ionizationn.²

Brit.

/ˌʌɪənʌɪˈzeɪʃn/, U.S.

/ˌaɪənəˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/,

/ˌaɪəˌnaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/

Forms: 1800s– ionisation, 1800s– ionization.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: ion n., -ization suffix.

Etymology: < ion n. + -ization suffix. Compare later ionize v.²

1. Physics and Chemistry. The state of being in the form of ions or of having significant numbers of ions; the process of becoming ionized or making something ionized.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > ions, ionization, or electrolysis > [noun] > ionization

ionization1891

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > ion > ionization > [noun]

ionization1891

1891 G. F. Fitzgerald in Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1890 327 I object to the term dissociation as applied to the ions in an electrolyte... I would..appeal to both sides to adopt some neutral term such as ‘ionisation’ to express the state of ions in electrolytes.

1898 Nature 8 Dec. 142/1 The measurements of the ionisation produced by Röntgen rays in fourteen gases showed that the ionisation was connected with the chemical composition in a very simple manner.

1908 Westm. Gaz. 13 Mar. 2/1 Paulsen urges that the aurora is due to an immense ionisation of the upper layers of the air.

1913 H. S. Allen Photo-electricity xi. 147 The ionisation of gases by ultra-violet light.

1957 F. Hoyle Black Cloud viii. 152 The ionization of the atmospheric gases at a height of about fifty miles turned out to be abnormally high.

1962 Newnes Conc. Encycl. Electr. Engin. 161/2 The ionization of an atom by the removal of an outermost electron (or electrons) requires a definite amount of energy.

2007 Guardian (Nexis) 22 Nov. (Technol. section) 6 Most smoke detectors use an ionisation technique to detect the presence of smoke particles.

2. Medicine. = iontophoresis n. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by electricity > [noun] > cataphoresis

cataphoresis1889

phoresis1902

ionization1905

iontophoresis1907

ionophoresis1910

1905 Lancet 4 Nov. 1361/2 The introduction of silver into the very protoplasm of the cells of the colonic mucous membrane by means of ionisation cannot but have a beneficial result.

1908 Practitioner June 785 The modern zinc mercury ionisation treatment is a very definite way of directly applying powerful drugs to a diseased area.

1944 E. B. Clayton Electrotherapy xi. 171 The patient should receive the ionisation reclining on a couch.

1960 B. Savage Pract. Electrotherapy iv. 63 Histamine ionization is used whenever there is need for a marked increase in local circulation.

Compounds

ionization chamber n. Physics an instrument for measuring the intensity of ionizing radiation by collecting and measuring the charge on the ions which the radiation produces in a medium, typically a volume of gas.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactivity > ionizing radiation > [noun] > measuring instrument

ionization chamber1904

ion chamber1922

spark counter1935

spark chamber1961

1904 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 8 721 In Rutherford's experiment..the radioactive material was scattered over the floor of the ionization chamber.

1945 Electronic Engin. 17 405 These experiments were carried out by means of ionisation chambers, like most of the early investigations on cosmic rays.

2006 R. A. Powsner & E. R. Powsner Essent. Nucl. Med. Physics (ed. 2) iv. 44/1 The lower limit of sensitivity for an ionization chamber is determined by the sensitivity of the meter used to measure the current.

ionization constant n. Physical Chemistry the dissociation constant of an ionic compound, such as an acid, base, or salt.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > physical chemistry > solutions > [noun] > dissociation constant

ionization constant1897

1897 J. C. MacGregor in Philos. Mag. 43 46 k and l constants which may be spoken of as ionization-constants and which will vary with the solvent, the solute, the property to which they apply, the temperature and the pressure.

1924 J. R. Partington in H. S. Taylor Treat. Physical Chem. I. xi. 538 The ionization constant of water..increases very rapidly at lower temperatures, passing through a maximum about 218°.

