incumbentn.

Brit.

/ɪnˈkʌmbənt/,

/ɪŋˈkʌmbənt/, U.S.

/ᵻnˈkəmbənt/,

/ᵻŋˈkəmbənt/

Etymology: < Latin incumbent-em: see incumbent adj. The use of the term in senses 1, 2 is peculiar to English, and apparently belongs to a medieval Latin sense of Latin incumbĕre = ‘obtinere, possidere, ut est apud Jurisconsultos’ (Du Cange).

1. The holder of an ecclesiastical benefice.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > benefice > [noun] > one who possesses

possessioner1395

incumbent1425

pensioner1500

possessionarya1533

pensionary1536

pension1544

beneficer1621

beneficiary1641

1425 Rolls Parl. IV. 306/1 As if the Benefice were voide, be dethe of yencumbent of ye same.

1534 Act 26 Hen. VIII c. 3 §17 Any incumbent of any of the dignitees, benefices, or promocions spirituall afore especified.

1573 in J. Raine Wills & Inventories N. Counties Eng. (1835) I. 392 Also I giue to ye Incombent two cowbords a sidbord an almerie.

1641 Rastell's Termes de la Ley (new ed.) (at cited word) Who is..called the Incumbent of that Church, because he doth bend all his study to the discharge of the cure there.

1739 Whitefield in Life & Jrnls. (1756) 147 The Incumbent lent me the Church.

1784 J. Potter Virtuous Villagers II. 137 The present incumbent on the living..is..in a dangerous state of illness.

1818 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) IV. 17 Every parson, vicar, or other incumbent of any ecclesiastical benefice, is enabled to exchange parsonage houses and glebe lands, with the consent of the patron and bishop, for other houses and lands.

1876 ‘G. Eliot’ Daniel Deronda II. iii. xxiv. 123 An incumbent of this diocese.

2. In general sense: The holder of any office.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > holder of office > [noun]

man of officec1300

officerc1380

officec1440

office manc1459

officiate1500

officiary1505

official1555

gerent1576

officiary1587

office-bearer1593

stallera1627

incumbent1672

designator1683

corrector1690

office-holder1818

city manager1909

postholder1961

1672 A. Marvell Rehearsal Transpros'd i. 243 They [kings] are the Incumbents of whole Kingdoms, and the Rectorship of the..People..rests upon them.

1700 J. Astry tr. D. de Saavedra Fajardo Royal Politician II. 21 'Tis necessary besides to settle a competent Salary upon each Office, such as the incumbent may live handsomely upon.

1825 J. Bentham Observ. Mr. Peel's Speech 36 Who is there that does not know, that the value of an office to the incumbent is directly as the emolument, and inversely as the labour?

a1852 D. Webster Wks. (1877) II. 49 We protest against doctrines which regard offices as created for the sake of incumbents.

1884 Law Times 77 1/2 The incumbents, for the time being, of the various coronerships.

1904 W. Osler Aequanimitas v. 82 His son..held the chair for nearly the same length of time, and the remainder of the period has been covered by the occupancy of John Goodsir, and his successor..the present incumbent.

1940 W. Faulkner Hamlet i. iii. 61 They had waited about the store to see what would happen when he arrived who..must have still believed himself the incumbent.

1940 W. Faulkner Hamlet ii. i. 95 The incumbent, the Professor at that time, was an old man.

1966 P. Green tr. R. Escarpit Novel Computer vii. 92 The training division of A.I.M.R. was still at Brive, and boasted a general manager's office; but the incumbent was in fact a low-ranking deputy-manager.

1971 Nature 17 Sept. p. x (advt.) Applications are invited for the Harry Bolus Chair of Botany... It is required that the incumbent should promote work in both experimental and field botany.

1972 Daily Tel. 29 Nov. 8 The victory by Mr James Conway..in a ballot for general secretary of the Engineering Union is being challenged... Mr Conway, the incumbent, received 169,806 votes.

