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单词 judge
释义

judgen.

Brit. /dʒʌdʒ/, U.S. /dʒədʒ/
Forms: Middle English iewe (transmission error), Middle English iewge, Middle English ioge, Middle English iudgies (plural), Middle English iug, Middle English iugg, Middle English iugge, Middle English iuggies (plural), Middle English jewge, Middle English–1500s iuge, Middle English–1500s juge, Middle English–1500s jugge, Middle English– judge, 1500s–1600s iudg, 1500s–1600s iudge, 1500s–1700s judg, 1600s ivdge, 1800s– joodge (regional); Scottish pre-1700 gug, pre-1700 iudge, pre-1700 iuge, pre-1700 iugge, pre-1700 jug, pre-1700 juge, pre-1700 jugegis (plural, transmission error), pre-1700 jwg, pre-1700 1700s– judge, 1700s–1800s jidge, 1800s– jeedge (north-eastern); Irish English (Wexford) 1800s jooudge; U.S. regional (chiefly southern and south Midland) 1800s jidge, 1800s– jedge, 1900s– jerdge (Georgia).
Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French juge.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman jug, jugge, jugie, juggie, Anglo-Norman and Middle French juge (French juge ) adjudicator, arbitrator (c1170), public official responsible for administering justice (1174), (in ancient Israel) officer invested with temporary authority (second half of the 12th cent.), God or Christ considered as a supreme arbiter or adjudicator (1212 or earlier), person who or thing which makes a judgement, determines, or decides anything in question (late 13th cent.), umpire (c1510), ultimately < classical Latin iūdic- , iūdex individual appointed to decide a case at law, person appointed to adjudicate in a contest, umpire, critic, assessor, person who decides an issue, in post-classical Latin also (in ancient Israel) officer invested with temporary authority (Vulgate, after Hebrew šōpēṭ: see below), God as judge (6th cent.) < iūs right, law (see jure n.) + -dicus speaking (see -dical comb. form). The form of the French noun cannot show regular development from the ulterior Latin etymon, and is either < an unattested post-classical Latin form *iudicus ( < the classical Latin oblique stem iūdic- , after masculine nouns in -us ), or is perhaps influenced by the French verb juger , jugier judge v. (although this explanation does not resolve all difficulties). Compare Old Occitan jutge (12th cent.), Catalan jutge (13th cent.), and also Spanish juez (early 12th cent.), Portuguese juiz (13th cent.), Italian giudice (a1294). Compare earlier deemer n., doomer n., and also dempster n.Specific senses. In sense 2a after Hebrew šōpēt (in ancient Israelite history) any of a series of individuals recognized as holding temporary authority over the Israelites, frequently as military leaders in time of war, specific use of šōpēt judge (see suffete n.). In the Book of (the) Judges at sense 2b after post-classical Latin Liber Iudicum, Hebraice Sophetim ‘the Book of Judges, in Hebrew “Sophetim”’ (Vulgate), itself after the Hebrew title of the book, Šōpĕṭīm, plural of šōpēṭ judge (see suffete n.). Compare Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French, French livre des Juges (end of the 13th cent. or earlier). In sense 6 after the specific use in sense ‘rook’ of post-classical Latin justitiarius justiciary n.2 (in this sense, 13th cent. in Quaedam moralitas de scaccario, a sermon in the form of a treatise on chess (mistakenly attributed to Pope Innocent III) which was very popular in the Middle Ages and Renaissance and was the source for Fitzherbert's discussion of chess). Early uses as surname. Apparently attested earlier in surnames, e.g. Walterus Iugge (1210), Ad. le Jugge (1309), although it is unclear whether these reflect currency of the Middle English or the Anglo-Norman word.
I. The supreme arbiter.
1. The supreme arbiter; God or Christ in his anticipated role at the Last Judgement as determiner of human moral worth and of consequent reward and punishment. Cf. judgement n. 13.Frequently with overtones of sense 3a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > deity > Christian God > [noun] > judge
judgec1350
knower1581
c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) vii. 12 (MED) God ys iuge [L. iudex] stalworþe, ryȝtful, and suffrand.
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 5637 Before þe Iuge was he broght..Alle hyt was shewed hym before, How he had lyued syn he wos bore.
1415 in E. F. Jacob & H. C. Johnson Reg. Henry Chichele (1937) II. 46 Ȝe wull answere afore þe hie Juge at þe dredful day of dom.
c1480 (a1400) St. Lawrence 662 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 421 Þat þai come to þe Iug in hy.
a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) vii. 12 God rightwis iuge stalworth and soffrand.
1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Mattyns f. iiv We beleue that thou shalt come to be our iudge.
1585 Abp. E. Sandys Serm. xii. 196 What measure you giue you shall receiue, when the great iudge shall proceede to his last and euerlasting sentence.
1611 Bible (King James) Gen. xviii. 25 Shall not the Iudge of all the earth doe right? View more context for this quotation
1649 R. Baxter Saints Everlasting Rest (new ed.) iii. iii. 303 The Judg of the world himself hath told us, that of the many that are called, yet but few are chosen.
1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 162. ¶4 We..are amiable or odious in the Eyes of our great Judge.
a1769 R. Riccaltoun Notes Galatians in Wks. (1772) III. 46 God the creator, Sovereign and judge.
1811 R. Heber in Christian Observer Nov. 697 Soon to come to earth again, Judge of angels and of men.
1860 E. B. Pusey Minor Prophets Joel 119 The strict Judge cannot be overcome, for He is Omnipotent.
1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 235/1 Directing the thoughts of Christians to the first coming of Christ as Saviour, and to his second coming as Judge.
1989 M. Z. Brettler God is King v. 115 When God the judge vindicates Israel..he shows great care and tenderness toward them.
2000 W. Carter Matthew & Margins 556 Jesus teaches his disciples about the end of this age and his future role as judge of the world.
II. A leader in ancient Israel.
2.
a. Jewish History. In ancient Israel in the period between Joshua and the Kings: any of a series of individuals recognized as holding temporary authority over the Israelites, frequently as military leaders in time of war or crisis.Although the Judges did sometimes adjudicate in disputes and administer justice (cf. branches III. and IV.), they were primarily leaders of the people.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > [noun] > ancient Hebrew ruler
judgea1382
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Judges ii. 16 Þe lord arerede Iugys [L. iudices] þat sholdyn delyuere hem from þe hondys of waasters.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1963) Ruth i. 1 In þe daies of oon juge [L. iudicis] whan þe jugis [L. iudices] weren beforn in power.
a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) i. l. 2934 She was ther iuge and ther gouerneresse, Cheeff off ther counsail.
a1475 J. Fortescue Governance of Eng. (Laud) (1885) 109 The childeryn of Israell..were ruled bi hym [sc. God] vndir Juges regaliter et politice.
?1549 G. Joye Contrarye sig. B.viiiv Moses being a spirituall preacher and prophete prouoked the iudges of Israell.
1581 T. Lupton Persuasion from Papistrie 191 Iephtha the Iudge of the Israelites made a vowe, that if he got the victorie, he woulde kil and sacrifice the first thing that mette him after he came home.
1666 S. Morgan Armilogia To Rdr. sig. A3v The Trojan War..was undertaken by the Greekes, in the 19th year of Iair, Judge of Israel.
1750 J. Partington Right Improvem. Publick Fast 6 The Children of Israel,..so early as in the Time of the Judges, before they had any King, came into the House of God.
1823 Christian Spectator Nov. 580/1 During most of the time of the Judges, the neighbouring nations had little intercourse with the Israelites.
1899 A. H. Sayce Early Israel ii. 95 Othniel, the first of the Judges of Israel.
1968 Amer. Hist. Rev. 73 1007 The Syriac text knew of an archetypal invasion of Israel by Midianites at the time of the Hebrew Judges.
1997 J. Bowker World Relig. 118/2 (caption) Samuel was the first of the prophets and the last of the judges of Israel.
b. In plural. With capital initial. Originally more fully the Book of (the) Judges A book of the Old Testament and Hebrew Scriptures, containing an account of the period of these leaders.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > aspects of faith > Bible, Scripture > Testament > Old Testament > divisions of Old Testament > [noun] > Judges
judgesa1382
a1382 Prefatory Epist. St. Jerome in Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) vii. l. 34 In þe boke of iugez how fele princez of þe puple: so fele fygurez þer ben.
1487 W. Caxton tr. J. Legrand Bk. Good Maners iv. x. sig. g iijv Gedeon slewe them, as it apperith the viij chapytre of the boke of Iuges.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) sig. bb viv/2 (heading) The boke of the Iudges called, Iudicum.
1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. i. f. 1v Of suche dismaying we haue often examples bothe in the Iudges and in the Prophetes: so that this was a common saying among the people of god.
1579 W. Fulke Refut. Rastels Confut. in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 756 In the Iudges, Manoah saide to the Angell..wee may offer to thee a kidde.
1625 D. Lindsay Godly Mans Iourney to Heauen 414 When we reade the 13. and 16. Chapters of Iudges, we all condemne Samson of folly & rashnesse.
1772 D. Durell Crit. Remarks Bks. Job, Prov., Eccles., & Canticles (Prov. xxx. 32) 270 In Judges we have the same Phrase more fully expressed.
1839 Evangelical Mag. 29 Mar. 97/2 We read in the first chapter of Judges, that the several tribes did not drive out the primitive inhabitants.
1932 T. H. Robinson Hist. Israel I. ii. viii. 170 In Judges xv... Judahites are introduced into the story of Samson.
1957 S. Moscati Anc. Semitic Civilizations vi. 138 The book of Judges explicitly condemns departure from the Law of Moses.
2003 M. Pranger Artificiality of Christianity ii. 57 Bernard cannot apply in full the story from Judges to the present-day events.
III. A public official who presides over a court of law, and related uses.
3.
a.
(a) A public official responsible for hearing and trying cases in a court of law, tribunal, or comparable judicial setting, or (more generally) for administering justice.The responsibilities of a judge typically include presiding over the proceedings of a court or tribunal, interpreting points of law, giving directions as to procedure, and passing sentence; they may include the giving of a verdict, or (in the case of trial by jury) directing the jury in their deliberations. A judge may also consider appeals from lower courts. In some circumstances two or more judges may be appointed to carry out certain judicial functions jointly.As a generic or descriptive term, judge is used of any person presiding over a court of law, or exercising a similar judicial function, but as a designation for particular offices its usage varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Judges sitting at the highest appellate level of a jurisdiction, and some lower-ranking officials, are often more formally referred to as justices (see justice n. 5, Justice of the Peace n.). In the United States judge is more widely applied to the presiding officer of any judicial court below the Supreme Court (see Chief Justice n.). Cf. also magistrate n. 1.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > judge > [noun]
demec825
doomerc888
deemerc950
demendOE
doomsmana1200
dempstera1300
trierc1330
judgec1384
dooma1400
judge manc1410
knower?c1425
doomsterc1450
jurist1481
righter1566
tribune1587
syndicator1610
deemster1795
squire1817
judge-carl1818
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Luke xviii. 2 Sum iuge [L. iudex] was in sum citee, which dredde not God, nether schamede of men.
c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. viii. l. 171 Ȝe Meires and ȝe Maister Iuges..for wyse men ben holden.
c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure l. 662 Bathe jureez and juggez and justicez of landes.
?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 231 (MED) They arn temperal jewgys.
1533 T. More Debellacyon Salem & Bizance i. xiv. f. xcviii The iudges parte is to se that the punysshement passe not the grauyte of the offence.
1567 R. Mulcaster tr. J. Fortescue Learned Commendation Lawes Eng. f. 127v It was in the Judges power to haue reprieued or respected the womans arreignment til the end of the yere.
