Astroturfn.

Brit.

/ˈastrə(ʊ)təːf/, U.S.

/ˈæstroʊˌtərf/

Forms: also with lower-case initial in the first element or with capital initial in the second element.

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: English Astrodome , turf n.¹

Etymology: < Astro- (in Astrodome, from its first use in the Astrodome stadium at Houston, Texas, United States: see astrodome n. 2) + turf n.¹ In sense 2 with humorous allusion to grass roots (see grass root n. 2).

Originally U.S.

1. A proprietary name for: a form of artificial grass turf used chiefly as a playing surface in sports stadiums.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > place for sports or games > [noun] > artificial grass

carpet1903

Astroturf1966

1966 Daily Tel. 21 Apr. 16/6 Houston had spent £11 million building its mammoth, air-conditioned Astrodome... Now..[they are] spending £180,000 on a carpet of synthetic turf, called..Astroturf.

1975 Telegraph (Brisbane) 2 Oct. 22/5 Near the pool is a putting green of astro-turf.

1977 New Yorker 12 Sept. 59/1 He and Henny..sat down in a couple of lawn chairs on a green Astroturf lawn.

1989 L. Holtz & J. Heisler Fighting Spirit (1990) xii.147 Last year we only played two games on AstroTurf during the regular season.

1991 Athlon's Baseball '91 40 Even playing on AstroTurf, he gets his uniform so filthy that you'd think he was mud-wrestling.

2009 Church Times 15 May 16/5 When I began playing, we played on grass, but hockey is now mostly played on Astroturf pitches.

2. figurative. Originally Politics. Simulated or artificially created public or grass-roots support for a policy, product, movement, etc., generated by an organized campaign; cf. astroturfing n. 2. Frequently attributive, as Astroturf lobbying, Astroturf movement, etc.

ΚΠ

1972 Washington Post 7 May b4/1 As a grassroots movement..the new populism ‘is just a bunch of salesmen hawking Astroturf’.]

1985 Washington Post 7 Aug. a4/6 ‘A fellow from Texas can tell the difference between grass roots and Astro Turf,’ Sen. Lloyd Bentsen..said of his mountain of cards and letters from opponents of the insurance provisions. ‘This is generated mail.’

1995 Time 23 Jan. 18/1 Congressional staffs are getting better at spotting pseudo-grass-roots (‘Astroturf’) lobbying.

1999 N.Y. Times 13 Aug. a14/3 There have..been Potemkin-like efforts at local organizing, a process that is known by some consumer advocates as Astroturf campaigns... Contrived rallies were staged in front of San Francisco City Hall, for instance.

2003 R. Newman Fountain at Centre of World iii. 31 [At] the Competitive Enterprise Institute in New York for a year... his job was mainly laying astroturf, an industry in-joke meaning fake grassroots.

2010 Guardian (Nexis) 13 Jan. (Features section) 3 Critics contend it's merely an ‘astroturf’ movement,..heavily promoted by conservative media outlets.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

Astroturfv.

Brit.

/ˈastrə(ʊ)təːf/, U.S.

/ˈæstroʊˌtərf/

Forms: also with lower-case initial in the first element or with capital initial in the second element.

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: Astroturf n.

Etymology: < Astroturf n. Compare turf v.

Originally U.S.

1. transitive. To cover (a sports field or other area) with a layer of Astroturf. Frequently in passive.

ΚΠ

1966 Lowell (Mass.) Sun 19 July 13/2 At $2 a square foot, the 90,000 square feet of the outfield was completely astroturfed Friday.

1969 El Paso (Texas) Herald-Post 11 Dec. d1/2 Texas and Arkansas have Astroturfed their football fields.

1973 Altoona (Iowa) Herald 20 Sept. 6/3 Our school ended up astroturfing one of its ceilings.

1998 Independent (Nexis) 22 Aug. (Features section) 4 Part of the garden has been Astroturfed, and there isn't a petal out of place.

2009 G. Paulsen Mudshark xi. 72 The athletic center is updated three more times and the soccer field has been AstroTurfed.

2. intransitive. figurative. To disguise a professionally orchestrated public relations or marketing campaign by presenting it as having arisen from unsolicited public comments or grass-roots support. Also transitive: to conduct (such a campaign) for a product, policy, movement, etc.; to use (a website, online forum, etc.) for this purpose. Cf. Astroturf n. 2, astroturfing n. 2.Usually with lower-case initial.

ΚΠ

1999 [implied in: Open Let. Thanks in comp.os.linux.advocacy (Usenet newsgroup) 16 Aug. There was an ‘astroturfed?’ thread..about..Linux.].

1999 Re: RE1 Why Linux Sucks in alt.os.linux (Usenet newsgroup) 9 Sept. He's either astroturfing or trolling.

2005 N.Y. Times 18 Jan. e1/5 The questions boiled down to whether [the blog] Iraq the Model had been ‘astroturfed’.

2008 Guardian 22 Sept. (Media section) 6/5 A viral marketing consultant..says ‘I have in the past hired people to astroturf.’

2015 @MechofJusticeWZ 17 Mar. in twitter.com (O.E.D. Archive) There's a suspicion..that he astroturfed the campaign behind the scenes.