2010 Polyhedron 29 1892/1 Spectroscopic determination of ionization constants of weak acids or bases is of widespread application.

ionization current n. Physics an electric current arising out of the movement of ions and electrons produced in a gas or liquid, under the influence of an electric field.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > [noun] > electrogasdynamics

ionization current1898

Townsend discharge1928

electrogasdynamics1967

1898 Philos. Trans.1897 (Royal Soc.) A. 190 273 The molecule H₂O can take up sufficient ions to form another saturated molecule of type H₂= O=X, and..therein lies the cause of the regular ionization current produced by solution in water.

1911 Nature 21 Dec. 258/1 The ionisation current from a metal filament when heated above 2400° absolute ceases to be represented by Prof. Richardson's equation.

2010 A. Robinson Sudden Genius xi. 171 She [sc. Marie Curie] measured the ionization current in air produced by several dozen minerals.

ionization energy n. Physics energy associated with ionization; spec. = ionization potential n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > ion > ionization > [noun] > potential

Nernst potential1907

ionization potential1913

ionization energy1914

critical potential1916

1914 Proc. Royal Soc. 1913–14 A. 89 322 The final step was taken of comparing the ionisation energy of the Röntgen rays from an anticathode with the energy of the cathode rays incident upon that anticathode.

1928 F. J. Fuchs tr. W. Gerlach Matter, Electr., Energy v. 69 On account of its large diameter and high ionization energy.., this singly charged helium atom appropriates to itself very rapidly a second electron.

1973 Sci. Amer. (U.K. ed.) Feb. 91/1 Each kind of atom has a different ionization energy depending on the number of protons, neutrons and electrons it has.

2009 P. Atkins et al. Quanta, Matter & Change iv. 121 Carbon has intermediate values of the ionization energy and electron affinity, so it can share electrons (that is, form covalent bonds) with many other elements.

ionization gauge n. Physics an instrument for measuring very low gas pressures by ionizing the gas and measuring the resulting ionization current; cf. Penning gauge n. at Penning n.³ 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > ion > ionization > [noun] > measuring instrument

ionization gauge1918

ion gauge1938

alphatron1946

1918 Physical Rev. 12 71 Buckley has devised an ionization gauge in which the residual gas is ionized by electrons given off by an incandescent filament accelerated by a potential of about 200 volts.

1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. (rev. ed.) VII. 253/2 In another type of ionization gage, the gas is ionized by high-energy alpha particles emitted by a radioactive source such as radium.

2006 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 364 2935 The number densities of the gases in the trap are measured by a calibrated ionization gauge.

ionization potential n. Physics the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule of a gas to an indefinite distance; the potential difference through which an electron must be accelerated to achieve this; spec. (more fully first ionization potential) the energy required to remove an electron in the lowest energy state (the least strongly bound electron).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > ion > ionization > [noun] > potential

Nernst potential1907

ionization potential1913

ionization energy1914

critical potential1916

1913 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 88 536 The thermal E.M.F. is thus opposed to the ionisation potential.

1927 Physical Rev. 29 287 The second ionization potential of lithium, the amount of work required in order to remove one further electron from the singly ionized lithium atom, Li⁺.

1962 Vacuum 12 215/1 Pumping..commences at an electron bombardment energy of about 8 eV (about 7.5 eV below the first ionization potential).