1612 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 208 Ivdges ought to remember, that their office is Ius dicere, and not Jus dare; to interprete law, and not to make law, or giue Law.
1660 R. Coke Elements Power & Subjection 123 in Justice Vindicated A Prince commands a Judge to execute the known Laws uprightly.
1713 I. Newton Let. 31 Mar. in Corr. (1975) V. 402 Pocket expenses in..attending on Judges & Justices of the Peace & paying for their Warrants..amount further to about 68£.
1750 in G. Lamoine Charges to Grand Jury (1992) 364 Every Gaoler shall..obey such Writt by bringing his prisoner to ye Judge..who is thereupon to Bail him if his Case allows it.
1800 Gentleman's Mag. June 591/2 One of the commissioners for executing the office of supravisor and chief judge in the province of Malabar.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. viii. 201 Not a single Judge had ventured to declare that the Declaration of Indulgence was legal.
1884 J. G. Lincoln Her Washington Season iii. 42 He..pointed out the Chief Justice, four of the Judges of the Supreme Court, and the different foreign ministers who were present.
1913 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 22 Feb. 3/1 He had been demonstrating day in and day out that..an American trial court can be made tolerably efficient if the presiding judge is determined upon it.
1964 C. Isherwood Single Man 53 It is the voice of a judge, summing up and charging the jury.
2011 Sci. Amer. (U.K. ed.) Apr. 36/2 So far judges..have usually decided that brain scans will unfairly prejudice juries and provide little or no probative value.
(b) As a prefixed title.Although commonly found in informal contexts at all periods, Judge has been less widely used as a formal title in English law (Justice being more common) than in North America and elsewhere. Since the mid 19th cent. officers presiding over County Courts in England and Wales have been styled ‘His (or Her) Honour Judge ——’, a style now also used for all circuit judges. A few notable judges have come to be generally known by such titles (e.g. Judge Gascoigne, Judge Jeffreys), and as an informal title it is commonly found in all periods.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > judge > [noun] > as title
judge1634
judgeship1649
1634 in G. Ornsby Select. from Househ. Bks. Naworth Castle (1878) 336 Wm. Grayme and Tho. Mulcaster ther charges at Carlile, goinge with a roe-kidd to Judge Cawlye, xijd.
1699 ‘A Person of Quality’ Guide Juries 16 King Henry the fourth asking Judge Gascoyn, what if he saw A. kill B. and the Jury will find not that A. killed B. but that C. did? He answered, [etc.].
1704 T. Baker Act at Oxf. ii. ii. 16 To see Judge Faddle pad it thro' the Hall.
1769 Dublin Mercury 8 Aug. James Stewart, Judge Jeffries, and their murdering associates.
1789 in Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc. (1869) XI. 24 Judge Hobart..treated us with Blue Point oysters from the shell.
1848 Jackson's Oxf. Jrnl. 1 Jan. At our County Court, held on Friday last, before his Honour, Judge Parry, there were about the usual number of causes tried.
1852 U.S. Democratic Rev. Apr. 381 Nothing can more strongly display the total ignorance of Judge Douglas or of his friends as to the office or duty of the press, than [etc.].
1885 C. M. Yonge Eng. Hist. Reading-bk. iii. 142 One story says that one of the Prince's friends was carried before Judge Gascoigne.
1925 Denton (Texas) Record-Chron. 16 June 5/1 Judge Onion, who is evidently an anti-evolutionist himself, fined the belligerent Darwinist family $5 each.
1946 Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald 24 Jan. 4/1 Judge Fairbairn epitomized the younger men who have been coming to the fore the past few years.
1961 B. Blanshard Reason & Goodness xiii. 358 Judge Jeffreys took genuine satisfaction in inflicting misery and pain.
2008 New Yorker 4 Feb. 34/1 The next morning Judge Barnes called the lawyers into his chambers to discuss the matter.
b.
(a) With postmodifying adjective. Now chiefly historical.In Scottish use frequently in Judge Ordinar, Judge Ordinary: see the second element.
ΚΠ
?1483 W. Caxton tr. Caton i. sig. aviii Thou oughtest to be in Iugement for to vnderstonde the sentence of thy Iuge competent or ordynarye.
c1540 J. Bellenden tr. H. Boece Hyst. & Cron. Scotl. i. xii. f. 10/2 He was chosyn ane Iuge arbitrall to discus certane hie debatis fallyng amang his freindis of Ireland.
1566 Actis & Constit. Scotl. f. vv The King gif inhibitioun and commandement to the Bishope of Sanctandros, the quhilk is Iuge Delegat in this cause.
a1600 R. Lindsay Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) II. 134 They could not gett ane iudge criminall to him to execut that office.
1681 J. Dalrymple Inst. Law Scotl. vi. 72 Interdictors are appointed by the Judge competent, and that either, at the Instance of the Partie himself, or of his Friends.
1729 B. Wilson tr. J. A. de Thou Hist. Own Time I. ii. 66 Over all which [Electors],..the Emperor appoints one Primary or chief President, by the Title of Judge Cameral.
1752 J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 63 The Prisoner may apply to any of the Lords of Justiciary, or Judge-competent.
1817 G. Young Hist. Whitby I. ii. xiv. 416 He was judge-delegate in the dispute between Whitby and Shapp.
1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. III. xix. 351 The pope had..appointed judges-delegate to hear the parties in England.
1891–2 Sc. Law Reporter 29 74/2 If the subject in question be immoveable, the judge of the territory where it is situated is the sole judge competent.
1990 Family Law Rep. 7 In the new Divorce Court..applications for a new trial or rehearing were to be made to the Judge Ordinary.
2006 Law & Hist. Rev. 24 215 The well-articulated legal systems of communes and papal judges delegate.
(b) With preceding modifying word or phrase.city judge, probate judge, etc.: see the first element.
ΚΠ
1536 Act 28 Hen. VIII c. 10 §5 If any ecclesiasticall Judge or Visitatour do voluntaryly concele..any presentment.
1624 Abp. J. Williams in S. R. Gardiner Fortescue Papers (1871) 203 To make him a supernumerarye Iudge of the Common Pleas, without fee or charge.
1645 J. Lilburne England's Birth-right Justified 31 To turne out Mr. Greene, Sir Robert Harlow, Sir Walter Earle, Mr. Reynolds, the Speaker, Mr. Prideaux. &c. and all the Chancery Judges.
1768 S. Sayre Englishman Deceived 19 No certificate of this kind, or any justice could be obtained by the owners of this vessel, from the Admiralty Judge.
1829 18th Rep. Comm. Courts Irel. 26 An order of the Court, made by Dr. Mahaffy, at that time Surrogate Judge.
1862 G. A. Sala Seven Sons Mammon I. i. 15 The balance..exceeded the salary of a county court judge.
1895 W. W. Hunter Old Missionary iv. 107 Two fraternities of gang-robbers..escaped on their trial before Ayliffe as sessions judge.
1982 G. Williams Learning Law (ed. 11) 165 All moot court judges may and should give counsel a hot time by interjecting questions and objections to his argument.
2009 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 12 May a13/4 Almost every Supreme Court clerk first worked for a federal appeals court judge. Here, too, a few so-called feeder judges accounted for a disproportionate number of Supreme Court clerks.
IV. More generally: any person who makes a judgement or decision.
4.
a. A person appointed or nominated to decide in a dispute; an adjudicator, arbitrator, or arbiter.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > settlement of dispute, arbitration > [noun] > one who arbitrates
arbitrer1382
judge1385
umpire?c1400
overman1424
arbitrator1426
oversman1492
daysman1530
referendary1546
arbiter1548
referee1549
moderator1556
awarder1561
deciser1563
decider?1568
decisor1569
settler1598
disceptator1623
umpirer1650
referrer1661
1385 in W. Fraser Red Bk. Grandtully (1868) I. 139 I the forsayde Androw, juge betwene the forsayde Syr Robart and John, of thair fre assent.
c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 1799 I wol be trewe Iuge and nat partye.
a1475 (?a1350) Seege Troye (Harl.) (1927) l. 427 Best it is our Juge þat he [sc. Paris] be, Who shall it have of vs thre.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry IV f. xij That he woulde..be the discouerer and indifferente iudge..of their couragious actes.
?1586 R. P. tr. D. Ortúñez de Calahorra Third Pt. First Bk. Mirrour of Knighthood xxx. f. 140v There came on the part and behalfe of the Pagans for Iudge of the battaile, that proude and valiant youth Bramarant.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Pastorals v, in tr. Virgil Wks. 24 The same that sung Neæra's conqu'ring Eyes; And, had the Judge been just, had won the Prize.
1728 A. Pope Dunciad ii. 330 To him we grant our amplest pow'rs to sit Judge of all present, past, and future wit.
1788 J. Lemprière Bibliotheca Classica at Ptolemæus 13th Ptolemy was governed by cruel and avaricious ministers, and therefore he refused to acknowledge Cæsar as a judge or a mediator.
1817 J. Watkins Mem. Sheridan II. xxx. 297 He was himself doubtful on this chronological question, till on being constituted a judge between his friends, he was under the necessity of investigating the point.
1890 G. Neilson Trial by Combat i. 3 Corbis and Orsua.., spurned the mediation of Scipio, and said that neither god nor man save Mars would be acknowledged as judge between them.
1918 F. W. Taussig Princ. Econ. (rev. ed.) II. vi. lvii. 313 Why not refer disputed questions as to wages and terms of labor to an impartial judge, and abide by his decision?
2004 N. Rejwan Last Jews in Baghdad iii. 24 Eliahu became involved, having to listen to the complaints and supposedly act as a judge between the combatants.
b. A person who decides the result of a public competition or contest; an umpire.field judge, touch judge, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > judging or umpiring > [noun] > umpire or referee
discovererc1450
judge1538
stickler1538
trier1607
umpire1714
referee1822
ref1890
ump1915
president1961
zebra1972
1538 T. Elyot Dict. Athletheta, the iuge in games of wrastling or runnynge.
1575 W. Patten Cal. Script. f. 41v Brabeutæ,..Judges in games.
?1611 G. Chapman in tr. Homer Iliads xiii. Comm. 185 A Iudge of games on Olympus.
1695 M. Micklethwait tr. Hist. Olivaires of Castile xxxii. 116 Lo! the Judges of the Turnament coming to know of the King if they must give Sentence, and the reward to him most merited it.
1760 J. Mair Tyro's Dict. 13 Athlŏthĕtes, the judge or prize-giver in games of wrestling.
1824 New Monthly Mag. 10 245 The victor in the race was sinking exhausted, while the judge of the contest..was hastening towards him with a crown of palm in her hand.
1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues IV. 79 In musical contests there shall be one set of judges of solo singing or playing.
1895 R. H. Davis & C. D. Gibson About Paris iv. 175 [They] have spent a clerk's yearly income in decorating their victoria, that they may send word back to South America that they have won a prize from a board of Parisian judges.
1927 Progressive Arizona Feb. 7/2 The arena [of the rodeo] presents a scene of animation with the judges, time-keepers, contestants, [etc.].
1981 D. Anderson Rough Layout v. 35 Remember that quilting exhibit where I was judge?
2012 New Yorker 19 Mar. 26/2 Fighters can be knocked out, choked, wrenched into submission, or rescued by the referee; if both contestants endure, judges declare a winner.
5. Frequently with of.
a. A person who (or occasionally thing which) makes a judgement concerning, determines, or decides anything in question. See also to be (the) judge (of) at Phrases 1.as God is my judge: see god n. and int. Phrases 3c.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > [noun] > one who judges or decides
departer1382
judgec1390
judgerc1449
terminer1496
arbiterc1503
legislatora1513
determiner1530
pronouncer1561–2
judicant1570
censurer1585
discusser1587
sentencer1589
justicer1609
judicator1613
auditor1640
dijudicant1661
adjudicator1705
adjudger1821
c1390 Cato's Distichs (Vernon) l. 130 in F. J. Furnivall Minor Poems Vernon MS (1901) ii. 563 Whon þou blamest oþer men, Þyn oune Iuge þou ne be.
