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单词 humanism
释义

humanismn.

Brit. /ˈhjuːmənɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ˈhjuməˌnɪz(ə)m/
Forms: see human adj. and -ism suffix.
Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: human adj., -ism suffix.
Etymology: < human adj. + -ism suffix, in later uses after humanist n. In senses 3a and 3b after German Humanismus literary learning (1808), intellectual movement of the Renaissance (1847 or earlier), philosophy centring on the human (1848 or earlier). Compare French humanisme love of humankind (1765 in an apparently isolated attestation), philosophy centring on the human (1846, rare), intellectual movement of the Renaissance (1877). Compare earlier humanity n.
1. Probably: the pursuit of human or earthly interests to the exclusion of moral or religious considerations (personified in quot.). Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
1618 Owles Almanacke (new ed.) 12 Then came posting in (on a pibald Cut,) Simony (see money) Bribery, Humanisme, Malice, all the whelps of Acheron, all the weedes of the infernall banks, with pale-fac'd Incontinence, and giddy-braind Intemperance, the two swiftest coach-horses of hell.
2. Theology. The doctrine that Christ's nature was human only and not divine; = humanitarianism n. 1. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > aspects of faith > doctrine > doctrine concerning the Trinity > [noun] > concerning Christ, the Son > humanitarianism
humanism1790
humanitarianism?1792
psilanthropisma1811
psilanthropy1821
1790 J. E. Hamilton Strictures upon Primitive Christianity I. Pref. 50 About the middle of the third century, there sprung up another hersy, which I shall distinguish by the name of Humanism... Their sentiment was, that Jesus was a mere man, without any participation at all of Deity.
1795 T. Howes Crit. Observ. on Bks. Antient & Mod. No. X. 30 It is really wonderful that defenders of Humanism are so careless concerning the truth of the principles and facts, from which they draw conclusions.
a1834 S. T. Coleridge Lit. Remains (1836) I. 377 A man who has passed from orthodoxy to the loosest Arminianism, and thence to Arianism, and thence to direct Humanism.
2003 G. J. Dorrien Making of Amer. Liberal Theol. II. iii. 158 The answer struck his conservative critics as mere Ebionism or even modern humanism.
3.
a. Literary learning or culture; devotion to or expertise in the humanities, esp. classical scholarship.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > [noun] > literary learning or culture
literaturec1450
humanism1836
1836 W. Hamilton in Edinb. Rev. Jan. 421 (note) Die Gelehrten Schulen, etc., i.e. Learned Schools, according to the principles of a genuine humanism [Ger. Humanismus].
1877 J. E. Carpenter tr. C. P. Tiele Outl. Hist. Relig. 91 Greek humanism and Greek philosophy.
1882 M. Arnold in 19th Cent. Aug. 220 We talk of knowing Greek and Roman antiquity..which is what people have called humanism.
1937 Trans. & Proc. Amer. Philol. Assoc. 68 p. xxxv His idea of humanism was to memorize Latin authors.
1981 J. H. Schaar Legitimacy in Mod. State (1989) xvi. 332 Germany, the country which claimed, with much justification, to draw its cultural inspiration equally from the fountains of classical humanism and modern science.
1998 L. Rostenberg & M. Stern Old Books, Rare Friends 163 To us E. P. Goldschmidt, of 45 Old Bond Street, was the apex of learning, the nonpareil of booksellers, the patron saint of humanism.
b. Frequently with capital initial. A European intellectual movement or climate of thought from the 14th to the 16th cent., which was characterized in scholarship by attentiveness to classical Latin (and later Greek), in neo-Latin and vernacular literature by the creative imitation of ancient texts, in education and public life by the promotion of some or all of the wide range of cultural ideals which these texts were supposed to transmit, and in the fine and applied arts by creative response to Roman and Greek artefacts or principles. Cf. humanist n. 1b, Renaissance humanism n. at Renaissance n. Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > humanistic studies > [noun] > specifically in Renaissance
the new learning?1533
humanism1885
1849 Mrs. G. Horrocks tr. W. Menzel Hist. Germany II. xvi. 224 The empire..was inundated with works for and against the Humanists... Humanism was greatly promoted by the foundation of the university at Wittenberg.
1885 J. A. Symonds in Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 709/2 Petrarch..was even less eminent as an Italian poet than as the founder of Humanism, the inaugurator of the Renaissance in Italy.
1885 Academy 5 Sept. 144/1 The humanism of Erasmus and More, once planted in England, grew there as it did abroad.
1920 Mod. Lang. Rev. 15 432 The historical importance of Gawain Douglas lies in his transitional character, mediaevalism behind, humanism before.
1955 H. Baron Crisis Early Ital. Renaissance iii. xv. 297 The civic traditions kept alive by Cino Rinuccini have proved to play a part in the growth of Florentine Humanism.
2006 D. R. Kelley Frontiers of Hist. i. 31 German historians continued to promote the national-imperial ideal over the false universalism of Humanism and Enlightenment.
4. Sympathetic concern with human needs, interests, and welfare; humaneness; = humanity n. 1a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > [noun] > quality or state of being human
mannishnesseOE
mannishlaikc1175
manhoodc1225
manheadc1230
manliheada1325
humanitya1425
human condition?1566
humanness1694
humanism1836
humanhood1847
human situation1878
humanitas1896
being-with1956
society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun]
philanthropia1608
philanthropy1623
philanthropism1835
humanism1836
Samaritanism1843
humanitarianism1850
humanitas1944
1836 H. Smith Tin Trumpet II. 28 More consonant..to truth, as well as to an enlightened spirit of humanism.
1850 W. E. Gladstone Homer II. 242 The Homeric Mercury..exceeds in humanism..the other Olympian gods.
1875 R. Browning Aristophanes' Apol. 119 With kindly humanism they countenanced Our emulation of divine escapes Through sense and soul.
