Icelandn.¹

Brit.

/ˈʌɪslənd/, U.S.

/ˈaɪslənd/

Forms: late Middle English Ysland, late Middle English–1600s Iseland, 1500s Iselond, 1500s Yselonde, 1600s Isling, 1600s Izeland, 1600s–1700s Island, 1600s– Iceland.

Origin: A borrowing from Icelandic. Etymons: proper name Iceland, Icelandic Ísland.

Etymology: < Iceland (Old Icelandic, Icelandic Ísland < íss ice n. + land land n.¹), the name of a large island lying on the border of the Arctic Ocean, between Norway and Greenland, and of the country most of whose land area is composed of this island.The place name is found in English contexts from the 13th cent. For some early examples compare:c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11288 Gutlond & Irlond. Orcaneie & Islond.c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 3734 Scotlonde & yslonde & orcadas.1577 W. Harrison Descr. Scotl. xi. 14/1 in R. Holinshed Chron. I Island, which lieth in the colde frosty sea, beyond the Artike circle toward the North pole. With Iceland cloth at sense 1 compare post-classical Latin pannus Islandie, lit. ‘cloth of Iceland’ (1443 in a British source).

Compounds.

1. General attributive. Designating things (esp. articles of trade, animals, minerals) imported from, associated with, or otherwise characteristic of Iceland, as Iceland cloth, Iceland fish, Iceland glass, Iceland pony, Iceland stone, Iceland wool, etc. Cf. Icelandic adj.

ΚΠ

1419 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 56 In v Iselandfish, 17½ d.

c1430 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 60 Iselandfishs.

1541 Will of Joyce Sturgen (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/28) I bequethe..a great Bedd coverlett of Yselonde clothe.

1577 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Islande Brit. iii. xv. f. 114^v/2, in R. Holinshed Chron. I The Hullanders..dyd balase their vessels with these Iselande [1587 Iseland] stones to keepe them from turning ouer in their so daungerous a voyage.

1617 F. Moryson Itinerary iii. iii. 144 Hull a well knowne Citie of trade, lyes vpon the Riuer Humber, where they make great gaine of the Iseland fish, called Stockfish.

1676 J. Worlidge Apiarium i. 3 That fossile Glass we call Island-glass, wherewith Ships are glaz'd.

1747 Scots Mag. Dec. 598/2 His Majesty will grant them an exclusive right for thirty years to the Iceland cod-fishery.

1797 Encycl. Brit. VIII. 373/2 Most kinds of lava found in other volcanic countries are to be met with about Hecla, or other Iceland volcanoes; as..the Iceland agate.

1842 J. Bischoff Comprehensive Hist. Woollen Manuf. II. 191 The last foreign wools I bought were a cargo of Iceland wools.

1864 Times 5 May 2/5 Iceland ponies..do not aspire to oats, but have a great desire for a pottle of hay.

1906 Jrnl. Trans. Victoria Inst. 38 61 Both Henry VIII. and Elizabeth had Iceland fish on their table at least twice a week.

1976 K. Reddick Horses 29 The Iceland pony is descended from stock of Norwegian, Scottish, and, to a lesser extent, Irish origin introduced by early Norse settlers.

2010 ‘Avi’ Crispin xxiii. 153 ‘Please, sir,’ I asked, ‘do you know where I might find Iceland fish?’

†a. Iceland cur n. Obsolete = Iceland dog n. at sense 2b. Also as a term of abuse, esp. in later use (cf. cur n. 1b).

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [noun] > unspecified types > Iceland dog

Iceland cur1533

Iceland dog1576

Iceland shock1638

1533 T. More 2nd Pt. Confut. Tyndals Answere vi. p. ccviii This man..haue his heare of hys vnshavyn crowne..lyke an Iselande curre lette hange ouer hys eyen.

a1549 A. Borde Fyrst Bk. Introd. Knowl. (1870) vi. 147 They wyll sell there Iselond curres.

1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V ii. i. 40 Thou prickeard cur of Iseland.]

a1640 J. Fletcher et al. Queene of Corinth iv. i, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Bbbbbb4/1 Hang haire like Hemp, or like the Isling Curs.

1659 Lady Alimony v. iii. sig. I4 Lies the fault there you Island Curre?

1824 ‘R. Fitz-Eustace’ Brides of Florence iv. i. 125 I will so firk these Iceland curs—I will so break the heads of these jacks-a-lent!

b. Iceland dog n. a small breed of sheepdog of spitz type, used in Iceland as a working dog but now rare; a dog of this breed.In quot. a1616: a term of abuse (see dog n.¹ 5a).

