| 释义 |
Kaisern. Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Probably partly (i) a borrowing from early Scandinavian. Probably partly (ii) a borrowing from Old High German. Etymon: Old High German keisur. Etymology: Probably partly (i) < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic keisari , Norwegian keiser , Old Swedish kesare , kesar , keysare , keysar (Swedish kejsare ), Old Danish kesere , kejsere (Danish kejser )), and partly (ii) < Old High German keisur, keisar, Middle High German keiser , (regional) kaiser , kayser (German Kaiser ), both cognate with Old English cāsere kaser n., Old Frisian keiser , keysar , kaisar , Old Dutch keisere (Middle Dutch keiser , keyser , kēser , Dutch keizer ), Old Saxon kēsur , kēsar , kēser (Middle Low German kēser , keyser , keiser , keyzer , kayser ), Gothic kaisar , all ultimately < classical Latin Caesar Caesar n.1 In later use assimilated in form to German Kaiser. Compare kaser n., Caesar n.1, tsar n.Forms in the Germanic languages. The relationships between forms in the Germanic languages are unclear. On historical grounds, the Scandinavian words are likely to reflect borrowing immediately < Middle Low German; these forms, like Old English cāsere , show remodelling of the ending by association with the regular agent noun suffix (see forms cited at -er suffix1 and discussion at kaser n.). Retention of the diphthong in the Old Frisian and Old Dutch forms is likewise usually taken to indicate borrowing (or influence) from Old High German or Middle High German, either directly or via Low German, rather than development from a common Germanic base of Latin origin. Although some have argued for later borrowing via Hellenistic Greek Καῖσαρ , the evidence of the oldest Germanic languages is generally taken to indicate borrowing of classical Latin Caesar into Germanic at a point before Latin -ae- had been monophthongized to -e- , a phonological change which is thought to have occurred by the 4th cent. Notes on forms. The β. forms in -ei- , -ey- show the expected reflex of an early Scandinavian etymon. The appearance of spellings in -ai- , -ay- as early as c1200 (see α. forms) is unusual. While they have been taken to indicate borrowing from Old or Middle High German, they may alternatively reflect either influence from kaser n. or an attempt to represent the orthography of classical Latin Caesar. See further R. Dance Words Derived from Old Norse in Early Middle Eng. (2003) 127. The form Kaiser has been the most frequent in English since the 18th cent., reflecting the standard modern spelling of the German word, which appears to have superseded the form Keiser in the 17th cent. Originally a Bavarian and Austrian regional form, its predominance probably reflects the fact that the position of Holy Roman Emperor was held by the head of the House of Habsburg from 1440–1711 (compare sense 1b). Now historical. 1. society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > emperor > [noun] > ancient Roman c1175 (Burchfield transcript) l. 3519 Forr þi chæs he to wurrþenn mann. O þatt keȝȝseress time. c1200 ( (Hatton) xxii. 21 Agyfeð þan caysere [OE Corpus Cambr. þam casere] þa þing þe þas cayseres synde. c1200 ( (Hatton) xix. 12 Ne ert þu þas caiseres [OE Corpus Cambr. þæs caseres] freond. c1225 (?c1200) (Bodl.) 641 Maximien þe mihti caisere of rome. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Calig.) (1963) l. 3731 Cesar þe keisere wes vnimete kene. 1556 J. Ponet sig. Eiiijv Why at leinght did he not saue his life, and folowe Kaiser Neroes commaundement? 1875 6 Feb. 388/2 The name of Julius the Kaiser was given to the seventh month. 1921 C. F. Stocking ii. x. 61 High up there sat the ignorant, cowering vicar of the Roman Kaiser, bartering Truth for the embers of hell. society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > emperor > [noun] > of western or Holy Roman Empire a1425 (c1333–52) L. Minot (1914) 6 (MED) Þe kayser Lowis of Bauere. 1656 in (1742) IV. 464 The Keyser is said to have transmitted all his new raised forces to the king of Poland. 1658 J. Howell vii. 95 The Princes, and Towns of the Empire,..acknowledg the Keyser for their Soveraign. 1807 J. Barlow v. 198 Austria's keiser and the Russian czar. 1858 T. Carlyle I. i. v. 58 Kaiser Leopold [I]..had no end of Wars. 1913 18 Feb. 4/8 The provocative tone of the correspondence between the Tsar and the Austrian Kaiser. 