3. One who leans over something.Apparently an isolated use.

ΚΠ

1719 Free-thinker No. 143. 2 Indocile Incumbents over Folios.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

incumbentadj.

Brit.

/ɪnˈkʌmbənt/,

/ɪŋˈkʌmbənt/, U.S.

/ᵻnˈkəmbənt/,

/ᵻŋˈkəmbənt/

Etymology: < Latin incumbent-em, present participle of incumbĕre to lie upon, to lean or press upon, to apply oneself to, etc., < in- (in- prefix³) + cumbĕre to lie: compare cumbent adj.

a. That lies, leans, rests, or presses with its weight upon something else. Const. on.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > high position > position upon > [adjective]

superjacent1578

incumbent1624

insistent1624

incumbing1629

superincumbent1664

insisting1727

overlying1831

riding1859–60

1624 H. Wotton Elements Archit. in Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1672) 61 Two Incumbent Figures gracefully leaning upon it towards one another.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 226 With expanded wings he stears his flight Aloft, incumbent on the dusky Air.

1782 T. Pennant Journey Chester to London 88 His figure..is engraven on the incumbent alabaster slab.

1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 96 The wheel, with its incumbent apparatus, weighs about 20 tons.

1853 E. Bulwer-Lytton My Novel II. v. iv. 19 Rising from his incumbent posture.

1853 J. F. W. Herschel Pop. Lect. Sci. (1873) iv. §18. 156 It goes to add to the weight incumbent on the polar.

figurative.1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall III. xxx. 161 The nations..must have pressed with incumbent weight on the confines of Germany.1851 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire III. xxvi. 212 All support was withdrawn, and the incumbent mass of the conquerors rushed headlong over the bodies of their adversaries.

b. poetic. Of things which lean or hang over something else: also of darkness, breaking waves, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > high position > overhanging > [adjective]

hangingc1330

pendentc1425

beetled1509

bending1567

prependent1592

propendent1593

overwhelming1599

pendulous1608

impendent1611

incumbent1719

imminent1727

impending1730

beetling1744

pensilec1750

pending1756

superincumbent1785

shelvy1811

overbrowing1814

propensive1819

oversailing1833

beetle-browed1842

overhung1845

overhanging1860

overleaning1865

overreaching1890

cantilevered1910

1719 E. Young Paraphr. Job in Wks. (1757) I. 207 Death's in~most chambers didst Thou ever see?..and wade To the black portal thro' th' incumbent shade?

1728 J. Thomson Spring 3 Incumbent o'er the shining Share The Master leans.

1740 W. Somervile Hobbinol 1 209 Like some huge Rock he stands, That breaks th' incumbent Waves.

1810 R. Southey Curse of Kehama xxi. 219 The Ship shot through the incumbent night.

1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake iii. 132 Many a rock..in random ruin piled..frowned incumbent o'er the spot.

2. spec.

a. Physics. Of air, fluid, or other weight, with reference to the downward pressure exerted by it.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > [adjective] > of or relating to pressure > exerting pressure

bearingOE

incumbent1660

gravitating1719

pressive1834

1660 R. Boyle New Exper. Physico-mechanicall ii. 38 The Atmosphere incumbent upon the upper part of the same key or stopple.

1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. I. i. 17 The lower air presses the palm of the hand as much upwards, as the incumbent column presses the back part downwards.

1831 D. Lardner Pneumatics iii. 243 The elasticity of the air which surrounds us is equal to the weight of the incumbent atmosphere.

b. Geology. Overlying and resting (upon); superimposed, superincumbent, as a stratum.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > sedimentary formation > [adjective] > of or belonging to a stratum > superimposed or upper

upper1696

incumbent1789

1789 A. Mills in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 80 79 The whole is incumbent on regular basalt pillars, of various dimensions.

1811 J. Pinkerton Petralogy I. 569 Coal sometimes contains..crystals of calcareous spar, perhaps infiltrated from incumbent limestone.