1988 Nature 11 Feb. 487/2 The first ionization potential of the helium atom (24.6 eV) is the highest known.

2008 R. G. Mortimer Physical Chem. (ed. 3) xix. 821/1 The ionization potential is found generally to decrease toward the bottom of a column of the periodic table.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	ionization
释义	Ionizationn.¹ Brit. /ˌʌɪənʌɪˈzeɪʃn/, U.S. /ˌaɪənəˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/, /ˌaɪəˌnaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/ Forms: 1800s– Ionisation, 1800s– Ionization. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: Ionize v.¹, -ation suffix. Etymology: < Ionize v.¹ + -ation suffix. Compare later Ionicization n. Now rare. = Ionicization n. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > Greek > Greek dialects > rendering Ionic Ionization1880 Ionicization1892 1880 E. G. Hardy & J. S. Mann tr. G. F. Schömann Antiq. Greece App. 546 I do not believe that at present any one is still inclined to imagine an Ionisation of the inhabitants of Attica by Xuthus. 1884 Academy 15 Nov. 326/1 He [sc. Fick] next endeavours to discover the actual author to whom the non-Aeolic parts of the Odyssey, as well as its ‘Ionisation’, are due. 1912 Classical Philol. 7 155 If iambic measures with an after-syllable are found only in Ionized enoplics, the irregularity must be connected with the Ionization of the enoplics. 1932 Harvard Stud. Classical Philol. 43 38 Each one of these sounds and forms is a sign of the thorough Ionization of the traditional epic diction. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022). ionizationn.² Brit. /ˌʌɪənʌɪˈzeɪʃn/, U.S. /ˌaɪənəˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/, /ˌaɪəˌnaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/ Forms: 1800s– ionisation, 1800s– ionization. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: ion n., -ization suffix. Etymology: < ion n. + -ization suffix. Compare later ionize v.² 1. Physics and Chemistry. The state of being in the form of ions or of having significant numbers of ions; the process of becoming ionized or making something ionized. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > ions, ionization, or electrolysis > [noun] > ionization ionization1891 the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > ion > ionization > [noun] ionization1891 1891 G. F. Fitzgerald in Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1890 327 I object to the term dissociation as applied to the ions in an electrolyte... I would..appeal to both sides to adopt some neutral term such as ‘ionisation’ to express the state of ions in electrolytes. 1898 Nature 8 Dec. 142/1 The measurements of the ionisation produced by Röntgen rays in fourteen gases showed that the ionisation was connected with the chemical composition in a very simple manner. 1908 Westm. Gaz. 13 Mar. 2/1 Paulsen urges that the aurora is due to an immense ionisation of the upper layers of the air. 1913 H. S. Allen Photo-electricity xi. 147 The ionisation of gases by ultra-violet light. 1957 F. Hoyle Black Cloud viii. 152 The ionization of the atmospheric gases at a height of about fifty miles turned out to be abnormally high. 1962 Newnes Conc. Encycl. Electr. Engin. 161/2 The ionization of an atom by the removal of an outermost electron (or electrons) requires a definite amount of energy. 2007 Guardian (Nexis) 22 Nov. (Technol. section) 6 Most smoke detectors use an ionisation technique to detect the presence of smoke particles. 2. Medicine. = iontophoresis n. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by electricity > [noun] > cataphoresis cataphoresis1889 phoresis1902 ionization1905 iontophoresis1907 ionophoresis1910 1905 Lancet 4 Nov. 1361/2 The introduction of silver into the very protoplasm of the cells of the colonic mucous membrane by means of ionisation cannot but have a beneficial result. 1908 Practitioner June 785 The modern zinc mercury ionisation treatment is a very definite way of directly applying powerful drugs to a diseased area. 1944 E. B. Clayton Electrotherapy xi. 171 The patient should receive the ionisation reclining on a couch. 1960 B. Savage Pract. Electrotherapy iv. 63 Histamine ionization is used whenever there is need for a marked increase in local circulation. Compounds ionization chamber n. Physics an instrument for measuring the intensity of ionizing radiation by collecting and measuring the charge on the ions which the radiation produces in a medium, typically a volume of gas. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactivity > ionizing radiation > [noun] > measuring instrument ionization chamber1904 ion chamber1922 spark counter1935 spark chamber1961 1904 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 8 721 In Rutherford's experiment..the radioactive material was scattered over the floor of the ionization chamber. 1945 Electronic Engin. 17 405 These experiments were carried out by means of ionisation chambers, like most of the early investigations on cosmic rays. 2006 R. A. Powsner & E. R. Powsner Essent. Nucl. Med. Physics (ed. 2) iv. 44/1 The lower limit of sensitivity for an ionization chamber is determined by the sensitivity of the meter used to measure the current. ionization constant n. Physical Chemistry the dissociation constant of an ionic compound, such as an acid, base, or salt. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > physical chemistry > solutions > [noun] > dissociation constant ionization constant1897 1897 J. C. MacGregor in Philos. Mag. 43 46 k and l constants which may be spoken of as ionization-constants and which will vary with the solvent, the solute, the property to which they apply, the temperature and the pressure. 1924 J. R. Partington in H. S. Taylor Treat. Physical Chem. I. xi. 538 The ionization constant of water..increases very rapidly at lower temperatures, passing through a maximum about 218°. 2010 Polyhedron 29 1892/1 Spectroscopic determination of ionization constants of weak acids or bases is of widespread application. ionization current n. Physics an electric current arising out of the movement of ions and electrons produced in a gas or liquid, under the influence of an electric field. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > [noun] > electrogasdynamics ionization current1898 Townsend discharge1928 electrogasdynamics1967 1898 Philos. Trans.1897 (Royal Soc.) A. 190 273 The molecule H₂O can take up sufficient ions to form another saturated molecule of type H₂= O=X, and..therein lies the cause of the regular ionization current produced by solution in water. 1911 Nature 21 Dec. 258/1 The ionisation current from a metal filament when heated above 2400° absolute ceases to be represented by Prof. Richardson's equation. 2010 A. Robinson Sudden Genius xi. 171 She [sc. Marie Curie] measured the ionization current in air produced by several dozen minerals. ionization energy n. Physics energy associated with ionization; spec. = ionization potential n. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > ion > ionization > [noun] > potential Nernst potential1907 ionization potential1913 ionization energy1914 critical potential1916 1914 Proc. Royal Soc. 1913–14 A. 89 322 The final step was taken of comparing the ionisation energy of the Röntgen rays from an anticathode with the energy of the cathode rays incident upon that anticathode. 1928 F. J. Fuchs tr. W. Gerlach Matter, Electr., Energy v. 69 On account of its large diameter and high ionization energy.., this singly charged helium atom appropriates to itself very rapidly a second electron. 1973 Sci. Amer. (U.K. ed.) Feb. 91/1 Each kind of atom has a different ionization energy depending on the number of protons, neutrons and electrons it has. 2009 P. Atkins et al. Quanta, Matter & Change iv. 121 Carbon has intermediate values of the ionization energy and electron affinity, so it can share electrons (that is, form covalent bonds) with many other elements. ionization gauge n. Physics an instrument for measuring very low gas pressures by ionizing the gas and measuring the resulting ionization current; cf. Penning gauge n. at Penning n.³ 1. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > ion > ionization > [noun] > measuring instrument ionization gauge1918 ion gauge1938 alphatron1946 1918 Physical Rev. 12 71 Buckley has devised an ionization gauge in which the residual gas is ionized by electrons given off by an incandescent filament accelerated by a potential of about 200 volts. 1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. (rev. ed.) VII. 253/2 In another type of ionization gage, the gas is ionized by high-energy alpha particles emitted by a radioactive source such as radium. 2006 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 364 2935 The number densities of the gases in the trap are measured by a calibrated ionization gauge. ionization potential n. Physics the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule of a gas to an indefinite distance; the potential difference through which an electron must be accelerated to achieve this; spec. (more fully first ionization potential) the energy required to remove an electron in the lowest energy state (the least strongly bound electron). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > ion > ionization > [noun] > potential Nernst potential1907 ionization potential1913 ionization energy1914 critical potential1916 1913 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 88 536 The thermal E.M.F. is thus opposed to the ionisation potential. 1927 Physical Rev. 29 287 The second ionization potential of lithium, the amount of work required in order to remove one further electron from the singly ionized lithium atom, Li⁺. 1962 Vacuum 12 215/1 Pumping..commences at an electron bombardment energy of about 8 eV (about 7.5 eV below the first ionization potential). 1988 Nature 11 Feb. 487/2 The first ionization potential of the helium atom (24.6 eV) is the highest known. 2008 R. G. Mortimer Physical Chem. (ed. 3) xix. 821/1 The ionization potential is found generally to decrease toward the bottom of a column of the periodic table. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹1880n.²1891
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Ionizationn.1

ionizationn.2

Compounds

Ionizationn.¹

ionizationn.²