This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	astroturf
释义	Astroturfn. Brit. /ˈastrə(ʊ)təːf/, U.S. /ˈæstroʊˌtərf/ Forms: also with lower-case initial in the first element or with capital initial in the second element. Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: English Astrodome , turf n.¹ Etymology: < Astro- (in Astrodome, from its first use in the Astrodome stadium at Houston, Texas, United States: see astrodome n. 2) + turf n.¹ In sense 2 with humorous allusion to grass roots (see grass root n. 2). Originally U.S. 1. A proprietary name for: a form of artificial grass turf used chiefly as a playing surface in sports stadiums. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > place for sports or games > [noun] > artificial grass carpet1903 Astroturf1966 1966 Daily Tel. 21 Apr. 16/6 Houston had spent £11 million building its mammoth, air-conditioned Astrodome... Now..[they are] spending £180,000 on a carpet of synthetic turf, called..Astroturf. 1975 Telegraph (Brisbane) 2 Oct. 22/5 Near the pool is a putting green of astro-turf. 1977 New Yorker 12 Sept. 59/1 He and Henny..sat down in a couple of lawn chairs on a green Astroturf lawn. 1989 L. Holtz & J. Heisler Fighting Spirit (1990) xii.147 Last year we only played two games on AstroTurf during the regular season. 1991 Athlon's Baseball '91 40 Even playing on AstroTurf, he gets his uniform so filthy that you'd think he was mud-wrestling. 2009 Church Times 15 May 16/5 When I began playing, we played on grass, but hockey is now mostly played on Astroturf pitches. 2. figurative. Originally Politics. Simulated or artificially created public or grass-roots support for a policy, product, movement, etc., generated by an organized campaign; cf. astroturfing n. 2. Frequently attributive, as Astroturf lobbying, Astroturf movement, etc. ΚΠ 1972 Washington Post 7 May b4/1 As a grassroots movement..the new populism ‘is just a bunch of salesmen hawking Astroturf’.] 1985 Washington Post 7 Aug. a4/6 ‘A fellow from Texas can tell the difference between grass roots and Astro Turf,’ Sen. Lloyd Bentsen..said of his mountain of cards and letters from opponents of the insurance provisions. ‘This is generated mail.’ 1995 Time 23 Jan. 18/1 Congressional staffs are getting better at spotting pseudo-grass-roots (‘Astroturf’) lobbying. 1999 N.Y. Times 13 Aug. a14/3 There have..been Potemkin-like efforts at local organizing, a process that is known by some consumer advocates as Astroturf campaigns... Contrived rallies were staged in front of San Francisco City Hall, for instance. 2003 R. Newman Fountain at Centre of World iii. 31 [At] the Competitive Enterprise Institute in New York for a year... his job was mainly laying astroturf, an industry in-joke meaning fake grassroots. 2010 Guardian (Nexis) 13 Jan. (Features section) 3 Critics contend it's merely an ‘astroturf’ movement,..heavily promoted by conservative media outlets. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022). Astroturfv. Brit. /ˈastrə(ʊ)təːf/, U.S. /ˈæstroʊˌtərf/ Forms: also with lower-case initial in the first element or with capital initial in the second element. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: Astroturf n. Etymology: < Astroturf n. Compare turf v. Originally U.S. 1. transitive. To cover (a sports field or other area) with a layer of Astroturf. Frequently in passive. ΚΠ 1966 Lowell (Mass.) Sun 19 July 13/2 At $2 a square foot, the 90,000 square feet of the outfield was completely astroturfed Friday. 1969 El Paso (Texas) Herald-Post 11 Dec. d1/2 Texas and Arkansas have Astroturfed their football fields. 1973 Altoona (Iowa) Herald 20 Sept. 6/3 Our school ended up astroturfing one of its ceilings. 1998 Independent (Nexis) 22 Aug. (Features section) 4 Part of the garden has been Astroturfed, and there isn't a petal out of place. 2009 G. Paulsen Mudshark xi. 72 The athletic center is updated three more times and the soccer field has been AstroTurfed. 2. intransitive. figurative. To disguise a professionally orchestrated public relations or marketing campaign by presenting it as having arisen from unsolicited public comments or grass-roots support. Also transitive: to conduct (such a campaign) for a product, policy, movement, etc.; to use (a website, online forum, etc.) for this purpose. Cf. Astroturf n. 2, astroturfing n. 2.Usually with lower-case initial. ΚΠ 1999 [implied in: Open Let. Thanks in comp.os.linux.advocacy (Usenet newsgroup) 16 Aug. There was an ‘astroturfed?’ thread..about..Linux.]. 1999 Re: RE1 Why Linux Sucks in alt.os.linux (Usenet newsgroup) 9 Sept. He's either astroturfing or trolling. 2005 N.Y. Times 18 Jan. e1/5 The questions boiled down to whether [the blog] Iraq the Model had been ‘astroturfed’. 2008 Guardian 22 Sept. (Media section) 6/5 A viral marketing consultant..says ‘I have in the past hired people to astroturf.’ 2015 @MechofJusticeWZ 17 Mar. in twitter.com (O.E.D. Archive) There's a suspicion..that he astroturfed the campaign behind the scenes. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1966v.1966
随便看	soloistic soloistically soloists solomon solomon islander solomon islands pijin solomon pijin solomon-gundy solomongundy solomonian solomonic solomonical solomons pijin solomons seal solon solonchak solonchaks solonets solonetses solonetz solonetzes solonetzic solonian solonic solonist