1839 R. I. Murchison Silurian Syst. i. xxxi. 411 The Lower Ludlow shale or mudstone is as uniformly incumbent on the Wenlock limestone.

1874 C. Lyell Elem. Geol. xiii. 190 The shells of the Incumbent yellow sand of the same territory.

c. Botany. Said of an anther when it lies flat against the inner side of the filament; of cotyledons when the back of one is applied to the radicle.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > [adjective] > having or relating to parts > of or having stamens or pistils > of or having stamens or male > of or having anthers and related parts

incumbent1760

versatile1760

antheral1795

antheriferous1799

monothecal1849

vacillant1860

connectival1866

trajectile1900

monothecous1945

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > seed > [adjective] > of parts > of cotyledon or seed-leaf

tricotyledonous1828

cotyledonar1830

cotyledonous1830

cotyledonal1850

incumbent1851

cotyledonary1854

nursing1861

hypocotyledonary1875

hypocotyledonous1880

syncotyledonous1898

1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. ii. xix. 111 The Antheræ incumbent.

1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 38 Anthers incumbent, with contiguous lobes.

1851 J. H. Balfour Man. Bot. (ed. 2) §601. 288 The cotyledons are applied to each other by their faces, and the radicle is folded on their back, so as to be dorsal, and the cotyledons are incumbent.

1872 D. Oliver Lessons Elem. Bot. (new ed.) ii. 139 Compare. Sisymbrium, with the radicle curved over the back of one of the cotyledons (incumbent).

d. Entomology. Applied to wings which at rest lie horizontally upon the body, as those of most moths.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > Heterocera > [adjective] > of or relating to a moth > of wings: lying horizontally upon body

incumbent1826

1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. IV. 337 Incumbent..wings which when at rest cover the back of the insect.

1856–8 W. Clark tr. J. van der Hoeven Handbk. Zool. I. 321 Wings incumbent.

Categories »

e. Zoology. Of hairs, spines, etc.: Lying along the surface on which they grow.

Categories »

f. Ornithology. Of the hallux or hind toe of a bird: Resting on the ground or other support with its whole length, its insertion being on a level with the anterior toes ( Cent. Dict.).

a. Resting or falling upon a person as a duty or obligation. Const. on, upon, (also †to).

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > duty or obligation > [adjective] > due or owed (of an obligation) > falling upon one as a duty

duec1390

incumbent1567

dutiful1588

behovable1596

1567 in J. Row Hist. Kirk Scotl. (1842) 35 The host of God..shall doe all incumbent to them for the establishing of the true religion.

1637–50 J. Row Hist. Kirk Scotl. (Wodrow Soc.) 344 The first thing incumbent to be done there was to have deposed and excommunicat their Lordships.

1653 O. Cromwell Speech 4 July in Writings & Speeches (1945) (modernized text) III. 56 That there was a duty incumbent upon us.

1713 G. Berkeley Three Dialogues Hylas & Philonous iii. 144 It wou'd still be incumbent on you to shew, those Words were not taken in the vulgar Acceptation.

1851 W. E. Gladstone State Prosecutions Neapolitan Govt. 1 I have come home with a deep sense of the duty incumbent upon me.

1865 Reader 14 Jan. 39/1 Our author thinks that it is the incumbent duty of England to promote emigration to such a country.

†b. Falling as a charge or pecuniary liability.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > charges > [adjective] > falling as a charge

liable1629

incumbent1670

1670 G. Havers tr. G. Leti Il Cardinalismo di Santa Chiesa i. i. 23 As to debts, obligations, and incumbent charges, they speak not a word.

1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. Introd. 4 Defraying the expences incumbent on the whole society.

†c. Resting or vested as a right. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > [adjective] > vested as a right

inherent1628

incumbent1652

1652 Persuasive to Compliance 13 The decision of all controversies lay incumbent in the person of the King onely.

†4. Weighing upon the mind or feelings. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > attention > earnest attention, concentration > [adjective] > requiring serious attention

serious1531

severe1605

incumbent1651

strong1670

solid1700

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxvii. 155 Ambition, and Covetousnesse are Passions..that are perpetually incumbent, and pressing.

