochem. Jrnl. 33 931 (heading) The isolation of 17-ketosteroids from the urine of normal women.
1959 Austral. Jrnl. Exper. Biol. 37 147 It was decided to employ enzymatic hydrolysis and separation of the individual ketosteroids in an attempt to identify and estimate them individually.
1964 A. White et al. Princ. Biochem. (ed. 3) xlviii. 856 Since each of the various urinary metabolites of testosterone has a ketone group at C-17, these substances are referred to as 17-ketosteroids, and their concentration in the urine is a useful index of endogenous production of androgenic hormones.
ketoxime n.
Brit. /kɪˈtɒksiːm/
,
U.S. /kiˈtɑkˌsim/
an oxime of a ketone (i.e. any compound containing the group C:NOH), formed by the action of hydroxylamine on a ketone.
ΚΠ
1888 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 54 443 (heading) Conversion of ketoximes into pseudonitroles.
1938 C. D. Hurd in H. Gilman Org. Chem. vii. 636 The reaction of bromine with ketoximes yields bromonitrosoparaffins.
1971 N. L. Allinger et al. Org. Chem. xxii. 605 The oximes of ketones (ketoximes) undergo an overall rearrangement to amides when heated with certain inorganic reagents, followed by treatment with water.
ketyl n.
Brit. /ˈkiːt(ᵻ)l/
,
U.S. /ˈkid(ə)l/
[-yl suffix] any salt containing a free-radical anion of the type RR′·.C.·O−, formed by dissolving a metal in a ketone.
ΚΠ
1914 Chem. Abstr. 8 113 (heading) Metal ketyls, a large class of compounds with trivalent carbon.
1934 Trans. Faraday Soc. 30 23 By using dioxan as solvent high concentrations of the ketyls were obtained and their paramagnetism placed beyond doubt.
1971 N. L. Allinger et al. Org. Chem. xix. 493 If benzophenone is converted to the ketyl with sodium, for example, the ketyl concentration is sufficient to give the solution a beautiful blue color.
b. In combinations in which keto may be used attributively (without a hyphen) as an independent word or joined by a hyphen to the second element, in which keto- denotes the presence of a ketone group.
keto-acid n.
Brit. /ˌkiːtəʊˈasɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌkidoʊˈæsəd/
ΚΠ
1911 Chem. Abstr. 5 3686 (heading) Preparation of amino acids from keto acid phenylhydrazones and aluminium amalgam.
1968 R. O. C. Norman Princ. Org. Synthesis vii. 237 A dibasic acid which, as a β-ketoacid, is readily decarboxylated by heat.
keto-compound n.
Brit. /ˌkiːtə(ʊ)ˈkɒmpaʊnd/
,
U.S. /ˌkidoʊˈkɑmˌpaʊnd/
ΚΠ
1891 Proc. Chem. Soc. 7 91 The resinous matters often formed in large amount on nitrating many phenols are, doubtless, products of the interaction of several molecules of the addition compounds, or of the keto-compounds formed from them in the first instance.
1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 721/2 Keto-compounds..are converted by it [sc. phenylhydrazine] into hydrazones.
keto-ester n.
Brit. /ˌkiːtəʊˈɛstə/
,
/ˈkiːtəʊˌɛstə/
,
U.S. /ˌkidoʊˈɛstər/
,
/ˈkidoʊˌɛstər/
ΚΠ
1937 F. C. Whitmore Org. Chem. 444 Diacetosuccinic ester, as a beta keto ester gives reactions like those of acetoacetic ester itself.
1958 Oxf. Univ. Gaz. 23 Apr. 882 Grignard reactions of keto-esters.
keto-form n.
Brit. /ˈkiːtə(ʊ)fɔːm/
,
U.S. /ˈkidoʊˌfɔrm/
ΚΠ
1927 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 49 856 Acetylacetone in 95% alcohol solution is an equilibrium mixture of the keto and enol forms.
1968 R. O. C. Norman Princ. Org. Synthesis i. 18 For ethyl acetoacetate..two factors increase the bonding..of the enol form relative to the keto form.
2.
keto-enol n.
Brit. /ˌkiːtəʊˈiːnɒl/
,
U.S. /ˌkidoʊˈiˌnɔl/
,
/ˌkidoʊˈiˌnɑl/
,
/ˌkidoʊˈiˌnoʊl/
attributive.
ΚΠ
1927 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 49 849 Acetylacetone may undergo keto-enol tautomerism in the following way. CH3COCH2COCH3 ⇌ CH3COCH:C(OH)CH3.
1971 N. L. Allinger et al. Org. Chem. viii. 172 Keto-enol interconversion is subject to catalysis by acid or base.
keto-enolic adj.
Brit. /ˌkiːtəʊiːˈnɒlɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌkidoʊiˈnɑlɪk/
,
/ˌkidoʊiˈnoʊlɪk/
applied to the tautomerism between the ketonic and enolic forms of certain compounds.
ΚΠ
1909 Proc. Chem. Soc. 25 309 It is advisable to apply some general term to this form of isomerism, similar to the phrase keto-enolic isomerism in use with the oxygen derivatives.
1936 Biochem. Jrnl. 30 745 The present paper contains some observations..on certain substances..which under similar conditions yield colours with this reagent [sc. diazotized sulphanilic acid]. The group has the common character that all its members are capable of keto-enolic tautomerism.

Draft additions 1997

ketopentose n.
Brit. /ˌkiːtə(ʊ)ˈpɛntəʊz/
,
/ˌkiːtə(ʊ)ˈpɛntəʊs/
,
U.S. /ˌkidoʊˈpɛnˌtoʊs/
,
/ˌkidoʊˈpɛnˌtoʊz/
a ketose with five carbon atoms.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > carbohydrates > sugars > monosaccharides > [noun] > by number of carbon atoms > having 5 carbon atoms
pentose1890
ketopentose1914
1914 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 18 321 All the present evidence seems to support the view that the urine pentose analyzed in this work is a ketopentose corresponding to l-xylose or d-xylose.
1985 Appl. & Environmental Microbiol. 40 158 Washed cell suspensions of either mutant incubated with 0.5% pentitol would oxidie 60–65% of the pentitol to the corresponding ketopentose.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1933; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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