individualismn.

Brit.

/ˌɪndᵻˈvɪdʒʊəlɪz(ə)m/,

/ˌɪndᵻˈvɪdʒᵿlɪz(ə)m/,

/ˌɪndᵻˈvɪdʒl̩ɪz(ə)m/,

/ˌɪndᵻˈvɪdjʊəlɪz(ə)m/,

/ˌɪndᵻˈvɪdjᵿlɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒ(ə)wəˌlɪzəm/,

/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəˌlɪzəm/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: individual n., -ism suffix.

Etymology: < individual n. + -ism suffix. Compare individuism n. and earlier individuality n.In sense 2b after French individualisme (1825 in this sense). In senses 4 and 5 after German Individualismus (1st half of the 19th cent. or earlier in philosophy, 1895 in botany ( K. von Tubeuf Pflanzenkrankheiten (1895) i. ii. 102)). With sense 5 compare also individuation n. 5 and see discussion at that entry.

†1. An uncommon or singular instance of something. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1797 J. D. Burk Bunker-Hill Ded. I depart from my system [of not dedicating works to patrons], and present to you my Tragedy of Bunker Hill. I shall find few difficulties in justifying to myself this individualism.

a. The habit of being independent and self-reliant; behaviour characterized by the pursuit of one's own goals without reference to others; free and independent individual action or thought.Sometimes with negative connotations of self-centredness or antisocial behaviour.rugged individualism: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > [noun] > peculiarity of constitution > strongly marked individual character > individualism as a principle or mode of life

individualism1827

rugged individualism1898

1827 L. T. Rede Road to Stage 59 I beg to disclaim, in these observations, any individualism; several talented persons may be found connected with such establishments.

1856 C. Kingsley Hours with Mystics in Misc. (1860) I. 351 He is not tempted by it to selfish individualism, or contemplative isolation, as long as he is true to the old Mosaic belief.

1873 M. Arnold Lit. & Dogma ix. 298 It is the consecration of absolute individualism.

1915 B. Miall tr. F. Garcia Calderon Lat. Amer. ii. 50 The prickly characteristics of the hidalgo: the proud individualism, the love of bloody adventure, the stoicism, the tenacity in resistance and conflict, and the rigidity of faith.

1953 E. L. Mascall Corpus Christi iii. 79 Liturgism of this kind is simply individualism run riot.

2006 K. Paffenroth Gospel of Living Dead 21 Zombie movies appreciate and mock that uniquely modern and particularly American predilection, fierce individualism, as something that can sometimes temporarily save us in a crisis, but which can also doom us in the long run.

b. The principle or theory that individuals should be allowed to act freely and independently in economic and social matters without collective or state interference. Opposed to collectivism, socialism. Cf. laissez-faire n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > moral philosophy > social ethics > [noun] > individualism and its adherents

individualism1840

individualist1846

1840 H. Reeve tr. A. de Tocqueville Democracy in Amer. III. ii. ii. 202 Individualism[Fr. L'Individualisme] is a novel expression, to which a novel idea has given birth... Individualism is a mature and calm feeling, which disposes each member of the community to sever himself from the mass of his fellow-creatures, and to draw apart with his family and friends.

1851 J. S. Mill in Westm. Rev. 56 87 Socialism as long as it attacks the existing individualism, is easily triumphant.

1884 J. Rae Contemp. Socialism 209 Socialism and individualism are merely two contrary general principles, ideals, or methods, which may be employed to regulate the constitution of economical society.

1890 B. F. Westcott in Official Rep. Church Congr. Hull 320 Individualism regards humanity as made up of disconnected or warring atoms. Socialism regards it as an organic whole, a vital unity formed by the combination of contributory members, mutually interdependent.

1941 W. J. Cash Mind of South iii. iii. 387 Their fellow workers..still held fast to absolute individualism and refused to have any part with unionism.

1965 Paedagogica Europaea 1 220 The picture of a broad movement from Individualism to Collectivism..is certainly much over-simplified.