1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks II. iv. 29 Even..when the real Objects themselves are absent;..the Forms and Images of Things are no less active and incumbent on the Mind.

†5. Impending, imminent, threatening. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adjective] > imminent, near, or at hand

towardc890

comingOE

at handc1175

hendc1175

short?a1400

likec1425

near present?c1450

hangingc1503

instant?1520

neara1522

approachinga1525

imminent1528

provenient1554

threatened1567

near-threateninga1586

eminent1587

impendenta1592

sudden1597

ensuing1603

dependenta1616

pending1642

incumbent1646

early1655

fast-approaching1671

impendinga1686

incoming1753

pendent1805

proximatea1831

simmering1843

pending1850

invenient1854

looming1855

forthcoming1859

near-term1929

upcoming1959

1646 J. Maxwell Burden of Issachar (1708) II. 295 God's Judgments are incumbent and imminent upon Church and Kingdom.

1682 W. Evats tr. H. Grotius Rights War & Peace 82 When the danger incumbent is past, restitution is to be made, if we are able.

1793 G. Morris in J. Sparks Life G. Morris (1832) II. 383 The proselytes will return to their original sentiments as soon as the incumbent terror is removed.

†6. Bending or applying one's energies to some work; closely occupied with something. Const. on (upon), over, to. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > doing > activity or occupation > [adjective] > busied about or in something

butewarda1300

yerna1400

conversanta1425

incumbent1548

conversant1621

versant1645

versed1654

the world > action or operation > manner of action > care, carefulness, or attention > [adjective] > studiously careful or diligent > of actions

diligentc1430

sedulous1540

incumbent1814

1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Luke xix. 149 a Lowe men spiritually are suche, as are incumbent and dooe rest on filthie or vile and transitory thynges.

1650 J. Bulwer Anthropometamorphosis 78 What she is most incumbent upon, and which she alwayes beholds, are those things which appertain to action and utility.

1668 Earl of Clarendon Vindic. in Tracts (1727) 39 Everybody remembers the multiplicity of business the king was incumbent to at that time.

1814 W. Scott Waverley I. iii. 34 He was losing for ever the opportunity of acquiring habits of firm and incumbent [later edd. assiduous] application.

†a. In occupation of a benefice; holding the position of an incumbent. Const. on. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > benefice > [adjective] > holding

beneficedc1425

beneficial1592

incumbent1604

stalled1630

1604 R. Parsons 3rd Pt. Treat. Conuersions in Treat. Three Conuersions Eng. II. v. 193 He had byn depriued..from a certayne benefice, that he vnjustly..was incumbent vpon.

1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. ii. 80 Parishes..places bounded in regard of the Profits from the people therein, payable onely to a Pastour incumbent there.

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Surrey 83 He was never incumbent on any Living with cure of souls.

b. Occupying or having the tenure of any post or position.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > [adjective] > holding office

office-holding1827

official1833

incumbent1972

1972 Nature 28 Apr. 417/2 The incumbent head of the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy would..expect to have more than an equal say in the appointment of his partner.

1972 Science 22 Sept. 1087/3 The MSU trustees..appointed the Pontiac school's incumbent dean..to be dean of the College of Osteopathic Medicine at MSU.

1973 Sci. Amer. Mar. 43 (advt.) Well beyond buffhood is the incumbent partisan of astronomy's cause at the Kodak Research Laboratories.

