hybridizationn.

Etymology: < hybridize v. + -ation suffix.Previous versions of the OED give the stress as: ˌhybridiˈzation.

a. The formation of hybrids; cross-breeding between parents of different species.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > heredity or hereditary descent > [noun] > cross-breeding or hybridism

nick1824

crossing1851

hybridization1851

hybridism1854

intercrossing1859

hybridation1879

outcrossing1890

paragenesis1890

outbreeding1901

back-crossing1904

vicinism1905

monohybridism1907

cross-breeding1932

1851 Official Descriptive & Illustr. Catal. Great Exhib. I. 205 In the hybridization of plants experiments are always of much interest.

1883 G. Allen in Longman's Mag. July 314 The possibility of fertile hybridisation in such a manner shows that the plants have not long diverged from the common central stock.

b. Geology. The formation of a hybrid rock.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > metamorphism > [noun] > others

flintifying1799

anthracitization1875

marmarosis1882

granitization1893

marmorosis1909

amphibolitization1918

hybridization1926

hornfelsing1930

amphibolization1932

diaphthoresis1932

metagenetic1963

rodingitization1971

1926 G. W. Tyrrell Princ. Petrol. ii. 31 There is a good deal of commingling of the magmas, with enclosure of fragments and hybridisation, along the interior contacts.

1968 B. Bayly Introd. Petrol. ix. 100 At the interface between a magma and a solid rock, the possibility of inter~penetration exists... Where the environment is solidified magma from an earlier stage of the same magmatic event, the process is called hybridization; when, as is more common, the environment is some independent solid, the process is contamination.

c. Physical Chemistry. The mathematical combination of atomic orbitals to form a hybrid orbital.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > physical chemistry > other processes > [noun] > hybridization

hybridization1932

1932 Physical Rev. 40 1037 sp³ hybridization is encountered only when the repulsions between the four electrons of the H atoms are included.

1962 P. J. Durrant & B. Durrant Introd. Adv. Inorg. Chem. v. 145 Table 5.1 shows some of the valence states of atoms which can be produced by the hybridisation of atomic orbitals.

1968 K. F. Reid Prop. & React. Bonds in Org. Molecules iii. 43 The second kind of hybridized orbital, termed the trigonal hybrid, arises through the hybridization of one s and two p A[tomic] O[rbital]s.

d. Biochemistry. The formation of a hybrid macromolecule by artificially recombining complementary subunits (single polynucleotide strands in the case of nucleic acids and individual polypeptide chains in the case of proteins) obtained from slightly different varieties of the same molecular species or (in the case of RNA-DNA hybrids) of similar molecular species.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > laboratory analysis > processes > [noun] > genetic techniques

selection1837

runting1893

sex control1898

progeny test1910

insemination1923

progeny-testing1926

transformation1928

translation1955

hybridization1959

transcription1961

reverse transcription1970

1959 Biochem. Human Genetics: Ciba Found. Symp. 123 Vinograd, Schroeder and Hutchinson (1959) have shown by an ingenious ‘hybridization’ experiment involving haemoglobin labelled with ¹⁴C that the α chains of haemoglobins A and S are interchangeable and therefore similar.

1962 Science 21 Dec. 1329/1 It is perhaps not surprising that s-RNA is resistant to hybridization since x-ray analysis..suggests that s-RNA is a hairpin structure kept together by a highly regular system of hydrogen bonding. Until this secondary structure is disrupted there is no opportunity for pairing between s-RNA molecules and complementary sequences in the DNA.

1965 Jrnl. Molecular Biol. 12 830 Hybridization in solution has one obvious disadvantage, stemming from the fact that RNA-DNA formation must compete with the re-formation of the DNA-DNA complexes.

1966 H. Lehmann & R. G. Huntsman Man's Haemoglobins xxi. 224 (heading) Hybridisation of abnormal human haemoglobin variants.