1991 Reason Dec. 35/1 Individualism views the rights of the person as prior to and more important than the collective.

a. Individual or distinctive character; individuality; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > [noun]

singulerty1414

singularness1530

singularity1583

individuality1614

haecceity1635

thisness1643

individuity1650

individualness1681

singleness1728

individuism1825

individualism1847

inscape1868

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > [noun] > condition of being an individual

suppositality1545

individuation1616

individuality1635

suppositionality1649

individualness1681

individualism1847

1847 Hogg's Weekly Instructor 3 July 303/2 They scorn to step together, doubtless to assert their individualisms.

1854 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 75 66/1 Their ideas of God did not possess that individualism and personality which so remarkably characterised those of the Hebrews.

1858 R. W. Emerson Bks. in Atlantic Monthly Jan. 352/1 A person of commanding individualism will answer it as Rochester does.

1885 Harper's Mag. Mar. 520/2 The individualism which is aimed at by architects.

1967 Life 12 May 114/3 The change in the nature of the family..has had a contradictory effect on a person's sense of individualism.

2008 Irish Independent 28 Nov. 43/1 I love individualism in any shape or form from vintage and highstreet to designer.

b. A feature or characteristic that is peculiar to a particular individual; an idiosyncrasy. Usually in plural. Cf. individuality n. 2b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or restricted in application > [noun] > quality of being particular or not general > quality of being personal > something peculiar to individual

individualism1863

1863 Freewill Baptist Q. Jan. 81 By the aid of his wife's tact, his individualisms did not so greatly isolate him from the currents of life around him.

1881 B. F. Westcott & F. J. A. Hort New Test. in Orig. Greek II. Introd. iii. 232 Singular readings which are mere individualisms, so to speak, originating with the scribe or one of his immediate predecessors.

1908 Phrenol. Jrnl. 121 353/1 He is a remarkable man, and great in his individualisms.

1935 C. Brooks Relation Alabama-Georgia Dial. to Provinc. Dial. Great Brit. 58 Wyld has collected a number of variant spellings... Whether or not these changes are to be associated with a particular region or are to be regarded merely as individualisms, Wyld's variants indicate that the changes sometimes occurred in London.

1990 J. Rowland in M. J. Ball et al. Celtic Linguistics iii. 339 They..possibly suggest a single author with certain metrical individualisms is responsible for part of the poetry.

4. Metaphysics and Philosophy. The doctrine or theory that reality is constituted of individual entities with separate and distinct properties, and that any complex entity is merely the sum of its constituent individual parts, possessing no intrinsic properties of its own. Chiefly with preceding adjective. Cf. reductionism n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > ontology > [noun] > monism > monadism

monadology1732

monadism1860

individualism1869

Leibnizianism1874

1869 Jrnl. Speculative Philos. 3 373 In opposition to this entire development, which moves in the sphere of monism, Herbart comes forward with his pluralistic individualism, and in this sense stands related to the former as Leibnitz does to Spinoza.

1877 E. Caird Crit. Acct. Philos. Kant Introd. iv. 71 Is such a more adequate philosophy to be found in the idealistic individualism of Leibnitz?

1922 F. Watson Encycl. & Dict. Educ. II. 860/1 Ancient atomism, mediaeval nominalism, and modern monadism are typical forms of metaphysical individualism. Opposed to it are various forms of monism.

1945 Philos. Sci. 12 143 The philosophic basis offered for all of these [sc. three basic ideals of morality] is a rather uncritical metaphysical individualism.

2002 M. Hollis Philos. Social Sci. (rev ed.) v. 107 The final dispute is..an ontological one, with an ontological individualism, which maintains that there are only particulars, ranged against an ontological holism, which holds out for the real existence of structures.

5. Biology. A type of symbiosis in which the component organisms have become incapable of life outside the product of their relationship, which thus constitutes a morphological unit resembling an organism. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > balance of nature > relationships of organisms > [noun] > symbiosis or mutualism

commensalism1870

mutualism1874

mutuality1876

symbiosis1882

messmatism1886

individualism1897

individuation1897

parasymbiosis1897

metabiosis1899

helotism1900

symbiotism1902

specificity1924

1897 A. Schneider in Minnesota Bot. Stud. 1 944 The best known and perhaps the most typical form of complete individualism is represented by the higher lichens.

1913 Mycologia 5 102 It is supposed that the relationship is becoming closer and closer, and that finally it will be so intimate that neither symbiont will be able to live independently. Then will the individualism be perfect.