Derivatives

inˈcumbently adv. rare in an incumbent manner, after the manner of an incumbent weight.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > types or manners of hindrance > [adverb] > in a cumbersome or burdensome manner

cumbrously1401

burdenously1556

burdensomely1611

incumbently1816

onerously1851

overburdeningly1865

1816 J. Scott Paris Revisited vii. 229 A duty..which presses most incumbently on all those who stand by the wheel that shapes the course of the state.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	incumbent
释义	incumbentn. Brit. /ɪnˈkʌmbənt/, /ɪŋˈkʌmbənt/, U.S. /ᵻnˈkəmbənt/, /ᵻŋˈkəmbənt/ Etymology: < Latin incumbent-em: see incumbent adj. The use of the term in senses 1, 2 is peculiar to English, and apparently belongs to a medieval Latin sense of Latin incumbĕre = ‘obtinere, possidere, ut est apud Jurisconsultos’ (Du Cange). 1. The holder of an ecclesiastical benefice. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > benefice > [noun] > one who possesses possessioner1395 incumbent1425 pensioner1500 possessionarya1533 pensionary1536 pension1544 beneficer1621 beneficiary1641 1425 Rolls Parl. IV. 306/1 As if the Benefice were voide, be dethe of yencumbent of ye same. 1534 Act 26 Hen. VIII c. 3 §17 Any incumbent of any of the dignitees, benefices, or promocions spirituall afore especified. 1573 in J. Raine Wills & Inventories N. Counties Eng. (1835) I. 392 Also I giue to ye Incombent two cowbords a sidbord an almerie. 1641 Rastell's Termes de la Ley (new ed.) (at cited word) Who is..called the Incumbent of that Church, because he doth bend all his study to the discharge of the cure there. 1739 Whitefield in Life & Jrnls. (1756) 147 The Incumbent lent me the Church. 1784 J. Potter Virtuous Villagers II. 137 The present incumbent on the living..is..in a dangerous state of illness. 1818 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) IV. 17 Every parson, vicar, or other incumbent of any ecclesiastical benefice, is enabled to exchange parsonage houses and glebe lands, with the consent of the patron and bishop, for other houses and lands. 1876 ‘G. Eliot’ Daniel Deronda II. iii. xxiv. 123 An incumbent of this diocese. 2. In general sense: The holder of any office. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > holder of office > [noun] man of officec1300 officerc1380 officec1440 office manc1459 officiate1500 officiary1505 official1555 gerent1576 officiary1587 office-bearer1593 stallera1627 incumbent1672 designator1683 corrector1690 office-holder1818 city manager1909 postholder1961 1672 A. Marvell Rehearsal Transpros'd i. 243 They [kings] are the Incumbents of whole Kingdoms, and the Rectorship of the..People..rests upon them. 1700 J. Astry tr. D. de Saavedra Fajardo Royal Politician II. 21 'Tis necessary besides to settle a competent Salary upon each Office, such as the incumbent may live handsomely upon. 1825 J. Bentham Observ. Mr. Peel's Speech 36 Who is there that does not know, that the value of an office to the incumbent is directly as the emolument, and inversely as the labour? a1852 D. Webster Wks. (1877) II. 49 We protest against doctrines which regard offices as created for the sake of incumbents. 1884 Law Times 77 1/2 The incumbents, for the time being, of the various coronerships. 1904 W. Osler Aequanimitas v. 82 His son..held the chair for nearly the same length of time, and the remainder of the period has been covered by the occupancy of John Goodsir, and his successor..the present incumbent. 1940 W. Faulkner Hamlet i. iii. 61 They had waited about the store to see what would happen when he arrived who..must have still believed himself the incumbent. 1940 W. Faulkner Hamlet ii. i. 95 The incumbent, the Professor at that time, was an old man. 1966 P. Green tr. R. Escarpit Novel Computer vii. 92 The training division of A.I.M.R. was still at Brive, and boasted a general manager's office; but the incumbent was in fact a low-ranking deputy-manager. 1971 Nature 17 Sept. p. x (advt.) Applications are invited for the Harry Bolus Chair of Botany... It is required that the incumbent should promote work in both experimental and field botany. 1972 Daily Tel. 29 Nov. 8 The victory by Mr James Conway..in a ballot for general secretary of the Engineering Union is being challenged... Mr Conway, the incumbent, received 169,806 votes. 