1968 W. A. Schroeder Primary Struct. Proteins Index 206/1 Hybridization of ribonuclease.

1972 Arch. Biochem. & Biophysics 150 407 (title) Hybridization of rabbit muscle and liver phosphofructokinases.

1972 W. V. Brown Textbk. Cytogenetics ii. 13/1 The biochemical techniques of nucleic acid hybridization, either DNA-DNA or RNA-DNA.., have recently been providing new and unexpected understanding about the DNA sequences in the nucleus.

e. Cytology. The fusion, by artificial means or in artificial cultures, of two somatic cells of different karyotypes to form a hybrid cell containing the nuclear material of both.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > laboratory analysis > processes > [noun] > others

inoculation1802

plethysmography1890

auxanography1905

subpassage1907

ultrafiltration1908

enucleation1909

turbidimetry1920

microinjection1921

post-treatment1923

microincineration1924

plasmal reaction1925

bursectomy1928

priming1943

superinfection1947

bioengineering1950

superfusion1953

hybridization1961

sham operation1963

transfection1964

transdetermination1965

perifusion1969

zeugmatography1973

1961 Nature 13 May 653/2 (heading) Karyological demonstration of hybridization of mammalian cells in vitro.

1965 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 53 1040 Hybridization of somatic cells in vitro..has since been shown to occur in mixed cultures of many different pairs of cultured mouse cells.

1970 Nature 18 Apr. 280/2 Somatic cell hybridization is a potentially useful technique for the introduction of genetic variability into plant species.

1970 McGraw-Hill Yearbk. Sci. & Technol. 214/2 Whereas these first experiments involved two closely related transformed mouse cell lines,..somatic hybridization can occur between cells derived from different species, such as mouse and man.

2. figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being mixed or blended > [noun] > action or fact of mixing > of incongruous elements

bastardization1650

mongrelization1868

hybridization1960

1960 E. R. Goodman in J. A. Fishman Readings Sociol. of Lang. (1968) 733 One should add that the idea of ‘hybridization’ or fusion of languages, which Stalin continued to use, was Marrist in origin.

1964 M. McLuhan Understanding Media v. 48 The crossings or hybridizations of the media release great new force and energy as by fission or fusion.

1971 Farmer & Stockbreeder 23 Feb. 3/1 We shall be the old Stockbreeder Redivivus: not dead, not reborn, just rejuvenated. Or, if you prefer it, reinvigorated by hybridization; for we join forces with the British Farmer, the journal of the NFU.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1899; most recently modified version published online June 2019).