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [noun] > unspecified types > Iceland dog

Iceland cur1533

Iceland dog1576

Iceland shock1638

1576 A. Fleming tr. J. Caius Of Eng. Dogges 37 Iseland, dogges curled & rough al ouer..greatly set by, esteemed, taken vp, and made of.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) ii. i. 38, 39 Pist. Pish for thee, Island dogge.

1780 W. Smellie tr. Comte de Buffon Nat. Hist. Gen. & Particular IV. 38 The Iceland dog is the only one that has not his ears entirely erect; for their extremities are a little inclined.

1856 G. W. Thornbury Art & Nature I. xiii. 308 The pages..played with the lady's pet Iceland dog.

1890 Cent. Mag. Jan. 362/1 As I owe you something for the pleasure, you shall have my Lady Levin's Iceland dog. I am advised that it is for sale.

1904 H. Compton 20th Cent. Dog I. 331 The beautiful Iceland dog Jukul, whose photograph has been kindly placed at my disposal.

1990 L. Millman Last Places (2000) iv. 74 The Iceland dog is one of the rarest dogs in the world.

†c. Iceland shock n. Obsolete = Iceland dog n. at sense 2b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [noun] > unspecified types > Iceland dog

Iceland cur1533

Iceland dog1576

Iceland shock1638

1638 I. Jones & W. Davenant Britannia Triumphans 17 Gentle Shee who hath been bred to stand Neere chaire of Queene with Island shock in hand.

1694 R. L'Estrange Fables (ed. 2) 332 They..live like Izeland~shocks by shewing tricks for bread.

a. Iceland crystal n. now historical = Iceland spar n. at sense 3b. [The early spelling Island crystal apparently led to later reanalysis as showing island n.; compare e.g.:

1812 H. Davy Elements Chem. Philos. 197 A plain surface of island crystal, or rhomboidal carbonate of lime.

]

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > carbonates > [noun] > hexagonal > calcite > varieties

alabasterc1384

agarica1400

alabastrites1582

alabastrite1592

Iceland crystal1673

agaric mineral1728

milk of the moon1728

Iceland spar1771

argentine1795

rock milk1804

slate-spar1804

schieferspar1807

calc-spar1822

wonderstone1824

manganocalcite1852

neotype1854

hislopite1859

aphrite1868

thinolite1879

moonmilk1885

vaterite1913

micrite1959

1673 T. Henshaw Let. 4 Feb. in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1973) IX. 450 He gave me two fine peeces of Island Christall as they call it wch being split any way into great or little peeces they all prove Rhomboides.

?1714 F. Hauksbee Course Mech., Optical, Hydrostatical, & Pneumatic Exper. facing p. 14 (table) Specifick Gravities..Iceland Crystal 2,720.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Crystal In Island Crystal, every Ray,..becomes divided into two, by means of the double Refraction.

1764 Philos. Trans. 1763 (Royal Soc.) 53 98 The property, in Iceland Crystal, of losing its electricity by a moderate heat, was not common to all kinds of it.

1841 H. Lloyd Lect. Wave-theory Light ii. ii. 12 When a ray of solar light is received upon a rhomb of Iceland crystal, in any but one direction, it is always subdivided into two of equal intensity.

1910 E. T. Whittaker Hist. Theories Aether & Electr. i. 28 Huygens made another discovery of capital importance when experimenting with Iceland crystal.

2003 Cambr. Hist. Sci. IV. 365 Double refraction in Iceland crystal was also a problem.

b. Iceland spar n. a transparent variety of calcite, showing strong double refraction.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > carbonates > [noun] > hexagonal > calcite > varieties

alabasterc1384

agarica1400

alabastrites1582

alabastrite1592

Iceland crystal1673

agaric mineral1728

milk of the moon1728

Iceland spar1771

argentine1795

rock milk1804

slate-spar1804

schieferspar1807

calc-spar1822

wonderstone1824

manganocalcite1852

neotype1854

hislopite1859

aphrite1868

thinolite1879

moonmilk1885

vaterite1913

micrite1959

1771 J. Hill Fossils 76 Iceland Spar.

1829 Nat. Philos. (Libr. Useful Knowl.) I. Defract. & Polaris. Light Introd. 1/2 A substance called Iceland spar, calcareous spar, or carbonate of lime.

1880 Nature 26 Feb. 411/2 The object glasses..are doublets with a positive lens of quartz and a negative of Iceland spar.

1940 Times 5 July 3/3 The use of polished blocks of Iceland spar in the domed ceiling of the entrance hall is especially successful, as the lighting effects are very beautiful.