3. One who leans over something.Apparently an isolated use. ΚΠ 1719 Free-thinker No. 143. 2 Indocile Incumbents over Folios. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022). incumbentadj. Brit. /ɪnˈkʌmbənt/, /ɪŋˈkʌmbənt/, U.S. /ᵻnˈkəmbənt/, /ᵻŋˈkəmbənt/ Etymology: < Latin incumbent-em, present participle of incumbĕre to lie upon, to lean or press upon, to apply oneself to, etc., < in- (in- prefix³) + cumbĕre to lie: compare cumbent adj. 1. a. That lies, leans, rests, or presses with its weight upon something else. Const. on. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > high position > position upon > [adjective] superjacent1578 incumbent1624 insistent1624 incumbing1629 superincumbent1664 insisting1727 overlying1831 riding1859–60 1624 H. Wotton Elements Archit. in Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1672) 61 Two Incumbent Figures gracefully leaning upon it towards one another. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 226 With expanded wings he stears his flight Aloft, incumbent on the dusky Air. View more context for this quotation 1782 T. Pennant Journey Chester to London 88 His figure..is engraven on the incumbent alabaster slab. 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 96 The wheel, with its incumbent apparatus, weighs about 20 tons. 1853 E. Bulwer-Lytton My Novel II. v. iv. 19 Rising from his incumbent posture. 1853 J. F. W. Herschel Pop. Lect. Sci. (1873) iv. §18. 156 It goes to add to the weight incumbent on the polar. figurative.1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall III. xxx. 161 The nations..must have pressed with incumbent weight on the confines of Germany.1851 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire III. xxvi. 212 All support was withdrawn, and the incumbent mass of the conquerors rushed headlong over the bodies of their adversaries. b. poetic. Of things which lean or hang over something else: also of darkness, breaking waves, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > high position > overhanging > [adjective] hangingc1330 pendentc1425 beetled1509 bending1567 prependent1592 propendent1593 overwhelming1599 pendulous1608 impendent1611 incumbent1719 imminent1727 impending1730 beetling1744 pensilec1750 pending1756 superincumbent1785 shelvy1811 overbrowing1814 propensive1819 oversailing1833 beetle-browed1842 overhung1845 overhanging1860 overleaning1865 overreaching1890 cantilevered1910 1719 E. Young Paraphr. Job in Wks. (1757) I. 207 Death's in~most chambers didst Thou ever see?..and wade To the black portal thro' th' incumbent shade? 1728 J. Thomson Spring 3 Incumbent o'er the shining Share The Master leans. 1740 W. Somervile Hobbinol 1 209 Like some huge Rock he stands, That breaks th' incumbent Waves. 1810 R. Southey Curse of Kehama xxi. 219 The Ship shot through the incumbent night. 1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake iii. 132 Many a rock..in random ruin piled..frowned incumbent o'er the spot. 2. spec. a. Physics. Of air, fluid, or other weight, with reference to the downward pressure exerted by it. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > [adjective] > of or relating to pressure > exerting pressure bearingOE incumbent1660 gravitating1719 pressive1834 1660 R. Boyle New Exper. Physico-mechanicall ii. 38 The Atmosphere incumbent upon the upper part of the same key or stopple. 1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. I. i. 17 The lower air presses the palm of the hand as much upwards, as the incumbent column presses the back part downwards. 1831 D. Lardner Pneumatics iii. 243 The elasticity of the air which surrounds us is equal to the weight of the incumbent atmosphere. b. Geology. Overlying and resting (upon); superimposed, superincumbent, as a stratum. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > sedimentary formation > [adjective] > of or belonging to a stratum > superimposed or upper upper1696 incumbent1789 1789 A. Mills in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 80 79 The whole is incumbent on regular basalt pillars, of various dimensions. 1811 J. Pinkerton Petralogy I. 569 Coal sometimes contains..crystals of calcareous spar, perhaps infiltrated from incumbent limestone. 1839 R. I. Murchison Silurian Syst. i. xxxi. 411 The Lower Ludlow shale or mudstone is as uniformly incumbent on the Wenlock limestone. 