1972 B. D. Weinryb xi. 241 He dreamed..of helping the Austrian kaiser (the holy Roman emperor) wage his wars by a loan of 15–20 million ducats. 2013 G. D. Stark in R. J. Goldstein 57 A rebellion against the tyrannical Habsburg Kaiser Ferdinand II. society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > emperor > [noun] > German emperor 1870 10 Dec. 1468/2 The Kaisers must be men of larger sympathies, deeper insight, and less selfish nature than the Kings of Prussia have ever been. 1888 (Weekly ed.) 10 Aug. 16/3 The author's personal intercourse with the late Kaiser. 1897 W. T. Stead in Apr. 596 The Kaiser's chief..offence in the eyes of most Englishmen was his telegram of congratulation to President Kruger after the surrender of Dr. Jameson. 1915 Mar. 335 The Kaiser and his parasites have gone a-whoring after Bellona. 1989 L. Deighton ii. 19 He was the sort of Berliner better suited to cheering Kaiser Wilhelm in faded sepia photos. 2009 24 June 19/1 In the First World War, faked pictures..were circulated of the Kaiser cutting the hands off babies. society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > emperor > [noun] α. a1250 (?a1200) (Nero) (1952) 61 Hire schuppare..þet is king & kaiser of heouene. c1300 (Laud) (1868) 1725 Biforn hem com þe beste mete Þat king or cayser wolde ete. a1400 [see β. ]. c1440 (?a1400) l. 1894 (MED) We hafe cownterede..With kyngez and kayseres. a1450 (1885) 123 (MED) Kayssaris in castellis grete kyndynes me kythes. 1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil viii. Prol. 137 Sum [wald be] capytane, sum Caisar, and sum King. 1563 B. Googe sig. F.v Court and Cayser to forsake, And lyue at home. 1615 J. Sylvester tr. P. Mathieu Memorials of Mortalitie in 119 This Life (indeed) is but a Comœdie, Where This, the Kaiser playes, & That, the Clowne. 1722 F. Atterbury Let. 6 Apr. in A. Pope (1956) II. 114 As far from Kings and Kaisers as the space will admit of. 1825 W. Scott Talisman xi, in III. 266 As high as ever floated the cognizance of king or caisar. 1843 E. Bulwer-Lytton III. viii. i. 6 To ride by the side of king or kaisar. 1904 J. H. McCarthy xxiii. 217 I dreamed I was a king, a kaiser, a demigod. the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > loaf > [noun] > roll 1927 J. P. Bryant 106 The beginner will find it difficult at first to make nicely shaped Kaisers. 1986 12 Mar. 7/4 Sliced ham on a kaiser. 1993 Feb. 39/1 Breaded Veal on Kaisers...This hearty meal will satisfy even the most voracious appetite. 2007 V. Delany x. 101 Pastrami on pumpernickel. Roast beef on a kaiser. Ham and Swiss on white. Compounds the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > loaf > [noun] > roll 1933 14 June 2/8 (advt.) Buttonhorns and Kaiser buns. 1968 J. Singer & E. Gottleib tr. I. B. Singer ii. xx. 268 There was bread left over from breakfast, but Mrs Frankel sent a girl to the bakery to buy a fresh loaf and some Kaiser buns. 2011 J. Lundgren 122 Gooey orange cheddar dribbled over the sides of the open-faced Kaiser bun. the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the hair > styles of hair > [noun] > styles of moustache 1900 27 May iii. 3/3 (advt.) $7 a day in Kaiser Moustache Trainers; new thing; no competition, every gentleman wants one. 1915 Mar. 307/2 He was a fat man, with kaiser mustaches and one glass eye. 1938 J. Cary 108 His small, reddish moustache was curled up at the ends. It was not a Kaiser moustache. 2004 P. Conradi v. 44 A rough-hewn former horse trader..with an enormous kaiser mustache. the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > loaf > [noun] > roll 1898 H. W. Wiley IX. 1360 Kaiser Rolls. 1978 2 Feb. dc10/2 A ham sandwich..made with canned ham, sliced and piled on a fresh Kaiser roll. 2005 E. Sullivan viii. 126 The specialty of the house—a tender New York-style beef brisket on a kaiser roll. society > armed hostility > war > types of war > [noun] > other specific war > First World War 1914 1 Sept. 12/1 (headline) The Kaiser's War. 1963 A. Bird & F. Hutton-Stott 16 Before the Kaiser's war famous firms made cars in Scotland. 2010 G. Corrigan (2013) 3 It would be perfectly sound..to nominate the Seven Years War as the First World War, the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars as the Second, and the Kaiser's War the Third. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.c1175 |