1888 Amer. Anthropologist 1 12 According as he [sc. man] raises his intellectual and moral nature to the levels of a higher and higher humanism.
1971 B. Sidran Black Talk v. 148 The downfall of the racist doctrines of the Muslims through Malcolm X's enlightenment in Mecca served to prove that ‘inner strength’ is closely associated with an antiracist humanism.
2003 Wanderlust Apr.–May 96/1 Moran manages to tell such tales of Conradian horror with a touch of comedy and humanism, which alleviated my own stomach-churnings.
5.
a. Any system of thought or ideology which places humans, or humanity as a whole, at its centre, esp. one which is predominantly concerned with human interests and welfare, and stresses the inherent value and potential of human life. In early use frequently with reference to humanitarian religions (cf. humanitarian adj. 3).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > pragmatism > [noun] > humanism
humanism1848
1848 Q. Rev. Dec. 204 A later variety, led onward by the rigorous deductions of Stirner, have rejected even the religion of Humanism as a sort of priestcraft... Time only can disclose the political idea into which the philosophy of Humanism will resolve itself in Germany.
1853 Harper's Mag. Sept. 571/1 In the course of German Philosophy the Kantian Philosophy was explained as a system of restricted liberty,..and Humanism, as realizing the principle and system of human liberty in religion, society, and state.
1876 W. E. Gladstone in Contemp. Rev. June 25 Comtism or Positivism, or, as it might be called, Humanism.
1883 A. Barratt Physical Metempiric 128 Altruism..overshadows the Egoism on which rests the morality of individual men, and already shows occasional symptoms of fading into a higher Humanism.
1887 Spectator 25 June 853/1 All sections of the religious world, from the strictest Roman Catholicism to the nakedest humanism.
1939 Fortune Nov. 114/3 They taught an antinationalist humanism which believed that Germany should be receptive to ideas from every country and that true unity lies in infinite variety.
1969 K. Kaunda Towards Compl. Independence 43 Our philosophy of Humanism stresses above all the importance of man as an individual.
1996 New Statesman 26 July 46/2 He [sc. R. D. Laing] was like a lightning rod for the key ideas of his time, combining Sartre, Jung and Gregory Bateson into a perfect model of Rousseauian humanism for the counter-culture of the 1960s.
2000 H. Willmer in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 247/1 The realpolitik of Machiavelli, the strict moralism of Kant, and Nietzsche's anti-Christian humanism of strength variously belittled forgiveness.
b. spec. Frequently with capital initial. A variety of ethical theory and practice characterized by a stress on human rationality and capacity for free thought and moral action, and a rejection of theistic religion and the supernatural in favour of secular and naturalistic views of humanity and the universe.From the earliest appearances of sense 5a, an increasingly strong relationship developed between its general principles and rationalistic and secularist thought (see quots. 1853, 1870 in the current sense). The sense of a distinctive ideology characterized by this kind of thought becomes clearly visible by the mid 20th cent.religious, scientific, secular humanism, etc.: see first element.
ΚΠ
1853 T. Pearson Infidelity ii. iii. 378 Feuerbach, and Grün, who are of the extreme left Hegelian party, are the great teachers of humanism—a system which finds everything in man, which ignores all motive power but the human will, and which is as intolerant of the existence of religion as of private property.
1870 G. J. Holyoake Princ. Secularism Illustr. xi. 28 The leading ideas of Secularism are humanism, moralism, materialism, utilitarian unity.]
1929 N.Y. Times 30 Sept. 28/1 The task before Humanism is to release man's soul from bondage to the fear of God.
1945 E. A. Burtt in Humanist 5 iii. 108 It may seem presumptuous, if not paradoxical, to suggest that a movement claiming the name ‘humanism’, and emphasizing rational comprehension as the foundation of every good achievement, might fail lamentably in its understanding of man.
1966 C. H. D. Clark Scientist & Supernatural v. 174 Humanism glorifies science without telling us how the laws of science arose nor how they are to save us from our innate selfishness.
1993 Humanist in Canada Winter 28/2 A rising crescendo of postmodernist voices today rail against reason and science and attack a Humanism of freedom and autonomy; and they herald instead subjectivity and a new failure of nerve.
2004 S. Blackburn in B. Rogers Is Nothing Sacred? x. 128 One of the challenges facing humanism is to convince people that things can be worthy of awe and reverence, without being holy and blessed.
6. Philosophy. F. C. S. Schiller's term for: = pragmatism n. 4a. rare (now historical).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > pragmatism > [noun] > humanism > of Schiller and James
humanism1903
1903 F. C. S. Schiller Humanism p. xvi I propose..to convert to the use of philosophic terminology a word which has long been famed in history and literature, and to denominate Humanism the attitude of thought which I know to be habitual in William James and in myself.
1904 W. James Coll. Ess. & Rev. (1920) xxxii. 450Humanism’ is perhaps too ‘whole-hearted’ for the use of philosophers, who are a bloodless breed; but, save for that objection, one might back it, for it expresses the essence of the new way of thought, which is, that it is impossible to strip the human element out from even our most abstract theorizing.
1930 Jrnl. Philos. 27 439 Surrendering his old term ‘humanism’ in favour of ‘voluntarism’, thus to mark more sharply the contrast to intellectualistic logics, F. C. S. Schiller announces his Logic for Use as a constructive sequel to its destructive predecessor, Formal Logic.
1991 Philos. Perspectives 5 243 He [sc. William James] sometimes calls his pragmatism a version of Schiller's humanism.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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