2000 P. Pullman Amber Spyglass (2001) xvii. 238 The clear amber-coloured lacquer had the same curious property as the mineral known as Iceland Spar.

a. Iceland falcon n. a pale form of the gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus, native to Iceland.Formerly regarded as a full species, F. islandicus, or as a subspecies, F. r. islandicus.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Falconiformes (falcons, etc.) > [noun] > family Falconidae > genus Falco (falcon) > falco rusticolus (gyrfalcon)

gyrfalconc1330

gyrkin1539

Iceland falcon1758

Icelander1777

Greenland falcon1784

Labrador falcon1839

1758 tr. N. Horrebow Nat. Hist. Iceland xli. 58 The Iceland falcons are eminently the best of any for sport.

1771 Gentleman's Mag. 46 297/1 The Iceland Falcon..is a noble and stately bird.

1843 W. Yarrell Hist. Brit. Birds I. 27 Those specimens obtained from Iceland were called exclusively Iceland Falcons.

1901 H. H. Slater Man. Birds Iceland 31 The Iceland Falcon is a remarkably handsome bird.

1936 Times 24 Aug. 10/7 The Iceland Falcon builds her eyrie high up in the cliffs and steep slopes of the rocky mountains in the island.

1956 D. A. Bannerman Birds Brit. Isles V. 22 The Iceland falcon was not nearly as uncommon as had been supposed.

2005 P. Taylor Beyond Conservation ix. 160 I gradually became alert to every visitor, from the small and exotic humming bird hawk-moth..or the magnificent Iceland falcon that quartered overhead.

b. Iceland gull n. a pale gull, Larus glaucoides, which breeds in Arctic Canada and Greenland, and overwinters chiefly in Iceland, the British Isles, and North America.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Charadriiformes > family Laridae (gulls and terns) > [noun] > member of genus Larus (gull) > young

coddy-moddy gull1673

scauriea1795

Iceland gull1822

powder puff1850

1822 L. Edmonston in Mem. Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc. 4 181 They [sc. the Shetland fishermen] have distinguished this bird by the name of Iceland Scorie, (or the Young Iceland Gull); Scorie being the general Shetlandic appellation for the young of several species of the gull family.

1843 W. Yarrell Hist. Brit. Birds III. 461 The Iceland Gull sometimes makes its appearance in winter at the mouth of the Elbe.

1885 Zoologist 9 150 The Iceland Gull has occurred at Scilly, but I do not think it can be considered a rare species in this district.

1930 Ibis 6 415 The Iceland Gull apparently fills the same ‘niche’ in Godthaab Fiord as the Herring-Gull..in the British Isles.

1962 D. A. Bannerman Birds Brit. Isles XI. 334 In flight the Iceland gull looks more graceful and has more rapid wing-beats.

2000 Independent 6 Mar. i. 10/7 Uncommon visitors such as Iceland gulls are being seen in flocks, particularly along the Irish and Scottish coasts.

a. Iceland lichen n. = Iceland moss n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > lichen > [noun] > other lichens

cup-moss1597

ground liverwort1597

Usnea1597

perelle1712

oak moss1728

necklace moss1759

rag1759

thrush-lichen1759

Iceland lichen1777

Iceland moss1785

map lichen1796

scripture-wort1835

letter lichen1846

dog lichen1853

fairy cups1855

velvet moss1858

manna lichen1864

tree-hair1866

famine-bread1887

old man's beard1888

sea ivory1966

1777 J. Lightfoot Flora Scotica II. 829 [Lichen islandicus] Eatable Iceland Lichen... Anglis.

1856 Jrnl. Ethnol. Soc. 4 141 The usual bread of the peasantry is made from the poor flour of the Iceland Lichen (Cetraria Islandica).

1947 H. L. Moore in E. J. Simmons USSR ii. 25 Moss, lichens, berries, and low shrubs are the principal types of growth, the Iceland lichen being the primary food of the northern reindeer.

2005 M. Bonta Appalachian Winter 129 I searched for and found many showy colonies of British soldiers' lichen as well as the green-branched Iceland lichen.

b. Iceland sea grass n. rare an edible seaweed, Saccharina (formerly Ulva) latissima (family Laminariaceae); also called sea lettuce.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > algae > seaweed > [noun] > others

manatee grass1696

pepper dulse1724

pipeweed1755

sea-beard1777

Iceland sea grass1809

Porphyra1836

nullipore1840

sea-thread1843

niggerhair1852

lucky minnie's lines1853

marine sauce1866

hijiki1951

1809 B. Parr London Med. Dict. I. 70/2 The ulva umbilicalis affords the lave, and the u. latissima (Iceland sea-grass) is saccharine.

1852 T. Webster et al. Encycl. Domest. Econ. (new ed.) vii. 484 Several of the genus Ulva are likewise edible... Ulva latissima, or Iceland sea-grass, Ulva lactuca also.