1874 C. Lyell Elem. Geol. xiii. 190 The shells of the Incumbent yellow sand of the same territory. c. Botany. Said of an anther when it lies flat against the inner side of the filament; of cotyledons when the back of one is applied to the radicle. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > [adjective] > having or relating to parts > of or having stamens or pistils > of or having stamens or male > of or having anthers and related parts incumbent1760 versatile1760 antheral1795 antheriferous1799 monothecal1849 vacillant1860 connectival1866 trajectile1900 monothecous1945 the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > seed > [adjective] > of parts > of cotyledon or seed-leaf tricotyledonous1828 cotyledonar1830 cotyledonous1830 cotyledonal1850 incumbent1851 cotyledonary1854 nursing1861 hypocotyledonary1875 hypocotyledonous1880 syncotyledonous1898 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. ii. xix. 111 The Antheræ incumbent. 1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 38 Anthers incumbent, with contiguous lobes. 1851 J. H. Balfour Man. Bot. (ed. 2) §601. 288 The cotyledons are applied to each other by their faces, and the radicle is folded on their back, so as to be dorsal, and the cotyledons are incumbent. 1872 D. Oliver Lessons Elem. Bot. (new ed.) ii. 139 Compare. Sisymbrium, with the radicle curved over the back of one of the cotyledons (incumbent). d. Entomology. Applied to wings which at rest lie horizontally upon the body, as those of most moths. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > Heterocera > [adjective] > of or relating to a moth > of wings: lying horizontally upon body incumbent1826 1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. IV. 337 Incumbent..wings which when at rest cover the back of the insect. 1856–8 W. Clark tr. J. van der Hoeven Handbk. Zool. I. 321 Wings incumbent. Categories » e. Zoology. Of hairs, spines, etc.: Lying along the surface on which they grow. Categories » f. Ornithology. Of the hallux or hind toe of a bird: Resting on the ground or other support with its whole length, its insertion being on a level with the anterior toes ( Cent. Dict.). 3. a. Resting or falling upon a person as a duty or obligation. Const. on, upon, (also †to). ΘΚΠ society > morality > duty or obligation > [adjective] > due or owed (of an obligation) > falling upon one as a duty duec1390 incumbent1567 dutiful1588 behovable1596 1567 in J. Row Hist. Kirk Scotl. (1842) 35 The host of God..shall doe all incumbent to them for the establishing of the true religion. 1637–50 J. Row Hist. Kirk Scotl. (Wodrow Soc.) 344 The first thing incumbent to be done there was to have deposed and excommunicat their Lordships. 1653 O. Cromwell Speech 4 July in Writings & Speeches (1945) (modernized text) III. 56 That there was a duty incumbent upon us. 1713 G. Berkeley Three Dialogues Hylas & Philonous iii. 144 It wou'd still be incumbent on you to shew, those Words were not taken in the vulgar Acceptation. 1851 W. E. Gladstone State Prosecutions Neapolitan Govt. 1 I have come home with a deep sense of the duty incumbent upon me. 1865 Reader 14 Jan. 39/1 Our author thinks that it is the incumbent duty of England to promote emigration to such a country. †b. Falling as a charge or pecuniary liability. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > charges > [adjective] > falling as a charge liable1629 incumbent1670 1670 G. Havers tr. G. Leti Il Cardinalismo di Santa Chiesa i. i. 23 As to debts, obligations, and incumbent charges, they speak not a word. 1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. Introd. 4 Defraying the expences incumbent on the whole society. View more context for this quotation †c. Resting or vested as a right. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > [adjective] > vested as a right inherent1628 incumbent1652 1652 Persuasive to Compliance 13 The decision of all controversies lay incumbent in the person of the King onely. †4. Weighing upon the mind or feelings. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > attention > earnest attention, concentration > [adjective] > requiring serious attention serious1531 severe1605 incumbent1651 strong1670 solid1700 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxvii. 155 Ambition, and Covetousnesse are Passions..that are perpetually incumbent, and pressing. 