1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) viii. l. 54 Now god be Iuge, the rycht he kennys best.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Boke yf Eneydos xxvii. sig. Gviii The swete balle of the eye whiche is the veraye receptacle interyor of lyght visible, and Iuge of the colours by reflection obgectyf.
1547 W. Baldwin Treat. Morall Phylos. iii. sig. P.viiiv The eye is a iudge that in nothyng wyll lye.
1573 T. Cartwright Replye to Answere Whitgifte 25 Make hym iudge of the aptnesse and ablenesse of the pastoure.
1647 Bp. J. Taylor Θεολογία Ἐκλεκτική ix. 161 The incompetency of the Church in its diffusive Capacity to be Judge of Controversies.
1681 J. Dryden Absalom & Achitophel 24 If the Crowd be Judge of fit and Just, And Kings are onely Officers in trust, Then [etc.].
1710 Ld. Shaftesbury Soliloquy 163 If Fancy be left Judg of any thing; she must be Judg of all.
1775 J. Ash New Dict. Eng. Lang. Appeal,..to refer to any one as a judge of the matter.
1858 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia II. ix. ii. 403 Approvable as a practical officer and soldier, by the strictest judge then living.
1894 J. A. McKlveen in Trans. National Eclectic Med. Assoc. (1895) 22 46 To permit each school of practice, or its representative Board, to be the judge of the qualifications of its own physicians.
1932 L. B. Boudin Govt. by Judiciary I. xii. 295 Congress must, of necessity, be the sole judge of the question.
2010 C. H. Tarnopolsky Prudes, Perverts, & Tyrants ii. 70 Vlastos..tries to show this by consistently making the spectator the judge of whether something is painful or pleasant to behold.
b. Frequently with preceding adjective. A person considered with regard to his or her competence to form or pronounce an opinion, or to assess or evaluate something.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > evaluation, estimation, appraisal > [noun] > one who appraises
peisera1382
praiser1424
judge1485
sessor1496
esteemer1551
count-maker1556
rater1611
estimatora1665
appraiser1688
assessor1722
appreciator1728
prizer1749
valuer1799
the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > discernment, discrimination > [noun] > one who discriminates > well
judge1485
judgement1609
1485–6 W. Caxton tr. Laurent Ryal Bk. cx. sig. mviii The fyrst degree of this vertu, is that a man be a good Iuge of hym self.
1539 R. Taverner tr. Erasmus Prouerbes sig. C.ij Euery man (sayth Aristotle) is a mete iudge of that hiselfe is lerned in.
1567 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure II. Concl. f. 427 What thou hast gained for thy better instruction, or what conceiued for recreation by reading these .xxxiiij. Nouells, I am no iudge.
1582 R. Mulcaster 1st Pt. Elementarie Peroration 267 Euerie one that bids a book good morow, is not therefor a scholler, nor a sufficient iudge of the book arguments.
1648 J. Goodwin Νεοϕυτοπρεσβυτερος 102 He calls my writings, Hereticall Scriblings. Modestissime! is not he, who understands not a piece of plain English, a competent judge of Scriblings?
1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler To Rdr. 2 I here disallow thee to be a competent judge . View more context for this quotation
1713 R. Steele Englishman No. 46. 302 I think my self a pretty good Judg of Mens Mien and Air.
1746 ‘Philopolis’ Addr. Citizens Edinb. 23 If their Work should not please them, and such Work as the Employer is not a proper Judge of, he can easily be remedied, if he has Ground to think he is imposed upon.
1799 E. Meeke Ellesmere III. viii. 176 ‘She struck me as being very handsome,’ rejoined Clement; ‘am I a judge of beauty?’ ‘She is not amiss,’ was the reply.
1836 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 2nd Ser. 318 You, gentlemen, are the best judges on that point.
1891 E. Peacock Narcissa Brendon I. 308 You are certainly not a good judge of character.
1913 J. Muir Story my Boyhood iv. 156 The loon, who evidently was a fine judge of the reach of his spear, shot it forward.
1954 K. Russell Princ. Dairy Farming (ed. 2) xx. 245 To make a success of a flying herd the owner must be a very shrewd judge of a cow.
1992 R. M. Davis Mid-Lands x. 141 He prided himself on being a quick judge of cars.
2002 B. Hoey Her Majesty xv. 250 She is arguably the best judge of a photo-finish I've never seen.
c. In extended use: something which forms the basis of a decision or judgement; a criterion.Apparently rare between the late 17th and late 20th centuries.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > [noun] > criterion
rulec1384
meteyard?1531
touchstone?1531
plumb line1551
plummet1553
metewanda1568
touch1581
stone of touch1604
criterion1622
scale1626
criteriuma1631
measure1641
judge1642
criterie1660
foot-rule1662
mark1765
point of reference1772
metera1825
reference point1849
yardstick1869
benchmark1884
1642 T. Fuller Holy State iii. vi. 165 The received custome in the place where we live is the most competent judge of decency.
1656 W. Charleton tr. Epicurus's Morals iii. 15 Discoursing of the true Criteria, or judges of good and evill, we deduced severall Canons, or Rules, for the guidance and regulation of our Affections, or Passions.
1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ i. vi. §8 How could such a coppy be the Judge of all others, which could not be read or understood by those who appealed to it?
1991 Photo Answers June 79/3 The real judge of a lightbox is, of course, the light it gives off, and in the case of the EFC Quasar it's excellent.
2011 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 16 Sept. Winning the championship means the world because it is the competition to win still... It is the best judge of a cricket team over a season.
V. An object likened to a judge in some way.
6. Chess. = rook n.2 rare (historical in later use).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > board game > chess > [noun] > pieces > rook or castle
rookc1330
judge?1523
tower1562
duke1625
castlea1649
?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry Prol. sig. Av The boke of the moralyties of the chesse..is deuyded in .vii. degrees, that is to say. The kynge, the quene, the bysshopes, the knyghtes, the iuges, and the yoman.
1995 G. Constable Three Stud. in Medieval Relig. & Social Thought iii. 339 In the early fourteenth-century Book on the game of chess..the major pieces in chess are the king, queen, judges, knights, and royal officials.
7. Angling. A kind of artificial fly for salmon fishing.See quot. 2000 for some theories as to the origin of this use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > hunting > fishing > fishing-tackle > means of attracting fish > [noun] > artificial fly > types of
moor flylOE
drake-flya1450
dub-flya1450
dun cut1496
dun fly1496
louper1496
red fly1616
moorish fly1635
palmer1653
palmer fly1653
red hackle1653
red palmer1653
shell-fly1653
orange fly1662
blackfly1669
dun1676
dun hackle1676
hackle1676
mayfly1676
peacock fly1676
thorn-tree fly1676
turkey-fly1676
violet-fly1676
whirling dun1676
badger fly1681
greenfly1686
moorish brown1689
prime dun1696
sandfly1700
grey midge1724
whirling blue1747
dun drake?1758
death drake1766
hackle fly1786
badger1787
blue1787
brown-fly1787
camel-brown1787
spinner1787
midge1799
night-fly1799
thorn-fly1799
turkey1799
withy-fly1799
grayling fly1811
sun fly1820
cock-a-bondy1835
brown moth1837
bunting-lark fly1837
governor1837
water-hen hackle1837
Waterloo fly1837
coachman1839
soldier palmer1839
blue jay1843
red tag1850
canary1855
white-tip1856
spider1857
bumble1859
doctor1860
ibis1863
Jock Scott1866
eagle1867
highlander1867
jay1867
John Scott1867
judge1867
parson1867
priest1867
snow-fly1867
Jack Scott1874
Alexandra1875
silver doctor1875
Alexandra fly1882
grackle1894
grizzly queen1894
heckle-fly1897
Zulu1898
thunder and lightning1910
streamer1919
Devon1924
peacock1950
1867 F. Francis Bk. Angling xi. 368 The Judge..a very tasty fly.
1892 J. H. Hale How to tie Salmon Flies 108 Judge (Mr. O'Fee.)..Tag. Gold twist and orange floss. Tail. Topping and two chatterer.
2000 G. R. Hilyard & L. K. Hilyard Carrie Stevens i. 7 It is sometimes thought that the streamer pattern called the Judge was named after him [sc. Charles Wheeler] ​ as well, but..the Judge is likely named after..Judge Charles H. Welles, also of Stratford, Connecticut.
2012 Contra Costa (Calif.) Times (Nexis) 3 Oct. ‘He came to love those flies called the American, the General MacArthur and the Judge,’ Strickland said with a chuckle.
†8. Mining. A rod for measuring depth or length. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > measurement > measuring instrument > [noun] > for measuring depth
Niloscope1642
Nilometer1707
fathoming-linea1800
judge1874
1874 J. H. Collins Princ. Metal Mining (1875) Gloss. 139/1 Judge, a staff used for underground measurements.
1881 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1880–1 9 149 Judge, a measuring-stick to measure coal-work under ground.

Phrases

P1. to be (the) judge (of) (and variants): (esp. with following clause) to take a view about, decide for oneself, determine.
ΚΠ
a1556 T. Cranmer Aunswere vnto Craftie & Sophisticall Cauillation (1580) 306 Let the reader be iudge, what a wonderfull diuersity it is.
1557 Earl of Surrey et al. Songes & Sonettes sig. L.iiii Thou shalt be iudge, how I do spende my time.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) v. iv. 36 Oh heauen be iudge how I loue Valentine. View more context for this quotation
1644 J. Maxwell Answer Worthy Gentleman 60 This Court..may assume to it selfe to be Iudge of what is Treason, what is not.
1672 W. Penn Spirit of Truth Vindicated 17 God's unerring Spirit [must] be the Judge of what is God's Will from what is not.
1721 J. Rogers Rev. Disc. Visible & Invisible Church of Christ ix. 474 Who shall be Judge what Actions are such Transgressions of Christ's Laws?
1766 F. Blackburne Confessional vi. 209 Who is the judge, how far it may be necessary to establish religion by human laws?
1792 T. Paine Let. to Addressers 38 Who is to be the judge of what is a temperate and moderate Reform?
1817 J. Austen Sanditon v, in Minor Wks. (1954) 388 I can be no Judge of what the habit of self-doctoring may do.
1872 M. Reid Finger of Fate I. xix. 172 ‘The renegade deserved it.’ ‘I shall be judge of that.’
1912 L. M. Montgomery Chron. Avonlea iv. 119 You must let other folks be the judge of what is best for you now.
1967 S. Mackay Old Crow (1992) xxi. 107 ‘There's nothing wrong with me.’ ‘I'll be the judge of that,’ rasped an Irish brogue from the head of the bed.
1990 Times Educ. Suppl. 12 Oct. 27/4 Allowances should be made in PE—don't force the child to over exert, but don't overcompensate—let the child be the judge.
2003 R. Gervais & S. Merchant Office: Scripts 2nd Ser. Episode 4. 171 Before I went out there I was worried whether I still had it. I'll let you be the judge of that.