单词	hybridization
释义	hybridizationn. Etymology: < hybridize v. + -ation suffix.Previous versions of the OED give the stress as: ˌhybridiˈzation. 1. a. The formation of hybrids; cross-breeding between parents of different species. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > heredity or hereditary descent > [noun] > cross-breeding or hybridism nick1824 crossing1851 hybridization1851 hybridism1854 intercrossing1859 hybridation1879 outcrossing1890 paragenesis1890 outbreeding1901 back-crossing1904 vicinism1905 monohybridism1907 cross-breeding1932 1851 Official Descriptive & Illustr. Catal. Great Exhib. I. 205 In the hybridization of plants experiments are always of much interest. 1883 G. Allen in Longman's Mag. July 314 The possibility of fertile hybridisation in such a manner shows that the plants have not long diverged from the common central stock. b. Geology. The formation of a hybrid rock. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > metamorphism > [noun] > others flintifying1799 anthracitization1875 marmarosis1882 granitization1893 marmorosis1909 amphibolitization1918 hybridization1926 hornfelsing1930 amphibolization1932 diaphthoresis1932 metagenetic1963 rodingitization1971 1926 G. W. Tyrrell Princ. Petrol. ii. 31 There is a good deal of commingling of the magmas, with enclosure of fragments and hybridisation, along the interior contacts. 1968 B. Bayly Introd. Petrol. ix. 100 At the interface between a magma and a solid rock, the possibility of inter~penetration exists... Where the environment is solidified magma from an earlier stage of the same magmatic event, the process is called hybridization; when, as is more common, the environment is some independent solid, the process is contamination. c. Physical Chemistry. The mathematical combination of atomic orbitals to form a hybrid orbital. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > physical chemistry > other processes > [noun] > hybridization hybridization1932 1932 Physical Rev. 40 1037 sp³ hybridization is encountered only when the repulsions between the four electrons of the H atoms are included. 1962 P. J. Durrant & B. Durrant Introd. Adv. Inorg. Chem. v. 145 Table 5.1 shows some of the valence states of atoms which can be produced by the hybridisation of atomic orbitals. 1968 K. F. Reid Prop. & React. Bonds in Org. Molecules iii. 43 The second kind of hybridized orbital, termed the trigonal hybrid, arises through the hybridization of one s and two p A[tomic] O[rbital]s. d. Biochemistry. The formation of a hybrid macromolecule by artificially recombining complementary subunits (single polynucleotide strands in the case of nucleic acids and individual polypeptide chains in the case of proteins) obtained from slightly different varieties of the same molecular species or (in the case of RNA-DNA hybrids) of similar molecular species. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > laboratory analysis > processes > [noun] > genetic techniques selection1837 runting1893 sex control1898 progeny test1910 insemination1923 progeny-testing1926 transformation1928 translation1955 hybridization1959 transcription1961 reverse transcription1970 1959 Biochem. Human Genetics: Ciba Found. Symp. 123 Vinograd, Schroeder and Hutchinson (1959) have shown by an ingenious ‘hybridization’ experiment involving haemoglobin labelled with ¹⁴C that the α chains of haemoglobins A and S are interchangeable and therefore similar. 1962 Science 21 Dec. 1329/1 It is perhaps not surprising that s-RNA is resistant to hybridization since x-ray analysis..suggests that s-RNA is a hairpin structure kept together by a highly regular system of hydrogen bonding. Until this secondary structure is disrupted there is no opportunity for pairing between s-RNA molecules and complementary sequences in the DNA. 1965 Jrnl. Molecular Biol. 12 830 Hybridization in solution has one obvious disadvantage, stemming from the fact that RNA-DNA formation must compete with the re-formation of the DNA-DNA complexes. 1966 H. Lehmann & R. G. Huntsman Man's Haemoglobins xxi. 224 (heading) Hybridisation of abnormal human haemoglobin variants. 1968 W. A. Schroeder Primary Struct. Proteins Index 206/1 Hybridization of ribonuclease. 1972 Arch. Biochem. & Biophysics 150 407 (title) Hybridization of rabbit muscle and liver phosphofructokinases. 1972 W. V. Brown Textbk. Cytogenetics ii. 13/1 The biochemical techniques of nucleic acid hybridization, either DNA-DNA or RNA-DNA.., have recently been providing new and unexpected understanding about the DNA sequences in the nucleus. e. Cytology. The fusion, by artificial means or in artificial cultures, of two somatic cells of different karyotypes to form a hybrid cell containing the nuclear material of both. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > laboratory analysis > processes > [noun] > others inoculation1802 plethysmography1890 auxanography1905 subpassage1907 ultrafiltration1908 enucleation1909 turbidimetry1920 microinjection1921 post-treatment1923 microincineration1924 plasmal reaction1925 bursectomy1928 priming1943 superinfection1947 bioengineering1950 superfusion1953 hybridization1961 sham operation1963 transfection1964 transdetermination1965 perifusion1969 zeugmatography1973 1961 Nature 13 May 653/2 (heading) Karyological demonstration of hybridization of mammalian cells in vitro. 1965 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 53 1040 Hybridization of somatic cells in vitro..has since been shown to occur in mixed cultures of many different pairs of cultured mouse cells. 1970 Nature 18 Apr. 280/2 Somatic cell hybridization is a potentially useful technique for the introduction of genetic variability into plant species. 1970 McGraw-Hill Yearbk. Sci. & Technol. 214/2 Whereas these first experiments involved two closely related transformed mouse cell lines,..somatic hybridization can occur between cells derived from different species, such as mouse and man. 2. figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being mixed or blended > [noun] > action or fact of mixing > of incongruous elements bastardization1650 mongrelization1868 hybridization1960 1960 E. R. Goodman in J. A. Fishman Readings Sociol. of Lang. (1968) 733 One should add that the idea of ‘hybridization’ or fusion of languages, which Stalin continued to use, was Marrist in origin. 1964 M. McLuhan Understanding Media v. 48 The crossings or hybridizations of the media release great new force and energy as by fission or fusion. 1971 Farmer & Stockbreeder 23 Feb. 3/1 We shall be the old Stockbreeder Redivivus: not dead, not reborn, just rejuvenated. Or, if you prefer it, reinvigorated by hybridization; for we join forces with the British Farmer, the journal of the NFU. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1899; most recently modified version published online June 2019). < n.1851
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