1999 A. A. Schoenherr et al. Nat. Hist. Islands Calif. iv. 85 Dried sea lettuce, supposedly rich in vitamins and minerals, is sold under the names Iceland Sea Grass or Green Laver.

c. Iceland poppy n. an Arctic poppy, Papaver nudicaule, originally with white or yellow flowers, now cultivated in numerous colour varieties in gardens and for cut flowers.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > poppy and allied flowers > poppy

poppyeOE

wild poppya1300

red poppya1400

mecop1480

corn-rose1527

field poppy1597

redweed1609

darnel1612

cockrose?1632

canker1640

tell-love1640

rose poppy1648

erratic poppy1661

corn poppy1671

headwark1691

cop-rose1776

headachea1825

thunderbolt1847

thunder-flower1853

Iceland poppy1870

Greenland poppy1882

1870 W. Robinson Alpine Flowers ii. 269 Papaver nudicaule.—Iceland Poppy. A fine dwarf kind, with..large rich yellow flowers on naked stems.

1929 Times 8 June 17/6 The Iceland poppy is quite as lovely as the Welsh poppy and more gentle in its ways.

2004 D. Joyce Best Flowers to Grow & Cut 81/1 Iceland poppies cut well, although the stems need to be sealed, and the flowers give a mesmerizing performance as they shake themselves out.

†6. Iceland beer n. Obsolete rare a fermented liquor made from the sea sandwort, Honckenya (formerly Arenaria) peploides (family Caryophyllaceae), a succulent perennial plant of coastal areas.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > ale or beer > beer > [noun] > other kinds of beer

spruce beerc1500

March beer1535

Lubecks beer1608

zythum1608

household beer1616

bottle1622

mumc1623

old beer1626

six1631

four1633

maize beer1663

mum beer1667

vinegar beer1677

wrest-beer1689

nog1693

October1705

October beer1707

ship-beer1707

butt beer1730

starting beer1735

butt1743

peterman1767

seamen's beer1795

chang1800

treacle beer1806

stock beer1826

Iceland beer1828

East India pale ale1835

India pale ale1837

faro1847

she-oak1848

Bass1849

bitter beer1850

bock1856

treble X1856

Burton1861

nettle beer1864

honey beer1867

pivo1873

Lambic1889

steam beer1898

barley-beer1901

gueuze1926

Kriek1936

best1938

rough1946

keg1949

IPA1953

busaa1967

mbege1972

microbrew1985

microbeer1986

yeast-beer-

1828 S. F. Gray Suppl. Pharmacopœia (ed. 4) i. 115 A. peploides. Herb fermented and made into Iceland beer.

7. Iceland disease n. [after an outbreak of the disorder in Akureyri, northern Iceland in 1948–9] = chronic fatigue syndrome n. at chronic adj. Additions.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of nervous system > [noun] > disorders of brain > inflammation of brain > encephalitis > types of

meningoencephalomyelitis1900

chronic fatigue1908

leucoencephalitis1909

sleeping sickness1918

X disease1918

sleepy sickness1922

western equine encephalitis1933

St. Louis encephalitis1934

Russian encephalitis1940

panencephalitis1950

Murray Valley encephalitis1951

Iceland disease1954

Murray Valley fever1955

myalgic encephalomyelitis1956

ME1982

1954 D. N. White & R. B. Burtch in Neurology 4 506 (title) Iceland Disease: a new infection simulating acute anterior poliomyelitis.

1987 N.Y. Times 28 July c4/2 The clinical symptoms have been described..under such names as epidemic neuromyasthenia, myalgic encephalitis, Iceland disease, Royal Free disease and postviral fatigue syndrome. Outbreaks or epidemics have been reported in eight countries dating back to 1934.

2007 S. R. Lisman & K. Dougherty Chronic Fatigue Syndrome for Dummies i. 65 The typical symptoms of CFS in Iceland even have their own collective name: Iceland disease!