P2. In similative expressions.
a. (as) grave (also solemn, etc.) as a judge.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > melancholy > seriousness or solemnity > [adjective]
seinec1330
sober1362
unfeastlyc1386
murec1390
unlaughter-milda1400
sadc1400
solemnyc1420
solemned1423
serious1440
solemnc1449
solenc1460
solemnel?1473
moy1487
demure1523
grave1549
staid1557
sage1564
sullen1583
weighty1602
solid1632
censoriousa1637
(as) grave (also solemn, etc.) as a judge1650
untriumphant1659
setc1660
agelastic1666
austere1667
humourless1671
unlaughing1737
smileless1740
untriflinga1743
untittering1749
steady1759
dun1797
antithalian1818
dreich1819
laughterless1825
unsmiling1826
laughless1827
unfestive1844
sober-sided1847
gleeless1850
unfarcical1850
mome1855
deedy1895
button-down1959
buttoned-down1960
straight-faced1975
1650 A. Cowley Guardian ii. ii. sig. B3 If I look not as grave as a Judge upon the bench, let me be hanged for't.
1757 P. Bacon Insignificants ii. ii. 14 You are growing serious!..why, (as the saying is) you're as grave as a Judge.
1765 G. Keate Temple-student 17 Looking as solemn as a Judge,..to Westminster I trudge.
1842 C. Dickens Let. 28 Mar. (1974) III. 172 I remained as grave as a judge.
1889 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Robbery under Arms xxviii There was old George sitting on the bench as grave as a judge.
1901 Scribner's Mag. May 589/1 Then come fifty small boys... Their captain, sword in hand, is as serious as a judge.
1993 Gazette (Montreal) (Nexis) 29 Sept. b4 She looked professorially serious. And, at first, she sounded as grave as a judge.
2006 M. W. Bonanno Burning Dreams vi. 83 The sight of her, solemn as a judge, carrying one of her mother's special confections..into one of the reception halls.
b. (as) sober as a judge: entirely free from the effects of intoxication; not at all drunk (in later use sometimes ironically). Similarly (as) drunk, etc., as a judge (cf. drunk (also merry, tipsy) as a lord at lord n. and int. Phrases 3d).
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > thirst > moderation in drinking > [adjective] > sober or not drunk
undrunkenc897
sobera1387
fresha1450
unfoxed1622
unliquored1642
(as) sober as a judge1682
unruffled1709
unconcerned1748
unebriate1853
1682 T. D'Urfey Injured Princess i. i. 5 Never fear me man, I am sober as a Judge.
1734 H. Fielding Don Quixote in Eng. iii. xiv. 57 Oons, Sir! do you say that I am drunk? I say, Sir, that I am as sober as a Judge.
1834 F. Marryat Jacob Faithful I. xiv. 241 ‘I was as sober as a judge,’ observed Tom... ‘May be, Tom, as a judge a'ter dinner.’
1852 Bradford Observer 16 Dec. 7/4 The Judge: Why is your master not here?—The Boy: He's as drunk as a judge, this morning.
1889 Pick-me-up 13 Apr. 20/1 ‘J'mima,’ replied Spinks.., ‘I'm ash sh-shober as a judge.’
1930 V. H. Fergusson Story of Fergie Bey 204 The first thing I did was to get as tight as a judge on brandy.
1990 Weekly World News 6 Feb. 9/3 An autopsy revealed that the man was sober as a judge, said Lt. Blume.
2011 A. Campbell Midnight's Wild Passion 172 He was sober as a judge, yet he felt drunk on finest brandy.
P3.
judge of probate n. originally and chiefly North American = probate judge n. at probate n. Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > judge > [noun] > judges with other specific jurisdiction
president1491
Judge Ordinarc1670
judge of probate1692
Judge Ordinary1754
probate judge1776
vice-chancellor1813
probate1863
LJ1866
V.C.1866
trial judge1892
1692 Acts & Laws Massachussets-Bay 7 Every one to whom any Share shall be allotted, shall give Bond with Sureties before the said Judge of Probate.
1784 Boston Mag. Mar. 214/1 Hon. Benjamin Williams, Esq; Judge of Probate and of the Court of Common Pleas.
a1901 J. Fiske Ess. Hist. & Literary (1902) i. i. 25 In later days Hutchinson was charged with greed of office, because he was at once judge of probate, member of the council, chief justice, and lieutenant-governor.
1924 A. Brož et al. tr. J. Janovský in J. Gruber Czechoslovakia xvii. 223 Under this bill a neglected minor below 18 years of age may, on an order of the judge of probate, receive education in a suitable institution or be placed with a private family.
2012 Bangor (Maine) Daily News (Nexis) 3 Nov. I am happy to cross party lines in support of Randy Mailloux for judge of probate in Waldo County.

Compounds

C1.
a. General attributive.
ΚΠ
1881 Newcastle Courant 9 Dec. 3/1 Year after year the judge Selection Committee..selected breeders, as the men to intrust with the adjudication of the prizes.
1974 Danville (Va.) Reg. 7 Feb. 3- a/2 He said..that the legislation would ‘eliminate some of the hit or miss aspects’ of the judge selection process.
2010 Atlantic Monthly Sept. 93/1 I belong to the school of judge-thought that says we should be sending to prison the people we are afraid of.
b. Appositive.Earliest in judge advocate n.
ΚΠ
1644 Ordinance Lords & Commons Execution Martiall Law 7 The said Commissioners..shall be authorized..to appoint a Iudge Advocate, a Provost Martiall, and all other Officers needfull.
1645 I. B. tr. Royall Priviledges granted by Philip IV. of Spaine vnto Eng. Merchants 11 You are to keep or have a Iudge Conservator in Andalusia.
1661 A. Brome Songs & Other Poems To Rdr. sig. A3 The new Generation of Judge-Wits, who, like Committee-Men or black-witches in Poetry, are created only to do mischief.
1683 R. Dixon Canidia iii. xvi. 162 'Tis no Thanks to the Administrators, When they themselves are the Judge Arbitrators.
1748 tr. P. Lozano True Relation Earthquake Lima i. 62 With the Assistance of a Judge-Conservator.
1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. III. iii. v. 196 This..shall be entitled Tribunal Révolutionnaire..with a Herman or a Dumas for Judge President.
1881 Jrnl. Inst. Bankers 2 586 The judge-commissioner is removable by the tribunal at any time.
1925 S. S. Liu Extraterritoriality i. 43 In Portugal proper, it is interesting to note, the system of judge conservators was not formally abolished until 1842.
1968 E. J. Kahn Separated People vii. 153 Andrew Brink Beyers, Judge-President of the Cape Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa.
2009 N.Z. Herald (Nexis) 10 Aug. Among his recommendations, the judge-commissioner said no SIS [= Security Intelligence Service] member enrolled at a university should ply his trade at the same time.
C2.
† judge-carl n. Obsolete rare = judge man n.
ΚΠ
1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian xiii, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. II. 305 I heard the Judge-carle say it with my ain ears.
judge-led adj. led or presided over by a judge.
ΚΠ
1857 Ld. Campbell Lives Chief Justices III. xliv. 79 Corn-merchants were in great danger of being torn to pieces by judge-led mobs.
1983 Mod. Law Rev. 46 247 The difference between the systematic quality of German law and the more pragmatic judge-led character of English law.
2012 I. Cobain Secret Hist. Torture (2013) viii. 269 The new prime minister..announced the establishment of a judge-led inquiry into the UK's involvement in torture and rendition.
judge-made adj. (esp. of law) determined or formed by the decisions or other actions of a judge or judges, rather than by the deliberate action of legislators.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > branch of the law > [adjective] > constituted by judgements
judge-made1813
bench-made1833
1813 J. Bentham Swear not at All 28 As usual under Judge-made law, in the treatment which happens to have been bestowed upon it.
1824 J. S. Mill in Westm. Rev. 1 510 The common judge-made definition of a public libel, is, any thing which tends to bring the constituted authorities into hatred and contempt.
1863 H. Cox Inst. Eng. Govt. ii. iii. 328 With respect to all judicial or judge-made law.
1905 A. V. Dicey Lect. Relation Law & Public Opinion in Eng. v. 92 These long labyrinths of judge-made fictions..seem to a lawyer of to-day as strange as the most fanciful dreams of Alice in Wonderland.
1965 Mod. Law Rev. 28 v. 510 The clash between democracy and judge-made law.
2011 New Yorker 17 Jan. 76/2 Contemporary controversies..he frames as battles between ‘judge-made law’ and the proper workings of democracy.
judge man n. now rare a judge (sense 3).In later use only in representations of nonstandard speech.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > judge > [noun]
demec825
doomerc888
deemerc950
demendOE
doomsmana1200
dempstera1300
trierc1330
judgec1384
dooma1400
judge manc1410
knower?c1425
doomsterc1450
jurist1481
righter1566
tribune1587
syndicator1610
deemster1795
squire1817
judge-carl1818
c1410 (c1350) Gamelyn (Harl. 7334) l. 843 (MED) This day þey schuln ben hanged..And þe iustice boþe, þat is iugge-man.
a1450 York Plays (1885) 427 (MED) Full arely þe juggemen demed hym to dye.
c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 3402 (MED) Þe Iustis & þe gentils & Iugemen [a1500 Trin. Dub. iuggez] of lawe.
1920 L. Van Slyke Little Miss By-the-day i. 27 The child stared..at the gloomy old portrait of Judge Trenton..and asked naïvely, ‘If your father was a judge-man why aren't we judge-mens?’
1940 M. Haun Hawk's Done Gone x. 206 The judge man looked at Pharis real pitiful, he said.
Judges' Rules n. English Law (now historical) rules drawn up by judges of the King's Bench for the guidance of the police regarding the admissibility of a suspect's statements as evidence.The rules were originally drawn up in 1912, and revised in 1918. They were superseded by the provisions of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act of 1984.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > [noun] > rule or direction governing > concerning evidence
rule of evidence1645
exclusionary rule1827
Judges' Rules1925
1925 Criminal Appeal Rep. 18 47 The Judges' Rules for the guidance of the Police discussed.
1931 D. L. Sayers Five Red Herrings vii. 80 Between the Judges' Rules..and his anxiety to pull off a coup, he felt his position to be a difficult one.
1965 Stone's Justices' Man. (ed. 97) I. 368 The Judges' Rules, made by Her Majesty's judges of the Queen's Bench Division, are concerned with the admissibility in evidence against a person of answers, oral or written, given by that person to questions asked by police officers and of statements made by that person.
1984 Guardian 9 Apr. 14/2 The provision in the Judges' Rules that mentally handicapped suspects must not, if at all possible, be interviewed save in the presence of a responsible adult.
2002 H. Fenwick Civil Liberties & Human Rights (ed. 3) xiii. 825 The 1912 Judges' Rules did not allow police interrogation, although the police could invite and receive voluntary statements.

Derivatives

ˈjudge-like adj. characteristic of or resembling (that of) a judge.
ΚΠ
1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. John xviii. f. cixv He dyd not demaunde these questions of a ryght iudgelyke mynde.
1672 J. Dryden Conquest Granada i. i. i. 1 Judge-like thou sitst, to praise, or to arraign.
1749 J. Cleland Mem. Woman of Pleasure I. 123 With a grave judge-like countenance.
1853 E. C. Gaskell Ruth I. xiii. 295 In walked Sally, with a judge-like severity of demeanour.
1902 J. P. C. Winship Hist. Brighton II. 90/1 He was..rather stout, erect and judge-like in his manner.
2010 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 21 May a17 Senators sitting in judge-like dignity on a dais.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2013; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

judgev.

Brit. /dʒʌdʒ/, U.S. /dʒədʒ/
Forms: Middle English iewge, Middle English iuggi, Middle English iugi, Middle English jewge, Middle English jouge, Middle English jowge, Middle English jugegy, Middle English–1500s iuge, Middle English–1500s iugge, Middle English–1500s juge, Middle English–1500s jugge, Middle English–1600s iudge, 1500s guge, 1500s– judge, 1600s shudge, 1600s udge (in representations of Welsh English), 1600s vdge (in representations of Welsh English), 1600s–1700s judg; also Scottish 1700s– jeedge (north-eastern), 1800s jidge, 1800s joodge, 1800s juige, 1900s– chudge (Orkney); U.S. regional (chiefly southern and south Midland) 1900s– jedge; Irish English (northern) 1900s– jidge.
Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French jugger.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman jugger, juggier, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French juger, jugier (French juger ) to condemn (a person) to a specified punishment or penalty (c1100, earliest in juger a mort ), to decide or conclude that (something is the case, some action should be taken, etc.) (c1100), to award or assign (something) judicially or officially to a person (c1100, earliest in juger quelque chose sur quelqu'un , second half of the 12th cent. in juger quelque chose à quelqu'un ), to pronounce judgement, to pass sentence (1119), to sit in judgement upon (a person) (12th cent.; c1170 used of God or Christ, with specific reference to the Last Judgement), to infer, consider, or suppose (a person or thing) to be what is specified (late 12th cent.), to make (a judgement) (12th or 13th cent.), to form an opinion (beginning of the 13th cent. or earlier), to criticize, censure, or condemn (a person or thing) (second quarter of the 13th cent. or earlier), to rule or govern (the ancient Israelites) (second quarter of the 13th cent. or earlier), to form an opinion or conclusion about (something or someone) on the basis of the information available (late 13th cent.) < classical Latin iūdicāre to judge, try, or decide (a case), to act as a judge, preside at a trial, to adjudge, to sentence or condemn (a person), to pronounce judicially, to give judgement (that), to pass judgement, to decree, to decide on, to estimate, appraise, to form the opinion (that), to consider, to express an opinion about, to deduce, infer, conclude, to exercise judgement, show discernment, in post-classical Latin also to govern or rule as an Israelite judge (Vulgate; after Hebrew šāpaṭ ) < iūdic- , iūdex judge n. Compare Old Occitan jutjar , jutgar (last quarter of the 12th cent.), Catalan jutjar (1241), Spanish juzgar (first half of the 13th cent.; 1155 as jutgar ), Italian giudicare (a1294), and also Portuguese julgar (second half of the 13th cent.), which shows an unexplained medial -l- , which is also found in Spanish †julgar (1155). Compare earlier deem v.In sense 9 ultimately after the specific use of Hebrew šāpaṭ (which also has many of the other senses of the English verb) in this sense; compare judge n. 2a. In Middle English prefixed and unprefixed forms of the past participle are attested (see y- prefix).
I. To form or pronounce an opinion.
1.
a.
(a) transitive. To form an opinion or conclusion about (a person or thing), esp. following careful consideration or deliberation; to assess, evaluate, or appraise.In early use also: †to examine in order to make a medical diagnosis (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > evaluation, estimation, appraisal > appraise, estimate [verb (transitive)]
talec897
ween971
takec1175
weigha1200
deem?c1225
judge?c1225
guessc1330
reta1382
accounta1387
aretc1386
assize1393
consider1398
ponder?a1400
adjudgec1440
reckonc1440
peisec1460
ponderate?a1475
poisea1483
trutinate1528
steem1535
rate?1555
sense1564
compute1604
censure1605
cast1606
cense1606
estimate1651
audit1655
state1671
balance1692
esteem1711
appraise1823
figure1854
tally1860
revalue1894
lowball1973
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 95 Nan mon ne mei wel iuge blod ear hit beo icolet.
c1400 (?c1380) Pearl l. 7 (MED) Quere-so-euer I jugged gemmez gaye, I sette hyr sengeley in synglere [MS synglure].
c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 52v (MED) His vryne may be iugid aftir þe complexioun of his body.
1486 Bk. St. Albans sig. ejv The .vi. yere euermoore at the leest Thow shalt well Iuge the perche of thessame beest [sc. a hart].
1534 N. Udall Floures for Latine Spekynge gathered oute of Terence f. 130v Doest thou yet styll iudge [L. diiudicare] the mater, before thou knowest what the truth is?
1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes sig. f.i To conferre my saiynges, with our histories, and to iudge the matter without affeccion.
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II iii. ii. 190 Men iudge by the complexion of the skie, The state and inclination of the day. View more context for this quotation
1645 H. Hammond Of Conscience (new ed.) 7 The Christiannesse of an action..can onely be judged by its conformity with the law of Christ.
1680 W. Temple Ess. Orig. & Nature of Govt. in Miscellanea §6 The safety and firmness of any frame of government may be best judged by the rules of architecture.
1711 A. Pope Ess. Crit. 21 Most by Numbers judge a Poet's Song.
1756 G. Smith tr. Laboratory II. (new ed.) xii. 196 The proofs which are made on rectified spirits are of various kinds; some judge it by the smell, others with [etc.].
1832 G. S. Bedford tr. F. G. Boisseau Treat. Cholera Morbus iii. 81 The Cholera..can never be mistaken, if we judge it according to the character of the prevailing epidemic.
1864 J. Bryce Holy Rom. Empire ix. 159 Institutions, like men, should be judged by their prime.
1891 ‘L. Keith’ Halletts III. 23 It must..be allowed that she was in a far more favourable position than the critical reader to judge the situation.
1925 J. M. Murry Keats & Shakespeare xiv. 209 The truly great man cannot be judged by our standards, he must be judged by his own.
1977 New Scientist 10 Feb. 354/2 After this meeting the farming community should be in a better position to judge the situation.
1991 Atlantic Jan. 80/1 Scientists thrived when they were judged according to competence.
2006 S. Gaukroger Emergence Sci. Culture xi. 408 It is far from clear that this is in fact possible, even judging the matter on criteria Galileo himself would have applied.
(b) intransitive. With of in same sense. Now somewhat rare.
ΚΠ
1534 W. Marshall tr. Erasmus Playne & Godly Expos. Commune Crede vi. f. 149v It is a verye harde thynge for vs to iudge of the mynde of man.
1561 T. Hoby tr. B. Castiglione Courtyer i. sig. K.ii A knowledge in peincting..is a helpe to him to iudge of the excellencye of ymages both olde and new.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) iii. v. 48 Let her consider his frailety, and then iudge of my merit. View more context for this quotation
1652 C. Cotterell tr. G. de Costes de La Calprenède Cassandra v. iv. 22 That vertuous Princesse had lived til then with such a prudence and discretion, as hardly suffered those that frequented her most familiarly to judge of the truth of her thoughts.
1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks II. iv. 102 To be able to judg of both, 'tis necessary to have a Sense of each.
1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth III. 141 If we were to judge of its size by the horns.
1801 C. Gadsden in J. Adams' Wks. (1854) IX. 580 That his public actions may be judged of..without any captious hole-picking.
1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xvi. 117 From its form and colour he could..judge of its condition.
1918 Art World July 135/1 He was then forty years old and still utterly incompetent to judge of the real value, to society, of any work of art.
1968 New Eng. Jrnl. Med. 18 Apr. 917/2 The time factor..must be taken into account in judging of the physiological effects of anoxaemia.
1999 K. Spence Compan. Guide Kent & Sussex (new ed.) ii. 31 At the time of writing (1999) it is too early to judge of its [sc. the development's] ultimate impact on the Medway scene.
b. To conclude, infer; to think, suppose.
(a) transitive. With that-clause.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > belief > expressed belief, opinion > hold an opinion [verb (transitive)]
ween971
holda1300
believec1325
judgec1325
feelc1380
supposea1387
conceivea1425
take1429
opinea1475
thinkc1480
supponea1500
esteem1507
opinion1555
intend?1577
meditate1585
opinionate1599
opiniate1624
arbitrate1637
apprehend1639
state1671
calculate1805
consider1830
fink1888
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical classification > [verb (intransitive)]
judgec1325
intersect1864
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 4154 Ac þe king ne Iugede noȝt þat it ssolde be so ydo.
?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) ii. pr. vii. l. 1507 Yif þat þer were maked comparisoun of þe erþe to þe gretnesse of heuene. men wolde Iugen in alle þat erþe [ne] helde no space.
1485–6 W. Caxton tr. Laurent Ryal Bk. ii. sig. a vii The creature humayn shal Iuge that he oweth to loue god wyth all hys hert.
1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique iii. f. 93 By the signe we vnderstande the thyng signified, as by an Iuie garlande, we iudge there is wyne to sel.
1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey 224 Small townes I judge they were.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) i. ii. 139 I see things too, although you iudge I winke. View more context for this quotation
1743 tr. C. Rollin & J. B. L. Crevier Rom. Hist. VIII. xxvii. 294 He rightly judged, that the enemy..could not long hold out against him.
1824 National Advocate (N.Y.) 27 Jan. We judge that Mr. Adams will not run for President, from the fact that out of the New-England States he has but little strength.
1850 H. T. Cheever Whale & his Captors vii. 118 Some whalemen judge it does not attain its full size until twenty-five years.
1905 Independent (N.Y.) 30 Mar. 717/2 Last Sunday's paper..called him the young millionaire McNabb. But I judge he's not that.
1949 ‘G. Orwell’ Nineteen Eighty-four ii. iii. 129 If she judged that the coast was clear she would blow her nose when he approached.
1995 Canad. Forum Sept. 9/2 I escape with a few questions addressed to an assistant, 29 or 30, I would judge.
2006 Foreign Affairs Mar. 18 The October 2002 NIE..judged that Saddam was unlikely to use WMD against the United States unless his regime was placed in mortal danger.
(b) transitive. With object and infinitive, or other complement; = deem v. 6b.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > evaluation, estimation, appraisal > appraise, estimate [verb (transitive)] > consider to be, account as
telleOE
talec897
seeOE
letc1000
holdc1200
reckon1340
aima1382
accounta1387
counta1387
judgec1390
takea1400
countc1400
receivec1400
existimatec1430
to look on ——?c1430
makec1440
reputea1449
suppose1474
treatc1485
determinea1513
recount?c1525
esteem1526
believe1533
estimate?1533
ascribe1535
consider1539
regard1547
count1553
to look upon ——1553
take1561
reck1567
eye?1593
censure1597
subscribe1600
perhibit1613
behold1642
resent1642
attributea1657
fancy1662
vogue1675
decount1762
to put down1788
to set down1798
rate1854
have1867
mean1878
c1390 (?c1350) Joseph of Arimathie (1871) l. 251 (MED) Cum þou hider, Iosaphe for þou art Iugget clene.
a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 169 (MED) Þanne þe wounde is iugid mortal.
c1450 (c1350) Alexander & Dindimus (Bodl.) (1929) l. 697 (MED) Juno þe joilese ȝe juggen for noble.
a1492 W. Caxton tr. Vitas Patrum (1495) i. xxxvi. f. xlv/2 Whan he sawe theym. he Iudged theym to be Paynemes.
a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 39 The sanguyn complexyon ys gugyd of other chefe & best for the mayntenance of helthe of the body.
1561 T. Hoby tr. B. Castiglione Courtyer ii. sig. Y.iiii A manne that had not hearde him speake woulde haue iudged him a woorthie Gentilman.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) iii. i. 25 When they haue iudg'd me fast asleepe. View more context for this quotation
1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler i. 13 I hope you will not judge my earnestness to be impatience. View more context for this quotation
1727 J. Gay Fables I. xxiii. 78 Who friendship with a knave hath made, Is judg'd a partner in the trade.
1755 B. Martin Mag. Arts & Sci. i. ii. 119 They judge the Moon to be a Globe like our Earth.
1846 G. S. Faber Lett. Tractarian Secession Popery 3 I judge the doctrines of Rome to be more rational..than any other doctrines whatever.
1863 T. M. Merriman Trail of Hist. ii. 343 Carthage herself was judged an enemy of Rome, and must be chastised.
1871 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest IV. xviii. 115 It was..judged better to begin the attack at once.
