helotismn.

/ˈhɛlətɪz(ə)m/

/ˈhiːlətɪz(ə)m/

Etymology: Formed as helotage n. + -ism suffix.

1. The condition of a Helot or helot; the system of serfage which prevailed in Sparta; a system under which a class of the community are treated as a permanently inferior order.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > serfdom > [noun] > system of in ancient Sparta

helotism1823

helotry1829

helotage1834

1823 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 14 533 Lamenting over the Helotism of Ireland.

1845 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation i. iii. 110 Providing..for the exaltation of a few individuals by the irremediable helotism of the great majority.

1846 G. Grote Hist. Greece II. ii. vii. 579 The subsequent state of Helotism into which they were reduced.

2. Biology. [ < Swedish helotisme (E. Warming Plantesamfund (1895) ii. iv. 85), probably after German helotenthum (S. Schwendener Die Algentypen der Flechtengonidien (1869) 4).] A form of symbiosis in which one organism makes use of another as if it were a slave, by causing it to function to its own advantage; used esp. of the relationship of the fungus and alga in a lichen by those who regard it as neither mutualism nor parasitism.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > balance of nature > relationships of organisms > [noun] > symbiosis or mutualism

commensalism1870

mutualism1874

mutuality1876

symbiosis1882

messmatism1886

individualism1897

individuation1897

parasymbiosis1897

metabiosis1899

helotism1900

symbiotism1902

specificity1924

1900 B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms 119/2 Helotism, Warming's term for the relation of the symbionts in the Lichen thallus.

1909 E. Warming et al. Oecol. Plants 85 The symbiosis between lichen-fungi and algae is obviously most correctly interpreted as helotism.

1932 G. D. Fuller & H. S. Conard tr. J. Braun-Blanquet Plant Sociol. i. 6 The original individualities of fungus and alga are lost and merged in a new and more aggressive organism, so that the term helotism does not seem any more fortunate than the term mutual parasitism.

1962 C. J. Alexopoulos Introd. Mycol. (ed. 2) xxii. 539 Botanists of a middle-of-the-road group..state that the fungus holds the alga imprisoned in a state of slavery, helotism being the word used, thus granting that the fungus has the upper hand.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online June 2018).

单词	helotism
释义	helotismn. /ˈhɛlətɪz(ə)m//ˈhiːlətɪz(ə)m/ Etymology: Formed as helotage n. + -ism suffix. 1. The condition of a Helot or helot; the system of serfage which prevailed in Sparta; a system under which a class of the community are treated as a permanently inferior order. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > serfdom > [noun] > system of in ancient Sparta helotism1823 helotry1829 helotage1834 1823 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 14 533 Lamenting over the Helotism of Ireland. 1845 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation i. iii. 110 Providing..for the exaltation of a few individuals by the irremediable helotism of the great majority. 1846 G. Grote Hist. Greece II. ii. vii. 579 The subsequent state of Helotism into which they were reduced. 2. Biology. [ < Swedish helotisme (E. Warming Plantesamfund (1895) ii. iv. 85), probably after German helotenthum (S. Schwendener Die Algentypen der Flechtengonidien (1869) 4).] A form of symbiosis in which one organism makes use of another as if it were a slave, by causing it to function to its own advantage; used esp. of the relationship of the fungus and alga in a lichen by those who regard it as neither mutualism nor parasitism. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > balance of nature > relationships of organisms > [noun] > symbiosis or mutualism commensalism1870 mutualism1874 mutuality1876 symbiosis1882 messmatism1886 individualism1897 individuation1897 parasymbiosis1897 metabiosis1899 helotism1900 symbiotism1902 specificity1924 1900 B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms 119/2 Helotism, Warming's term for the relation of the symbionts in the Lichen thallus. 1909 E. Warming et al. Oecol. Plants 85 The symbiosis between lichen-fungi and algae is obviously most correctly interpreted as helotism. 1932 G. D. Fuller & H. S. Conard tr. J. Braun-Blanquet Plant Sociol. i. 6 The original individualities of fungus and alga are lost and merged in a new and more aggressive organism, so that the term helotism does not seem any more fortunate than the term mutual parasitism. 1962 C. J. Alexopoulos Introd. Mycol. (ed. 2) xxii. 539 Botanists of a middle-of-the-road group..state that the fungus holds the alga imprisoned in a state of slavery, helotism being the word used, thus granting that the fungus has the upper hand. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online June 2018). < n.1823
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