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	iceland
释义	Icelandn.¹ Brit. /ˈʌɪslənd/, U.S. /ˈaɪslənd/ Forms: late Middle English Ysland, late Middle English–1600s Iseland, 1500s Iselond, 1500s Yselonde, 1600s Isling, 1600s Izeland, 1600s–1700s Island, 1600s– Iceland. Origin: A borrowing from Icelandic. Etymons: proper name Iceland, Icelandic Ísland. Etymology: < Iceland (Old Icelandic, Icelandic Ísland < íss ice n. + land land n.¹), the name of a large island lying on the border of the Arctic Ocean, between Norway and Greenland, and of the country most of whose land area is composed of this island.The place name is found in English contexts from the 13th cent. For some early examples compare:c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11288 Gutlond & Irlond. Orcaneie & Islond.c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 3734 Scotlonde & yslonde & orcadas.1577 W. Harrison Descr. Scotl. xi. 14/1 in R. Holinshed Chron. I Island, which lieth in the colde frosty sea, beyond the Artike circle toward the North pole. With Iceland cloth at sense 1 compare post-classical Latin pannus Islandie, lit. ‘cloth of Iceland’ (1443 in a British source). Compounds. 1. General attributive. Designating things (esp. articles of trade, animals, minerals) imported from, associated with, or otherwise characteristic of Iceland, as Iceland cloth, Iceland fish, Iceland glass, Iceland pony, Iceland stone, Iceland wool, etc. Cf. Icelandic adj. ΚΠ 1419 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 56 In v Iselandfish, 17½ d. c1430 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 60 Iselandfishs. 1541 Will of Joyce Sturgen (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/28) I bequethe..a great Bedd coverlett of Yselonde clothe. 1577 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Islande Brit. iii. xv. f. 114^v/2, in R. Holinshed Chron. I The Hullanders..dyd balase their vessels with these Iselande [1587 Iseland] stones to keepe them from turning ouer in their so daungerous a voyage. 1617 F. Moryson Itinerary iii. iii. 144 Hull a well knowne Citie of trade, lyes vpon the Riuer Humber, where they make great gaine of the Iseland fish, called Stockfish. 1676 J. Worlidge Apiarium i. 3 That fossile Glass we call Island-glass, wherewith Ships are glaz'd. 1747 Scots Mag. Dec. 598/2 His Majesty will grant them an exclusive right for thirty years to the Iceland cod-fishery. 1797 Encycl. Brit. VIII. 373/2 Most kinds of lava found in other volcanic countries are to be met with about Hecla, or other Iceland volcanoes; as..the Iceland agate. 1842 J. Bischoff Comprehensive Hist. Woollen Manuf. II. 191 The last foreign wools I bought were a cargo of Iceland wools. 1864 Times 5 May 2/5 Iceland ponies..do not aspire to oats, but have a great desire for a pottle of hay. 1906 Jrnl. Trans. Victoria Inst. 38 61 Both Henry VIII. and Elizabeth had Iceland fish on their table at least twice a week. 1976 K. Reddick Horses 29 The Iceland pony is descended from stock of Norwegian, Scottish, and, to a lesser extent, Irish origin introduced by early Norse settlers. 2010 ‘Avi’ Crispin xxiii. 153 ‘Please, sir,’ I asked, ‘do you know where I might find Iceland fish?’ 2. †a. Iceland cur n. Obsolete = Iceland dog n. at sense 2b. Also as a term of abuse, esp. in later use (cf. cur n. 1b). ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [noun] > unspecified types > Iceland dog Iceland cur1533 Iceland dog1576 Iceland shock1638 1533 T. More 2nd Pt. Confut. Tyndals Answere vi. p. ccviii This man..haue his heare of hys vnshavyn crowne..lyke an Iselande curre lette hange ouer hys eyen. a1549 A. Borde Fyrst Bk. Introd. Knowl. (1870) vi. 147 They wyll sell there Iselond curres. 1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V ii. i. 40 Thou prickeard cur of Iseland.] a1640 J. Fletcher et al. Queene of Corinth iv. i, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Bbbbbb4/1 Hang haire like Hemp, or like the Isling Curs. 1659 Lady Alimony v. iii. sig. I4 Lies the fault there you Island Curre? 1824 ‘R. Fitz-Eustace’ Brides of Florence iv. i. 125 I will so firk these Iceland curs—I will so break the heads of these jacks-a-lent! b. Iceland dog n. a small breed of sheepdog of spitz type, used in Iceland as a working dog but now rare; a dog of this breed.In quot. a1616: a term of abuse (see dog n.¹ 5a). ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [noun] > unspecified types > Iceland dog Iceland cur1533 Iceland dog1576 Iceland shock1638 1576 A. Fleming tr. J. Caius Of Eng. Dogges 37 Iseland, dogges curled & rough al ouer..greatly set by, esteemed, taken vp, and made of. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) ii. i. 38, 39 Pist. Pish for thee, Island dogge. View more context for this quotation 1780 W. Smellie tr. Comte de Buffon Nat. Hist. Gen. & Particular IV. 38 The Iceland dog is the only one that has not his ears entirely erect; for their extremities are a little inclined. 1856 G. W. Thornbury Art & Nature I. xiii. 308 The pages..played with the lady's pet Iceland dog. 1890 Cent. Mag. Jan. 362/1 As I owe you something for the pleasure, you shall have my Lady Levin's Iceland dog. I am advised that it is for sale. 1904 H. Compton 20th Cent. Dog I. 331 The beautiful Iceland dog Jukul, whose photograph has been kindly placed at my disposal. 1990 L. Millman Last Places (2000) iv. 74 The Iceland dog is one of the rarest dogs in the world. †c. Iceland shock n. Obsolete = Iceland dog n. at sense 2b. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [noun] > unspecified types > Iceland dog Iceland cur1533 Iceland dog1576 Iceland shock1638 1638 I. Jones & W. Davenant Britannia Triumphans 17 Gentle Shee who hath been bred to stand Neere chaire of Queene with Island shock in hand. 1694 R. L'Estrange Fables (ed. 2) 332 They..live like Izeland~shocks by shewing tricks for bread. 3. a. Iceland crystal n. now historical = Iceland spar n. at sense 3b. [The early spelling Island crystal apparently led to later reanalysis as showing island n.; compare e.g.: 1812 H. Davy Elements Chem. Philos. 197 A plain surface of island crystal, or rhomboidal carbonate of lime. ] ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > carbonates > [noun] > hexagonal > calcite > varieties alabasterc1384 agarica1400 alabastrites1582 alabastrite1592 Iceland crystal1673 agaric mineral1728 milk of the moon1728 Iceland spar1771 argentine1795 rock milk1804 slate-spar1804 schieferspar1807 calc-spar1822 wonderstone1824 manganocalcite1852 neotype1854 hislopite1859 aphrite1868 thinolite1879 moonmilk1885 vaterite1913 micrite1959 1673 T. Henshaw Let. 4 Feb. in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1973) IX. 450 He gave me two fine peeces of Island Christall as they call it wch being split any way into great or little peeces they all prove Rhomboides. ?1714 F. Hauksbee Course Mech., Optical, Hydrostatical, & Pneumatic Exper. facing p. 14 (table) Specifick Gravities..Iceland Crystal 2,720. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Crystal In Island Crystal, every Ray,..becomes divided into two, by means of the double Refraction. 1764 Philos. Trans. 1763 (Royal Soc.) 53 98 The property, in Iceland Crystal, of losing its electricity by a moderate heat, was not common to all kinds of it. 1841 H. Lloyd Lect. Wave-theory Light ii. ii. 12 When a ray of solar light is received upon a rhomb of Iceland crystal, in any but one direction, it is always subdivided into two of equal intensity. 1910 E. T. Whittaker Hist. Theories Aether & Electr. i. 28 Huygens made another discovery of capital importance when experimenting with Iceland crystal. 2003 Cambr. Hist. Sci. IV. 365 Double refraction in Iceland crystal was also a problem. b. Iceland spar n. a transparent variety of calcite, showing strong double refraction. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > carbonates > [noun] > hexagonal > calcite > varieties alabasterc1384 agarica1400 alabastrites1582 alabastrite1592 Iceland crystal1673 agaric mineral1728 milk of the moon1728 Iceland spar1771 argentine1795 rock milk1804 slate-spar1804 schieferspar1807 calc-spar1822 wonderstone1824 manganocalcite1852 neotype1854 hislopite1859 aphrite1868 thinolite1879 moonmilk1885 vaterite1913 micrite1959 1771 J. Hill Fossils 76 Iceland Spar. 1829 Nat. Philos. (Libr. Useful Knowl.) I. Defract. & Polaris. Light Introd. 1/2 A substance called Iceland spar, calcareous spar, or carbonate of lime. 1880 Nature 26 Feb. 411/2 The object glasses..are doublets with a positive lens of quartz and a negative of Iceland spar. 1940 Times 5 July 3/3 The use of polished blocks of Iceland spar in the domed ceiling of the entrance hall is especially successful, as the lighting effects are very beautiful. 2000 P. Pullman Amber Spyglass (2001) xvii. 238 The clear amber-coloured lacquer had the same curious property as the mineral known as Iceland Spar. 4. a. Iceland falcon n. a pale form of the gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus, native to Iceland.Formerly regarded as a full species, F. islandicus, or as a subspecies, F. r. islandicus. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Falconiformes (falcons, etc.) > [noun] > family Falconidae > genus Falco (falcon) > falco rusticolus (gyrfalcon) gyrfalconc1330 gyrkin1539 Iceland falcon1758 Icelander1777 Greenland falcon1784 Labrador falcon1839 1758 tr. N. Horrebow Nat. Hist. Iceland xli. 58 The Iceland falcons are eminently the best of any for sport. 1771 Gentleman's Mag. 46 297/1 The Iceland Falcon..is a noble and stately bird. 1843 W. Yarrell Hist. Brit. Birds I. 27 Those specimens obtained from Iceland were called exclusively Iceland Falcons. 1901 H. H. Slater Man. Birds Iceland 31 The Iceland Falcon is a remarkably handsome bird. 1936 Times 24 Aug. 10/7 The Iceland Falcon builds her eyrie high up in the cliffs and steep slopes of the rocky mountains in the island. 1956 D. A. Bannerman Birds Brit. Isles V. 22 The Iceland falcon was not nearly as uncommon as had been supposed. 2005 P. Taylor Beyond Conservation ix. 160 I gradually became alert to every visitor, from the small and exotic humming bird hawk-moth..or the magnificent Iceland falcon that quartered overhead. b. Iceland gull n. a pale gull, Larus glaucoides, which breeds in Arctic Canada and Greenland, and overwinters chiefly in Iceland, the British Isles, and North America. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Charadriiformes > family Laridae (gulls and terns) > [noun] > member of genus Larus (gull) > young coddy-moddy gull1673 scauriea1795 Iceland gull1822 powder puff1850 1822 L. Edmonston in Mem. Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc. 4 181 They [sc. the Shetland fishermen] have distinguished this bird by the name of Iceland Scorie, (or the Young Iceland Gull); Scorie being the general Shetlandic appellation for the young of several species of the gull family. 1843 W. Yarrell Hist. Brit. Birds III. 461 The Iceland Gull sometimes makes its appearance in winter at the mouth of the Elbe. 1885 Zoologist 9 150 The Iceland Gull has occurred at Scilly, but I do not think it can be considered a rare species in this district. 1930 Ibis 6 415 The Iceland Gull apparently fills the same ‘niche’ in Godthaab Fiord as the Herring-Gull..in the British Isles. 1962 D. A. Bannerman Birds Brit. Isles XI. 334 In flight the Iceland gull looks more graceful and has more rapid wing-beats. 2000 Independent 6 Mar. i. 10/7 Uncommon visitors such as Iceland gulls are being seen in flocks, particularly along the Irish and Scottish coasts. 5. a. Iceland lichen n. = Iceland moss n. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > lichen > [noun] > other lichens cup-moss1597 ground liverwort1597 Usnea1597 perelle1712 oak moss1728 necklace moss1759 rag1759 thrush-lichen1759 Iceland lichen1777 Iceland moss1785 map lichen1796 scripture-wort1835 letter lichen1846 dog lichen1853 fairy cups1855 velvet moss1858 manna lichen1864 tree-hair1866 famine-bread1887 old man's beard1888 sea ivory1966 1777 J. Lightfoot Flora Scotica II. 829 [Lichen islandicus] Eatable Iceland Lichen... Anglis. 1856 Jrnl. Ethnol. Soc. 4 141 The usual bread of the peasantry is made from the poor flour of the Iceland Lichen (Cetraria Islandica). 1947 H. L. Moore in E. J. Simmons USSR ii. 25 Moss, lichens, berries, and low shrubs are the principal types of growth, the Iceland lichen being the primary food of the northern reindeer. 2005 M. Bonta Appalachian Winter 129 I searched for and found many showy colonies of British soldiers' lichen as well as the green-branched Iceland lichen. b. Iceland sea grass n. rare an edible seaweed, Saccharina (formerly Ulva) latissima (family Laminariaceae); also called sea lettuce. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > algae > seaweed > [noun] > others manatee grass1696 pepper dulse1724 pipeweed1755 sea-beard1777 Iceland sea grass1809 Porphyra1836 nullipore1840 sea-thread1843 niggerhair1852 lucky minnie's lines1853 marine sauce1866 hijiki1951 1809 B. Parr London Med. Dict. I. 70/2 The ulva umbilicalis affords the lave, and the u. latissima (Iceland sea-grass) is saccharine. 1852 T. Webster et al. Encycl. Domest. Econ. (new ed.) vii. 484 Several of the genus Ulva are likewise edible... Ulva latissima, or Iceland sea-grass, Ulva lactuca also. 1999 A. A. Schoenherr et al. Nat. Hist. Islands Calif. iv. 85 Dried sea lettuce, supposedly rich in vitamins and minerals, is sold under the names Iceland Sea Grass or Green Laver. c. Iceland poppy n. an Arctic poppy, Papaver nudicaule, originally with white or yellow flowers, now cultivated in numerous colour varieties in gardens and for cut flowers. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > poppy and allied flowers > poppy poppyeOE wild poppya1300 red poppya1400 mecop1480 corn-rose1527 field poppy1597 redweed1609 darnel1612 cockrose?1632 canker1640 tell-love1640 rose poppy1648 erratic poppy1661 corn poppy1671 headwark1691 cop-rose1776 headachea1825 thunderbolt1847 thunder-flower1853 Iceland poppy1870 Greenland poppy1882 1870 W. Robinson Alpine Flowers ii. 269 Papaver nudicaule.—Iceland Poppy. A fine dwarf kind, with..large rich yellow flowers on naked stems. 1929 Times 8 June 17/6 The Iceland poppy is quite as lovely as the Welsh poppy and more gentle in its ways. 2004 D. Joyce Best Flowers to Grow & Cut 81/1 Iceland poppies cut well, although the stems need to be sealed, and the flowers give a mesmerizing performance as they shake themselves out. †6. Iceland beer n. Obsolete rare a fermented liquor made from the sea sandwort, Honckenya (formerly Arenaria) peploides (family Caryophyllaceae), a succulent perennial plant of coastal areas. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > ale or beer > beer > [noun] > other kinds of beer spruce beerc1500 March beer1535 Lubecks beer1608 zythum1608 household beer1616 bottle1622 mumc1623 old beer1626 six1631 four1633 maize beer1663 mum beer1667 vinegar beer1677 wrest-beer1689 nog1693 October1705 October beer1707 ship-beer1707 butt beer1730 starting beer1735 butt1743 peterman1767 seamen's beer1795 chang1800 treacle beer1806 stock beer1826 Iceland beer1828 East India pale ale1835 India pale ale1837 faro1847 she-oak1848 Bass1849 bitter beer1850 bock1856 treble X1856 Burton1861 nettle beer1864 honey beer1867 pivo1873 Lambic1889 steam beer1898 barley-beer1901 gueuze1926 Kriek1936 best1938 rough1946 keg1949 IPA1953 busaa1967 mbege1972 microbrew1985 microbeer1986 yeast-beer- 1828 S. F. Gray Suppl. Pharmacopœia (ed. 4) i. 115 A. peploides. Herb fermented and made into Iceland beer. 7. Iceland disease n. [after an outbreak of the disorder in Akureyri, northern Iceland in 1948–9] = chronic fatigue syndrome n. at chronic adj. Additions. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of nervous system > [noun] > disorders of brain > inflammation of brain > encephalitis > types of meningoencephalomyelitis1900 chronic fatigue1908 leucoencephalitis1909 sleeping sickness1918 X disease1918 sleepy sickness1922 western equine encephalitis1933 St. Louis encephalitis1934 Russian encephalitis1940 panencephalitis1950 Murray Valley encephalitis1951 Iceland disease1954 Murray Valley fever1955 myalgic encephalomyelitis1956 ME1982 1954 D. N. White & R. B. Burtch in Neurology 4 506 (title) Iceland Disease: a new infection simulating acute anterior poliomyelitis. 1987 N.Y. Times 28 July c4/2 The clinical symptoms have been described..under such names as epidemic neuromyasthenia, myalgic encephalitis, Iceland disease, Royal Free disease and postviral fatigue syndrome. Outbreaks or epidemics have been reported in eight countries dating back to 1934. 2007 S. R. Lisman & K. Dougherty Chronic Fatigue Syndrome for Dummies i. 65 The typical symptoms of CFS in Iceland even have their own collective name: Iceland disease! This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022). icelandn.² Brit. /ˈʌɪslənd/, U.S. /ˈaɪslənd/ Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: ice n., land n.¹ Etymology: < ice n. + land n.¹ A country or region covered with or characterized by the presence of ice (in early use also: an iceberg); (also) a realm of perpetual ice. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > region of the earth > zone or belt > [noun] > in relation to climate or weather conditions > specific temperate zone1556 horse latitudes1777 sunland1827 iceland1842 pole of cold1850 storm-area1853 cloud-belt1860 cloud-ring1860 snow-belt1874 taiga1888 storm-zone1889 storm-belt1891 cold pole1909 icebox1909 1778 Ann. Reg. 1777 87/1 (heading) Observations on the Formation of Ice-lands. 1842 E. Bulwer-Lytton Zanoni iv. x An oasis in the desert, a summer in the iceland. 1889 Mag. Amer. Hist. 21 217 Mackenzie had excluded from the unprofitable search another vast extent of that iceland. 1904 Independent 15 Sept. 598/1 The finding of gold in the Klondike region of Alaska has hastened the mineralogical exploration of the ice-lands. 1996 Courier-Mail (Brisbane) (Nexis) 12 Oct. (Weekend section) 14 Cruises include a 15-day..expedition to the icelands below South America in the polar cruise ship Alla Tarasova. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹1419n.²1778
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Icelandn.1

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Icelandn.¹

icelandn.²