1950 Rotarian Jan. 25/1 Only because he had traded honestly and was judged a friend was he spared.
1960 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 258 325 Some Neoglacial ice bodies are judged to have attained a length of nearly two miles.
2011 Church Times 8 July 24/3 At this point Pattison runs the risk of what some modern philosophers would judge to be mere mawkish sentimentality.
c. intransitive. To form an opinion; to make an assessment, evaluation, or appraisal; to make up one's mind as to the truth of a matter. In later use frequently (qualifying an assertion) in judging (also to judge) by (also from): on the evidence of .
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > form judgement, decide [verb (intransitive)]
deemc825
determinec1384
judgea1400
discerna1425
concludec1515
rest1530
scan1582
arbitrate1590
doom1591
dijudicate1607
dignosce1641
vote1643
the mind > mental capacity > belief > expressed belief, opinion > hold an opinion, opine [verb (intransitive)] > form an opinion
judgea1400
scan1582
allow1738
a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 282 Of þis ydropesie summen iugiþ liȝtli, and seien [etc.].
a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1881) ii. Prol. l. 21 A blynd man ne kan luggen wel yn hewys.
?1533 W. Tyndale Expos. Mathew (v) f. liiijv Now concernynge the goodes of this worlde, it is easie to iudge.
a1550 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (Bodl. e Mus.) l. 1483 (MED) Herevpon to iudge, ye may be bolde, nothinge is full wrought but by heat and cold.
a1586 King Hart l. 53 in W. A. Craigie Maitland Folio MS (1919) I. 256 Ane [servant] for the day quhilk Iugeit certanly with cure to ken the colour of all hew.
1664 G. Havers tr. T. Renaudot et al. Gen. Coll. Disc. Virtuosi France iii. 17 A Man is offended with being called Fool, that is, stupid and unable to judge.
1698 R. South 12 Serm. III. 84 To make it the Rigid Inflexible Rule, which it is to Judge by.
1759 J. Bourryau in C. Lennox tr. P. Brumoy Greek Theatre III. 445 To judge from the Cyclops [Fr. à en juger par le Cyclope],..we shall find in the satyric drama the same regulated pace, assumed by tragedy and comedy after they were formed.
1770 J. R. Forster tr. P. Kalm Trav. N. Amer. I. 288 To judge by these qualities the Tuckahoo may very likely be the Arum Virginianum.
1786 T. Baldwin Airopaidia i. 6 Thinking the Hour too late to begin the Inflation, which, judging from the two former Inflations, could not probably have been completed till after Sunset.
1816 Edinb. Rev. Feb. 143 Judging by the prices of bullion, the paper currency of this country began to be depreciated about the year 1800.
1885 J. Martineau Types Ethical Theory I. i. ii. ii. §2. 157 Understanding never judges... It is the Will that really judges and decides on what is presented to it by the Understanding.
1905 Trans. Edinb. Geol. Soc. 8 179 [His] views on the causes of earth-sculpture began..to be accepted by nearly all the men whose experience in the field qualified them to judge.
1951 C. Hare Eng. Murder xv. 190 To judge by appearances, he, too, was not more than half awake.
1975 L. Perl Slumps, Grunts, & Snickerdoodles xiv. 109 Judging from its expensive ingredients..this was a very rare and very prized treat indeed.
2003 Independent on Sunday 16 Mar. i. 7/7 I thought it was rather ugly but until you see an architectural model in three dimensions I don't think you can judge.
d. transitive. With interrogative clause as object. To determine, tell.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > judge, determine [verb (transitive)]
addeemeOE
sayeOE
assizec1399
concludec1405
discernc1425
judgec1425
discussc1430
judicate?1577
aread1593
addooma1599
arbitratea1616
overcall1654
dijudicate1666
result1705
judicialize1851
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) v. l. 2987 Wher þat ȝe ben woman or goddes I can not deme nor Iugen half ariȝt.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) III. 1108 There were olde knyghtes set on skaffoldys for to jouge with the quene who ded beste.
a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. cciiii. f. cxxiiiiv For this [battle] was so strongly bydden by, that men coude nat Iuge whiche parte had the better.
?1531 R. Whitford tr. Thomas à Kempis Folowynge of Cryste iii. xvi. f. lxxxiv It is somtyme full harde to iuge whether a good spyryte or an euyll moueth the to this thyng or to that.
1600 W. Raleigh Let. 4 Nov. (1999) 198 Master Brigame and Master Cunnocke can informe your honors how I have proceeded, who can best judge what my littell creditt here hath dun in this bussness.
1646 R. Moray Let. 21 Nov. in S. R. Gardiner Hamilton Papers (1880) 129 By my care to tell you such things as these you may judge how gladly I would impart things of waightier and more pleasing consequence.
1710 J. Hughes in J. C. Pepusch Six Eng. Cantatas Pref. A composer can never judge where to lay the accent of his music, who does not know..where the words have the greatest beauty and force.
1796 E. Hamilton Lett. Hindoo Rajah I. 206 Judge how this shocked and offended me?
1813 T. Matthews Advice to Whist Players 28 It is difficult to judge when to lead trumps.
1860 London Rev. Jan. 440 It is for our readers to judge whether this Russo-German confederacy is yet making rapid progress.
1906 6th Ann. Iowa Year Bk. Agric. 1905 1010 I leave yourselves to judge which kind of a farmer you are.
1971 J. B. Carroll et al. Word Frequency Bk. p. xviii The responsibility for judging whether or not a textual segment was an essentially English sentence was left to the sampler.
2009 Atlantic Monthly May 40/1 I am in no position to judge what happened.
†e. transitive. To be or serve as a test or criterion of; to enable a judgement to be made about. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > try or test [verb (transitive)] > by a standard > be a test or criterion of
judge1590
1590 C. Marlowe Tamburlaine: 1st Pt. sig. B If outward habit iudge the inward man.
1634 A. Stafford Guide of Honour 58 On my credit the clothes oftentimes, judge the wearer.
2.
a. To declare or pronounce authoritatively, esp. as being one's opinion or conclusion following careful consideration or deliberation.
†(a) transitive. With clause as object. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > statement > state or declare [verb (transitive)] > authoritatively or as an opinion
pronouncec1384
determine1393
judgec1400
dictate1624
to put on (also upon) record1782
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. i. l. 183 For Iames þe gentil iugged in his bokes, That faith with-oute þe faite is riȝte no þinge worthi.
?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iii. pr. x. l. 2581 Haue I nat iuged quod she. þat blisfulnesse is goode.
c1430 (c1380) G. Chaucer Parl. Fowls (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1871) l. 524 I Iuge on euery folk men shul on calle To seyn the verdit for yow foulys alle.
(b) transitive. With object and infinitive, or other complement. In later use (frequently in passive) chiefly with reference to the winner of a contest or competition.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > statement > state or declare [verb (transitive)] > authoritatively or as an opinion > a person to be something
judgea1425
a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 6308 God iugged me for a theef trichour.
c1475 (c1445) R. Pecock Donet (1921) 29 (MED) It is forto, at sum while, whanne resoun iugiþ it to be doon..a man to dispreise him silf.
1530 St. German's Secunde Dyaloge Doctour & Student xxv. f. lxviii That he sholde be taken for heyre that sholde be Iuged for heyre by that lawe.
1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique i. f. 27 For he beynge..suche a one (as Appollo iudged him by his Oracle to be wise) did well perceyue that he was gote for this cause.
1617 F. Moryson Itinerary iii. 4 Hee was judged an unprofitable servant.
1663 E. Reyner Treat. Humane Learning vi. 125 Λαμβάνειν or καταλαμβάνειν..is used to denote his apprehending, or catching of the prize, or reward from the top of the Goal, who was judged the Conqueror.
1745 W. Guthrie in tr. Cicero Orations (ed. 2) I. 42 (note) By the former of which [Decrees of the Senate] he was judged an Enemy who acted against the Republic.
1772 Oxf. Mag. June 238/2 [He] galloped away at the rate of ten miles an hour,..arrived first, and was judged the winner.
1841 Belfast News Let. 6 Aug. The Secretary read the names of the owners of the animals that were judged best in their different classes.
1899 H. S. Cowper Hawkshead viii. 383 As a wood engraver his works are of great merit, Rossetti judging him the best exponent of the art of his time.
1963 Amer. Jrnl. Internat. Law 57 628 A student moot competition..was held... A member of the University of North Carolina team was judged the best single oralist.
1991 Daily Tel. 5 Jan. 9/7 An Army spokesman said Sgt Devlin had been given a medical and was judged fit for service.
2011 S. Turner Harnessing Horsepower ii. 12 Two months later at Cobham, he was judged Best Pony under 13.2hh.
b. intransitive. To give a decision or opinion on a matter, esp. between parties in dispute or contention; to arbitrate.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > settlement of dispute, arbitration > arbitrate [verb (intransitive)]
awardc1386
judgea1425
decidec1540
umpire1613
umpire1620
arbitrate1622
the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > dispraise or discommendation > be dispraising or discommending [verb (intransitive)] > censure or condemn
judge1694
a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1869) I. 304 (MED) Crist forsook to juge in temporal goodis.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 147 Yett woll I [sc. Arthur] juge..woll I that ye geff unto youre brother all the hole maner with the apportenaunce.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Isa. v. A Iudge I praye you betwixte me: and my wynegardinge.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) ii. iv. 10 Iudge you, my Lord of Warwicke, then betweene vs. View more context for this quotation
1694 J. Dryden Love Triumphant Prol. sig. a1 If..you continue Judging as you do; Every bad Play will hope for Damning too.
1753 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison III. x. 76 When two persons, who have lived in familiarity, differ, the fault is seldom wholly on one side: But thus far I judge between you.
1845 Southern Q. Rev. July 103 Recuperators,—men who first judged between the Romans and foreign States, concerning the recovery and restoration of private property.
1878 R. Browning La Saisiaz 278 God must judge 'twixt man and me.
1906 Pop. Sci. Monthly May 414 The council of nations,..judging between nations, as the Supreme Court of the United States judges to-day between states.
1998 L. H. Miller Global Order (ed. 4) ii. 28 If they intervened to support their favored belligerent instead of refusing to judge in the matter and remaining aloof.
2004 D. L. Ashliman Folk & Fairy Tales iv. 130 They walked along arguing their case until they came upon a philosopher, whom they asked to judge between them.
3. transitive. To pronounce an opinion about; to pass judgement upon; to criticize; esp. to express, or indicate that one holds, an unfavourable view of; to condemn, censure. Also (esp. in later use) intransitive.In quot. c14002: to interpret (a dream).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > discernment, discrimination > criticism > criticize [verb (transitive)] > often unfavourably
judgec1400
the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > dispraise or discommendation > dispraise or discommend [verb (transitive)] > censure or condemn
bidemea1200
convictc1366
reprovea1382
damnc1386
condemna1400
deema1400
saya1400
judgec1400
reprehendc1400
reproacha1475
reprobate?a1475
arguec1475
controlc1525
twit1543
perstringe1549
tax1569
traduce1581
carp1591
censure1605
convince?1606
syndic1609
syndicate1610
to check at1642
reprimand1660
impeach1813
to stroke over1822
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. ii. l. 94 To drynke at dyuerse tauernes, And there to iangle and to iape, and iugge here euene cristene.
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. vii. l. 161 (MED) Þanne Iacob iugged iosephes sweuene.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Matt. vii. f. viijv Iudge not lest ye be iudged. For as ye iudge so shall ye be iudged.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) Prol. 34 Who Prologue-like, your humble patience pray, Gently to heare, kindly to iudge our Play. View more context for this quotation
1669 G. Hutcheson Expos. Job (xix. 29) 285/2 This Providence and Judgment of God will be exercised against them who rashly judge others.