1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks II. iv. 29 Even..when the real Objects themselves are absent;..the Forms and Images of Things are no less active and incumbent on the Mind. †5. Impending, imminent, threatening. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adjective] > imminent, near, or at hand towardc890 comingOE at handc1175 hendc1175 hendc1175 short?a1400 likec1425 near present?c1450 hangingc1503 instant?1520 neara1522 approachinga1525 imminent1528 provenient1554 threatened1567 near-threateninga1586 eminent1587 impendenta1592 sudden1597 ensuing1603 dependenta1616 pending1642 incumbent1646 early1655 fast-approaching1671 impendinga1686 incoming1753 pendent1805 proximatea1831 simmering1843 pending1850 invenient1854 looming1855 forthcoming1859 near-term1929 upcoming1959 1646 J. Maxwell Burden of Issachar (1708) II. 295 God's Judgments are incumbent and imminent upon Church and Kingdom. 1682 W. Evats tr. H. Grotius Rights War & Peace 82 When the danger incumbent is past, restitution is to be made, if we are able. 1793 G. Morris in J. Sparks Life G. Morris (1832) II. 383 The proselytes will return to their original sentiments as soon as the incumbent terror is removed. †6. Bending or applying one's energies to some work; closely occupied with something. Const. on (upon), over, to. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > doing > activity or occupation > [adjective] > busied about or in something butewarda1300 yerna1400 conversanta1425 incumbent1548 conversant1621 versant1645 versed1654 the world > action or operation > manner of action > care, carefulness, or attention > [adjective] > studiously careful or diligent > of actions diligentc1430 sedulous1540 incumbent1814 1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Luke xix. 149 a Lowe men spiritually are suche, as are incumbent and dooe rest on filthie or vile and transitory thynges. 1650 J. Bulwer Anthropometamorphosis 78 What she is most incumbent upon, and which she alwayes beholds, are those things which appertain to action and utility. 1668 Earl of Clarendon Vindic. in Tracts (1727) 39 Everybody remembers the multiplicity of business the king was incumbent to at that time. 1814 W. Scott Waverley I. iii. 34 He was losing for ever the opportunity of acquiring habits of firm and incumbent [later edd. assiduous] application. View more context for this quotation 7. †a. In occupation of a benefice; holding the position of an incumbent. Const. on. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > benefice > [adjective] > holding beneficedc1425 beneficial1592 incumbent1604 stalled1630 1604 R. Parsons 3rd Pt. Treat. Conuersions in Treat. Three Conuersions Eng. II. v. 193 He had byn depriued..from a certayne benefice, that he vnjustly..was incumbent vpon. 1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. ii. 80 Parishes..places bounded in regard of the Profits from the people therein, payable onely to a Pastour incumbent there. a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Surrey 83 He was never incumbent on any Living with cure of souls. b. Occupying or having the tenure of any post or position. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > [adjective] > holding office office-holding1827 official1833 incumbent1972 1972 Nature 28 Apr. 417/2 The incumbent head of the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy would..expect to have more than an equal say in the appointment of his partner. 1972 Science 22 Sept. 1087/3 The MSU trustees..appointed the Pontiac school's incumbent dean..to be dean of the College of Osteopathic Medicine at MSU. 1973 Sci. Amer. Mar. 43 (advt.) Well beyond buffhood is the incumbent partisan of astronomy's cause at the Kodak Research Laboratories. Derivatives inˈcumbently adv. rare in an incumbent manner, after the manner of an incumbent weight. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > types or manners of hindrance > [adverb] > in a cumbersome or burdensome manner cumbrously1401 burdenously1556 burdensomely1611 incumbently1816 onerously1851 overburdeningly1865 1816 J. Scott Paris Revisited vii. 229 A duty..which presses most incumbently on all those who stand by the wheel that shapes the course of the state. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1425adj.1548
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