1999 M. L. Smith in N. A. R. Gow et al. Fungal Colony xii. 283 Studies..support an alternative view of fungal individualism.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	individualism
释义	individualismn. Brit. /ˌɪndᵻˈvɪdʒʊəlɪz(ə)m/, /ˌɪndᵻˈvɪdʒᵿlɪz(ə)m/, /ˌɪndᵻˈvɪdʒl̩ɪz(ə)m/, /ˌɪndᵻˈvɪdjʊəlɪz(ə)m/, /ˌɪndᵻˈvɪdjᵿlɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒ(ə)wəˌlɪzəm/, /ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəˌlɪzəm/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: individual n., -ism suffix. Etymology: < individual n. + -ism suffix. Compare individuism n. and earlier individuality n.In sense 2b after French individualisme (1825 in this sense). In senses 4 and 5 after German Individualismus (1st half of the 19th cent. or earlier in philosophy, 1895 in botany ( K. von Tubeuf Pflanzenkrankheiten (1895) i. ii. 102)). With sense 5 compare also individuation n. 5 and see discussion at that entry. †1. An uncommon or singular instance of something. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1797 J. D. Burk Bunker-Hill Ded. I depart from my system [of not dedicating works to patrons], and present to you my Tragedy of Bunker Hill. I shall find few difficulties in justifying to myself this individualism. 2. a. The habit of being independent and self-reliant; behaviour characterized by the pursuit of one's own goals without reference to others; free and independent individual action or thought.Sometimes with negative connotations of self-centredness or antisocial behaviour.rugged individualism: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > [noun] > peculiarity of constitution > strongly marked individual character > individualism as a principle or mode of life individualism1827 rugged individualism1898 1827 L. T. Rede Road to Stage 59 I beg to disclaim, in these observations, any individualism; several talented persons may be found connected with such establishments. 1856 C. Kingsley Hours with Mystics in Misc. (1860) I. 351 He is not tempted by it to selfish individualism, or contemplative isolation, as long as he is true to the old Mosaic belief. 1873 M. Arnold Lit. & Dogma ix. 298 It is the consecration of absolute individualism. 1915 B. Miall tr. F. Garcia Calderon Lat. Amer. ii. 50 The prickly characteristics of the hidalgo: the proud individualism, the love of bloody adventure, the stoicism, the tenacity in resistance and conflict, and the rigidity of faith. 1953 E. L. Mascall Corpus Christi iii. 79 Liturgism of this kind is simply individualism run riot. 2006 K. Paffenroth Gospel of Living Dead 21 Zombie movies appreciate and mock that uniquely modern and particularly American predilection, fierce individualism, as something that can sometimes temporarily save us in a crisis, but which can also doom us in the long run. b. The principle or theory that individuals should be allowed to act freely and independently in economic and social matters without collective or state interference. Opposed to collectivism, socialism. Cf. laissez-faire n. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > moral philosophy > social ethics > [noun] > individualism and its adherents individualism1840 individualist1846 1840 H. Reeve tr. A. de Tocqueville Democracy in Amer. III. ii. ii. 202 Individualism[Fr. L'Individualisme] is a novel expression, to which a novel idea has given birth... Individualism is a mature and calm feeling, which disposes each member of the community to sever himself from the mass of his fellow-creatures, and to draw apart with his family and friends. 1851 J. S. Mill in Westm. Rev. 56 87 Socialism as long as it attacks the existing individualism, is easily triumphant. 1884 J. Rae Contemp. Socialism 209 Socialism and individualism are merely two contrary general principles, ideals, or methods, which may be employed to regulate the constitution of economical society. 1890 B. F. Westcott in Official Rep. Church Congr. Hull 320 Individualism regards humanity as made up of disconnected or warring atoms. Socialism regards it as an organic whole, a vital unity formed by the combination of contributory members, mutually interdependent. 1941 W. J. Cash Mind of South iii. iii. 387 Their fellow workers..still held fast to absolute individualism and refused to have any part with unionism. 1965 Paedagogica Europaea 1 220 The picture of a broad movement from Individualism to Collectivism..is certainly much over-simplified. 1991 Reason Dec. 35/1 Individualism views the rights of the person as prior to and more important than the collective. 3. a. Individual or distinctive character; individuality; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > [noun] singulerty1414 singularness1530 singularity1583 individuality1614 haecceity1635 thisness1643 individuity1650 individualness1681 singleness1728 individuism1825 individualism1847 inscape1868 the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > [noun] > condition of being an individual suppositality1545 individuation1616 individuality1635 suppositionality1649 individualness1681 individualism1847 1847 Hogg's Weekly Instructor 3 July 303/2 They scorn to step together, doubtless to assert their individualisms. 