1735 J. Wesley tr. Thomas à Kempis Christian's Pattern iv. vii. 286 So suddenly moved to anger, so apt to take displeasure against another; So prone to judge, so severe to reprehend.
1782 W. Cowper Progress of Error in Poems 611 But if the wanderer his mistake discern, Judge his own ways, and sigh for a return.
1823 tr. E.-A.-D. de Las Cases Memorial de Sainte Hélène IV. vii. 303 The multitude of idlers and others, who though indifferent to the circumstances, are ever ready to judge and condemn.
1884 Contemp. Rev. 46 99 Every workman was thus known and judged by those who could judge him best.
1920 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 20 735 Who are we to judge even the lowliest?
1966 W. S. Graham Let. 7 Nov. in Nightfisherman (1999) 205 Are we to be judged by our acquaintances?
2004 Desi June 14/1 The minute we hear news of a controversial coupling, some who don't know better..are often quick to judge.
4. transitive. To make (a judgement, esp. one of a specified kind). Now rare.Frequently in echoes of biblical use; cf. quot. 1526.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > judge, determine [verb (transitive)] > form a judgement
makea1400
judgea1425
forma1616
a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) II. 92 (MED) Nyle ȝe juge after þe face, but juge ȝe just jugement.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) John vii. f. cxxxv Iudge not after the vtter aperaunce: but iudge rightewes iudgement [c1384 Wycliffite, E.V. deme a riȝtful dom].
1560 Bible (Geneva) 1 Kings iii. 28 All Israel heard ye iudgement, which the King had iudged.
1588 S. Bredwell Rasing Found. Brownisme 22 That which hath no true appearance of euill in it (I meane in the eyes of those that haue learned to iudge righteous iudgment).
1650 A. Coppe Fiery Flying Roll iv. 13 The horrid insolency of proud man, who will dare to sit in my throne, and judge unrighteous judgement.
1755 T. Sherlock Several Disc. preached at Temple Church III. ix. 235 However Men darken and blind their own Judgment, there is, who sees through all their Pretences, and will judge a righteous Judgment.
1812 W. Hales New Anal. Chronol. III. xi. 335 Surely thou hast judged a judgment, come down from the top of the seven heavens, from the most high God himself!
1873 M. Dods tr. St. Augustine Wks. X. 413 Consider us as you would two men, as both men; judge between us, but judge a true judgment.
1916 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 36 41 The great gods come near and judge a judgment of justice and righteousness.
1917 Amer. Lutheran Surv. 4 July 332/2 The Church..is constrained to judge a righteous judgment.
†5. transitive (reflexive). With to. Apparently: to submit oneself to judgement by a specified authority. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > submit to judgement [verb (reflexive)]
judge?c1500
?c1500 Mary Magdalene (Digby) l. 308 Yf þe trewth be sowth,—& that I Iugge me to skryptur.
6. transitive. To act as a judge (judge n. 4b) for (a contest or competition); (later also) to adjudicate between or assess (contestants or entries). Also intransitive.
ΚΠ
1720 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad VI. xxiii. 435 [He] sends before old Phœnix to the Place, To mark the Racers, and to judge the Race.
1774 Scots Mag. June 333/2 There was a meeting of the Masters of Arts of the University of Glasgow, in order to judge in a public competition for two prizes.
1786 R. P. Jodrell Persian Heroine v. iii. 53 Behold the Tyrant! he shall judge the contest.
1839 Spectator 17 Aug. 784/1 Most bodies that assemble to judge any kind of competition, are very averse to any thing which is fresh, striking, or original.
1871 Athenæum 21 Oct. 533/2 The Académie des Beaux-Arts has to judge the paintings of the various competitors.
1889 Jrnl. Educ. Apr. 211/2 The Annual Gymnastic Competition..was judged by Mr. Alexander of the Liverpool Gymnasium.
1904 Ann. Rep. Ont. Fairs & Exhib. 18 in Ann. Rep. Dept. Agric. Ont. 1904 (1905) 1 I judged at a fair last fall where this regulation was in force.
1986 Lydney Observer 12 Sept. 12/7 The afternoon included..a cake competition judged by Mr. David Fletcher, master baker.
1998 Concept Culture (Concept II Ltd.) 3/2 In competitions wakeboarders are judged over 10 tricks and a wild card.
2008 M. M. Parent in V. Girginov Managem. Sports Devel. vii. 153 The International Skating Union holds training sessions..for officials who want to judge at the international or Olympic levels.
II. To pronounce a judicial decision, preside in a court of law, and related uses.
7. The usual earlier word in several of these senses was deem v., which has now been almost entirely superseded.
a. transitive. To consider the case of (a person) in a court of law, or a comparable judicial setting; to determine the judicial action to be taken against (a person as regards guilt); to sit in judgement upon; = try v. 6b; (also) to pronounce sentence upon. Formerly also occasionally †with of (a crime) (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > judge or determine judicially [verb (transitive)] > judge (a person)
judgec1300
justicec1300
justifya1393
doomc1503
c1300 St. Agnes (Laud) 89 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 183 Heo stoden and Iuggeden hire a-mong heom alle, þat quelle heo wolden hire sone.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 1234 (MED) Þe king hurde þis, þat he ne miȝte bi no lawe Iugi [a1400 Trin. Cambr. Iugge, ?a1425 Digby Iuge] him þat his neueu broȝte of lifdawe.
1348 in C. Welch Hist. Pewterers of London (1902) I. 3 If any be rebel ayenst the wardeins or assaiours, þan the defaute..to be sente to the maire and to be iuged in the presence of the goode folke of the Crafte.
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xiv. l. 287 Or as iustyce to iugge men, enioigned is no pore.
?1483 W. Caxton tr. Caton iii. sig. giij Whan thou seest somme persone euyl fortunate or accused or Iuged of somme vyce.
?1530 J. Rastell Pastyme of People sig. *E.ii The kynge..toke them prisoners, and after caused .xxx. and mo of them to be iudged.
1641 J. Milton in ‘Smectymnuus’ Answer Hvmble Remonstr. Postscr. 88 Becket..denies that the..Courts have authority to judge him.
1750 T. Nugent tr. C.-L. de S. de Montesquieu Spirit of Laws I. xi. xviii. 251 The plebeians..pretended that none but themselves had a power to judge him, and they judged him accordingly.
1860 Law Mag. & Law Rev. 10 284 The prejudices of all, and any of those called upon to judge him, whether members of the bench or of the jury.
1982 U.S. Rep. (Supreme Court) 449 561 The defendant..has the right on review to..show that the media's coverage of the case compromised the ability of the jury to judge him fairly.
2008 J. Mahler Challenge xii. 186 It is the right of the accused..to see those who are judging him and to understand any biases or prejudice they might have.
b. transitive. Chiefly with to or infinitive. To sentence or condemn (a person) to a specified punishment or penalty. Cf. adjudge v. 1c. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > sentencing > sentence [verb (transitive)]
deemOE
awreaka1300
judgec1300
castc1390
adjudgec1450
awarda1538
sentence1592
doom1594
destinate1611
censurea1616
condemn1653
arraign1658
adjudicatea1681
c1300 St. Agatha (Laud) l. 92 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 196 Twei men þat hire Iuggeden to deþe a-slawe weren with þe walle.
a1350 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 11 (MED) Þe barouns of fraunce þider conne gon..to iugge þe flemmisshe to bernen ant to slon.
c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 118 Y-iuged by þe lawe To by stend wyþ stone.
?a1450 (?c1400) Lay Folks' Catech. (Lamb.) (1901) 17 (MED) At þe laste he schal come doun here to man, and jugge sum to blysse and oþer to helle.
?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1871) III. 291 (MED) He [sc. Socrates] was iuggede to prison, and poysonede in prison.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin i. 15 (MED) Ye shull neuer be Iuged to deth for my cause.
1530 R. Whitford Werke for Housholders (new ed.) sig. G.iij Pylate set in a trone as iudge, condempned hym, and iudged hym vnto the dethe of the crosse.
1592 R. Greene Notable Discouery of Coosenage (new ed.) sig. B4v The Iustices looking into his life, iudged him to be whipt.
1640 D. Lupton Glory of their Times 538 By the hand of envy and tyranny they were judged to death.
1680 R. Baxter Church-hist. Govt. Bishops ix. 262 A woman..was judged to be whipt, because she had professed to have Revelations foretelling the day of judgment that year.
1779 Universal Hist. V. 358 This degenerate people..passed a decree, whereby they judged Demetrius Phalerus to death.
1835 R. M. Bird Hawks of Hawk-hollow I. xvii. 234 It would be against my principles to judge him to death.
1901 P. H. Ditchfield Eng. Villages (1905) xii. 170 If the abbot judged him to be flogged, the culprit might not be flogged by his accuser.
1920 F. A. Gasquet Hist. Eng. College vi. 137 He was judged to suffer death for his priesthood.
1977 J. B. Given Society & Homicide 13th-cent. Eng. iv. 79 One day..John's men caught a thief, who was judged to death.
c. transitive. More generally: to decide or declare by judicial or comparable authority that something is to be done, or is the case; to decree, order. With clause as object, or with object and infinitive; formerly also with object and other complement, or (occasionally) with infinitive. Cf. adjudge v. 1a(a).
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > judge or determine judicially [verb (transitive)] > order judicially
judgea1325
discernc1425
rule1425
sentencec1503
decree1530
award1533
decerna1575
sententiate1593
a1325 St. Agnes (Corpus Cambr.) l. 89 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 22 Þe baillifs..stod & iuggede among hom to bringe hure to deþe sone.
c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) l. 2599 Bi heiȝe mennes conseyl..Þe king was iugged Ygerne to spouse.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 45 Geta was i-iuged [c1400 Tiber. y-juget] for a comoun enemy.
?c1450 tr. Bk. Knight of La Tour Landry (1906) 101 (MED) Thenne the kynge iuged that the child shold be gyuen to her that wold haue hym to be saued.
1477 Earl Rivers tr. Dictes or Sayengis Philosophhres (Caxton) (1877) lf. 48 Thenne the Iuge said & Iuged that a mariage sholde be made bitwene them.
1538 Bible (Coverdale) Luke xxiii. C And Pilate iudged [1535 gaue sentence] that theyr requeste shulde be graunted.
1596 ‘L. Pyott’ tr. A. Sylvain Orator 358 It was iudged that the plaintife should inioy his inheritance during his life.
1600 E. Blount tr. G. F. di Conestaggio Hist. Uniting Portugall to Castill iii. 77 But the pretendents being heard, the King shoulde iudge to whom the Realme belonged.
1657 in J. Stuart Sel. Rec. Kirk Aberdeen (1846) 143 She was judgit contumax by the sessioune.
a1676 S. Gunton Hist. Church Peterburgh (1686) 272 Upon a full hearing of the difference between them,..the Bishop and Barons..judged that Azeo had no right to the aforesaid forty Shillings.
1798 J. Root Rep. Superior Court & Supreme Court of Errors 1 459 The court judged that the defendant ought not to avail himself of this advantage.
1828 M. Callcott Short Hist. Spain I. viii. 307 The court judged that they should restore the swords Colada and Tizona [to him].
1853 L. Darwall Church of Eng. App. 314 The Council acted in contradiction to the Council of Antioch, in..judging him [sc. Athanasius] to have been unjustly excommunicated and deposed.
1922 Michigan Law Rev. 20 176 Marshall judged the laws in question to be unconstitutional.
1994 P. E. Dutton Politics of Dreaming Carolingian Empire vi. 168 Peter judged that the thief should receive a lashing.
†d. transitive. To grant, bestow, or impose by judicial sentence, or following a similar legal or official process; to award or assign judicially; = adjudge v. 1a(b). Obsolete.In quot. 1645 in extended use.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > command > command or bidding > command [verb (transitive)] > ordain, prescribe, or appoint
asetc885
teachc897
deemc900
ashapea1000
i-demeOE
setc1000
shiftc1000
stevenOE
redeOE
willOE
lookc1175
showc1175
stablea1300
devise1303
terminea1325
shapec1330
stightlea1375
determinec1384
judgea1387
sign1389
assize1393
statute1397
commanda1400
decree1399
yarka1400
writec1405
decreetc1425
rule1447
stallc1460
constitute1481
assignc1485
institute1485
prescribec1487
constitue1489
destinate1490
to lay down1493
make?a1513
call1523
plant1529
allot1532
stint1533
determ1535
appointa1538
destinec1540
prescrive1552
lot1560
fore-appoint1561
nominate1564
to set down1576
refer1590
sort1592
doom1594
fit1600
dictate1606
determinate1636
inordera1641
state1647
fix1660
direct1816
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > judge or determine judicially [verb (transitive)] > award or impose judicially
showlOE
judgea1387
ward1442
adjudge1459
award1523
adjudging1581
sentence1618
abjudicate1666
adjudicate1700
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 181 Cesar is i-made consul, and Gallia was iuged [L. decreta] to him.
c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 2664 Demed I any of my douth ser darye to spill, As ȝe þis gentill man enioyne suld him be iugid þen.
c1460 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Oseney Abbey (1907) 63 (MED) Þe saide aduersariis beyng absent..þe tithis of þe hey..to þabbot and Couent..we haue i-jugged.
c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) cxc. 772 The which treasure was iudged to him .v.C. yere past.
c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) ci. 332 Ye false traytours, youre dethes is Iuged.
1579 G. Fenton tr. F. Guicciardini Hist. Guicciardin xi. 605 Cæsar..thought..to depriue the Venetians of all that had bene iudged to them by the league of Cambray.
1645 J. Milton L'Allegro in Poems 35 Ladies, whose bright eies Rain influence, and judge the prise Of Wit, or Arms.
1795 W. Ridgeway Rep. Cases upon Appeals & Writs of Error II. 343 The party is not intitled..to recover under the decree of that Court more than would have been judged to him by a Court of Law.
1808 W. Selwyn Abridgem. Law Nisi Prius II. xviii. 661 Where two persons are in possession, the possession is judged in him who hath right.
e. transitive. To administer (the law), or interpret (a law), in one's capacity as a judge, officer of the law, etc. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > judge or determine judicially [verb (transitive)] > administer (law) as judge
judgea1393
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 2825 To deme and jugge commun lawe.
c1475 Antichrist & Disciples in J. H. Todd Three Treat. J. Wycklyffe (1851) p. cxliv (MED) Þei syten in þe trones wiþ gloriouse myters jugyng & demyng her owne made lawes.
1628 T. Roe tr. P. Sarpi Disc. Reasons of Resol. against Grisons & Heretiques 70 This man..did vsurp the power of Magistracy of the three Leagues..and did arrogate to himselfe, to iudge the lawes.
1648 C. Dallison Royalist's Def. xv. 136 The Soveraign power of Government, the Authority to make Lawes, and the power to judge the Law, are wrested out of their proper places.
1679 J. Whitehall Leviathan Found Out 33 The Judges..would first examin whether that precedent was agreeable to the Law of this Nation..and in case it was not, would reject it and judge the Law without it.
1792 Viner's Gen. Abridgm. Law & Equity (ed. 2) VI. 489 It is the office of the Court to judge the law upon the whole record, and the consent of the parties cannot prejudice their opinions, nor quit them of their office in that point.
1877 Rep. Supreme Court Georgia 56 65 In judging the law they [sc. the jury] are to pass upon what it is in the charge, not upon what it is out of the charge.
1924 Liberty 19 76/2 An untrammeled court judges the laws and the people are given a hearing.
f. intransitive. To discharge the office of or act as a judge; to try cases and pronounce sentences in a court of law; to sit in judgement.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > judge or act as judge [verb (intransitive)]
deemc825
sitOE
justifya1400
judgec1400
to stand in judgement against1558
adjudicate1789
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xx. l. 29 And spiritus iusticie shal iuggen, wolhe, nolhe, After þe kynges conseille & þe comune lyke.
c1400 Comm. on Canticles (Bodl. 288) in T. Arnold Sel. Eng. Wks. J. Wyclif (1871) III. 54 (MED) Þou art bileeved to come for to juge at þe laste day.
1574 J. Whitgift Def. Aunswere to Admon. xx. 699 [This] argueth that it was then, a common and vndoubted opinion receyued among them [sc. the bishops at the Council of Nicaea], that the Emperour had authoritie to iudge in their causes.
1610 G. Carleton Iurisdict. iii. 27 Punish he [sc. the King] cannot vnlesse he hath authority to iudge, or cause iudgement to be done.
1639 S. Du Verger tr. J.-P. Camus Admirable Events 83 As for Civill matters they may judge without appeale.
1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. III. 142 It was not so with the Italian princes, who judged without appeal.
1834 Standard 9 Oct. Judgments delivered by judges judging without juries.
1865 J. R. Seeley Ecce Homo (ed. 8) iii. 25 A warrior-king, judging in the gate of Jerusalem.
1951 D. Cresswell Canterbury Tales 115 He had arrived in Victoria as early as 1838, and when he judged in Market Square had had 14 years colonial experience.
2003 Ld. Saville in R. Susskind Susskind Interviews xiv. 230 I'd been judging for about 15 years before I went to the House of Lords.
g. transitive. To settle or determine (a matter) by judicial process; to try (a case); to give a sentence or verdict in regard to (something). Also in figurative contexts. Cf. adjudge v. 1b.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > judge or determine judicially [verb (transitive)]
deemc950
findeOE
adjudge?c1400
judge1477
retour1497
conclude1523
sentence1586
deraign1601
discern1622
cognosce1634
censure1640
hold1642
adjudicatea1695
1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 156 I haue not ben in pretoire for to iuge the causes of my womenn.
a1535 T. More Hist. Richard III in Wks. (1557) 44/1 Remayn..tyll the matter wer..examyned..and eyther iudged or appeased.
1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 142 It was agreed, that all matters concernyng the aforesayde articles or statutes..should be demed and iudged by the French king.
1602 R. Marbecke Def. Tabacco Ded. sig. A2 Mvch here is said, Tabacco to defend, And much was said, Tabacco to disgrace: Reade, marke, and scan: then censure in the end: Both you are men, most fit to iudge the case.
1617 F. Moryson Itinerary iii. 248 The Consul of the City there..is vulgarly called Burgomaster, and he judgeth all civill and criminal causes.
1654 T. White Apol. Rushworth's Dialogues 165 One should boldly infer that all our Courts of Justice were commanded to judg such cases as came before them, only out of Lilly's Almanack.
a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1734) II. vi. 162 Both Elections were returned, and the House judged the matter.
1770 T. Percy tr. P. H. Mallet Northern Antiq. I. viii. 179 The Bailiffs or Prefects, whose sentence he [sc. the Supreme Judge] revised, were obliged to judge the cause over again in his presence.
1823 Pamphleteer 22 11 In the council of Navarre, are finally judged all causes, both civil and criminal, between all persons whatever, however privileged they may be.
1887 J. Winsor Narr. & Crit. Hist. Amer. V. ii. 111 He omitted to warn Connecticut of the meeting of the court, judged the case peremptorily, and ordered the restitution of the lands.
1899 Daily News 20 Sept. 5/7 How is it possible to judge a case of this sort fairly upon on dits, more or less reliable, from a distance?
1973 Times 15 May 6/4 Countries which accept its jurisdiction in principle cannot..disregard the court's competence to judge a case which may turn out wrongly for them.
1995 M. Zander in A. A. S. Zuckerman & R. Cranston Reform of Civil Procedure iv. 87 The judge's concern to judge the case is subverted by his new concern to achieve a settlement.
III. To determine human reward and punishment.
8. transitive. Of God, a divine agent, etc.: to evaluate the moral worth of (a soul, a person, the world) and thereby determine reward and punishment; used esp. of God or Christ in his anticipated role at the Last Judgement. Also with a person's sins as object. Cf. judge n. 1, judgement n. 12. †as God judge me and variants: (as an oath) = as God is my judge at god n. and int. Phrases 3c (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > deity > Christian God > activities of God > [verb (transitive)] > judge
deraignc1330
judgec1350
visit1382
doomc1503
to weigh (also examine) with the weights (or scales) of the sanctuary1617
c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) lxxxi. 8 (MED) Arise þou, God, and iuge þerþe, and þou shalt en-heretien in alle folkes.
c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Parson's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) §91 Nat oonly þt oure defautes shullen be Iuged [c1405 Ellesmere Iugged, c1415 Corpus Oxf. y-Iuged, c1430 Cambr. Gg.4.27 Iugit], but eek þt alle oure werkes shullen openly be knowe.
1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour Proheme sig. a.ij I am (as god iuge me) violently stered to deuulgate or sette fourth some part of my studie.
1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 11 Our Mediator and our remeid, Sall cum to Juge baith quick and deide.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) i. i. 169 So got-udge me, that is a vertuous minde. View more context for this quotation
1673 T. Shadwell Epsom-Wells iii. 42 Ud'sooks she's i'th right; as God judge me, she's a judicious person.
1746 P. Annet Deism fairly Stated 34 God will judge the World in Righteousness, and deal with every one according as he shall render himself the proper Object of divine Clemency, or Resentment.
a1805 J. Washburn Serm. Pract. Subj. (1807) 17 God will judge the wicked, and retribute to them according to their deserts.
1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues I. 388 The dead are first of all judged according to their deeds.
1908 S. M. Zwemer & A. Judson Nearer & Farther East 30 All Arabs believe that as soon as the grave is covered in and the mourners depart, these two black angels come to judge the dead.
1981 M. West Clowns of God iii. 72 Christ will come a second time, in glory, to judge the living and the dead.
1996 C. Higson Getting Rid of Mr Kitchen vi. 70 Your soul gets judged, then it's punishment or reward. Tartarus or the Elysian fields.
IV. Jewish History.
9. transitive and intransitive. In ancient Israel: to govern or rule as a judge (judge n. 2).
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > a or the system of government > systems governed by person or body > [verb (intransitive)] > govern as judge
judgea1400
society > authority > rule or government > a or the system of government > systems governed by person or body > [verb (transitive)] > govern as judge
deemc1330
judgea1400
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 7018 Barach, and wit him delbora, þai iuggid fourti ȝere and ma.
?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 283 Herowde is kyng of þat countre To jewge þat regyon in lenth and in brede.
1558 J. Knox First Blast against Monstruous Regiment Women f. 42v The example of Debora..when she iudged Israel.
1611 Bible (King James) Judges xii. 13 After him, Abdon, the sonne of Hillel a Pirathonite iudged Israel. View more context for this quotation
1740 M. Lowman Diss. Civil Govt. Hebrews v. 66 The Judge was by his Office invested with the highest Powers, Civil as well as Military, for to judge Israel, was to administer Justice as well as to command Armies.
1843 T. Greene Script. Questions 40 Who judged Israel when they were oppressed by Jabin, king of Canaan?
1904 Jrnl. Biblical Lit. 23 3 Samson judged in Israel for 40 years.
1913 F. de Knoop Bible Story vi. 65 Deborah, the prophetess, who was judging Israel at that time, called upon Barak to raise an army and overcome Sisera.
2004 Mod. Philol. 101 546 In Judges 10.1–2 Tola judged Israel for twenty-three years.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2013; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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n.c1350v.?c1225
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