1854 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 75 66/1 Their ideas of God did not possess that individualism and personality which so remarkably characterised those of the Hebrews. 1858 R. W. Emerson Bks. in Atlantic Monthly Jan. 352/1 A person of commanding individualism will answer it as Rochester does. 1885 Harper's Mag. Mar. 520/2 The individualism which is aimed at by architects. 1967 Life 12 May 114/3 The change in the nature of the family..has had a contradictory effect on a person's sense of individualism. 2008 Irish Independent 28 Nov. 43/1 I love individualism in any shape or form from vintage and highstreet to designer. b. A feature or characteristic that is peculiar to a particular individual; an idiosyncrasy. Usually in plural. Cf. individuality n. 2b. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or restricted in application > [noun] > quality of being particular or not general > quality of being personal > something peculiar to individual individualism1863 1863 Freewill Baptist Q. Jan. 81 By the aid of his wife's tact, his individualisms did not so greatly isolate him from the currents of life around him. 1881 B. F. Westcott & F. J. A. Hort New Test. in Orig. Greek II. Introd. iii. 232 Singular readings which are mere individualisms, so to speak, originating with the scribe or one of his immediate predecessors. 1908 Phrenol. Jrnl. 121 353/1 He is a remarkable man, and great in his individualisms. 1935 C. Brooks Relation Alabama-Georgia Dial. to Provinc. Dial. Great Brit. 58 Wyld has collected a number of variant spellings... Whether or not these changes are to be associated with a particular region or are to be regarded merely as individualisms, Wyld's variants indicate that the changes sometimes occurred in London. 1990 J. Rowland in M. J. Ball et al. Celtic Linguistics iii. 339 They..possibly suggest a single author with certain metrical individualisms is responsible for part of the poetry. 4. Metaphysics and Philosophy. The doctrine or theory that reality is constituted of individual entities with separate and distinct properties, and that any complex entity is merely the sum of its constituent individual parts, possessing no intrinsic properties of its own. Chiefly with preceding adjective. Cf. reductionism n. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > ontology > [noun] > monism > monadism monadology1732 monadism1860 individualism1869 Leibnizianism1874 1869 Jrnl. Speculative Philos. 3 373 In opposition to this entire development, which moves in the sphere of monism, Herbart comes forward with his pluralistic individualism, and in this sense stands related to the former as Leibnitz does to Spinoza. 1877 E. Caird Crit. Acct. Philos. Kant Introd. iv. 71 Is such a more adequate philosophy to be found in the idealistic individualism of Leibnitz? 1922 F. Watson Encycl. & Dict. Educ. II. 860/1 Ancient atomism, mediaeval nominalism, and modern monadism are typical forms of metaphysical individualism. Opposed to it are various forms of monism. 1945 Philos. Sci. 12 143 The philosophic basis offered for all of these [sc. three basic ideals of morality] is a rather uncritical metaphysical individualism. 2002 M. Hollis Philos. Social Sci. (rev ed.) v. 107 The final dispute is..an ontological one, with an ontological individualism, which maintains that there are only particulars, ranged against an ontological holism, which holds out for the real existence of structures. 5. Biology. A type of symbiosis in which the component organisms have become incapable of life outside the product of their relationship, which thus constitutes a morphological unit resembling an organism. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > balance of nature > relationships of organisms > [noun] > symbiosis or mutualism commensalism1870 mutualism1874 mutuality1876 symbiosis1882 messmatism1886 individualism1897 individuation1897 parasymbiosis1897 metabiosis1899 helotism1900 symbiotism1902 specificity1924 1897 A. Schneider in Minnesota Bot. Stud. 1 944 The best known and perhaps the most typical form of complete individualism is represented by the higher lichens. 1913 Mycologia 5 102 It is supposed that the relationship is becoming closer and closer, and that finally it will be so intimate that neither symbiont will be able to live independently. Then will the individualism be perfect. 1999 M. L. Smith in N. A. R. Gow et al. Fungal Colony xii. 283 Studies..support an alternative view of fungal individualism. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1797
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