groupn.
/ɡruːp/, U.S. /ɡrup/ 1. A number of things placed together as the result of deliberate arrangement or composition.
a. Fine Art. An arrangement of two or more figures or objects forming either a complete design, or a distinct portion of a design. Also in figurative contexts.
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society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > work of art > [noun] > arrangement of parts > group
gruppo1664
group1668
1668 J. Evelyn tr. R. Fréart Idea Perfection Painting 63 Handsome Groupes [Fr. Groupes] and Morcells,..which were never so much as once heard of amongst the Works of the old Painters.
1695 J. Dryden tr. C. A. Du Fresnoy De Arte Graphica 20 The Figures in the Grouppes, ought not to be like each other in their Motions, any more than in their Parts.
1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. II. 420 A very pretty marble groupe by Cosmo, of the virgin Mary with the child Jesus in her arms, and John the Baptist kissing his feet.
1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 108 A groupe of regicide and sacrilegious slaughter, was indeed boldly sketched, but it was only sketched. View more context for this quotation
1819 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto II cxciv. 216 And thus they form a group that's quite antique, Half naked, loving, natural, and Greek.
1833 M. R. Mitford in A. G. L'Estrange Life M. R. Mitford (1870) III. i. 2 They even work groups of figures in tent stitch for screens.
1887 W. Besant World Went xxvii. 207 The beautiful carved group..once served for a figure-head.
1925 W. W. Worster tr. E. Hannover Pottery & Porcelain III. xiii. 279 In the biscuit figures and groups of Vincennes we find..traces of the growing neo-classical movement.
1952 L. Gowing Vermeer i. 31 His painting in London of a rather similar group called The Duet.
2000 M. Sargeant Royal Crown Derby 6 Figure groups in Chinoiserie style were also popular.
b. Architecture. A number of columns or pillars joined or placed closely together on the same pedestal.
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1719 Free-thinker No. 94. 279 There stood a little Group of Pillars, in the Northern Corner of the Collonade.
1728 N. Hawksmoor Remarks Buildings Royal Hosp. Greenwich 16 The Tambour of the Cupola is a Peristilium of Pillars duplicated, of the composite Order, and broke upon the Quoins with Groups of Pillars.
1805 J. Britton Beauties Eng. & Wales VI. 301 The arches on the south side are supported by groups of columns of singular elegance.
1870 Chambers's Encycl. IV. 403/2 It rests on three, four, or five pillars, or..on a group of pillars or pilasters united into a solid stem.
1968 N. Pevsner Worcestershire 239 They have twenty-four shafts in eight groups.
1996 Crit. Inq. 23 161 Its dome is not supported by slender groups of columns.
1997 N. C. Brockman Encycl. Sacred Places II. (ed. 2) 550/2 Sanctuaries, obelisks, and groups of columns all feature accounts of the heroic deeds of the sponsoring pharaoh.
c. Music. A series of notes forming an ornament, run, etc., or linked by a slur; (in early use) spec. a trill. Cf. gruppo n.
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society > leisure > the arts > music > piece of music > section of piece of music > ornament > [noun] > turn or group
gruppo1664
group1728
turn1740
back-turn1801
gruppetto1842
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) In music, a Group is one of the Kinds of Diminutions of long Notes... The Group usually consists of four Crotchets, Quavers, or Semiquavers tied together.
1742 J. Galliard tr. P. F. Tosi Observ. Florid Song x. 176 That They [sc. Passages or Graces] be confin'd to a Group of few Notes.
1825 J. F. Danneley Encycl. Music Laufer, or Running Footman, groups of ascending or descending notes.
1846 tr. F.-J. Fétis Hist. Music iii. xvii. 188 The group is a rapid succession of three or four sounds, which serves as a sort of embroidery to notes.
1938 Oxf. Compan. Music 273/1 A duplet is a group of two [notes] or its equivalent, to be performed in the time of three.
2009 S. J. Maclagan Dict. for Mod. Flutist 195/1 Turn, an ornament consisting of a group of four notes that ‘turn’ around the principal note.
d. A set of letters, figures, or signals used in a code.
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the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > secrecy, concealment > code, cipher > [noun] > set of letters
group1870
polygraph1893
1870 Rep. U.S. Commissioners Paris Universal Expos. 1867 IV. 38 In the process of writing them by the Morse apparatus each group or letter is also indicated to the ear by its sound.
1911 Encycl. Brit. XXV. 72/2 Each word or ‘group’ sent by the Morse code must be ‘answered’ before the sender passes on to another... All cipher ‘groups’ are repeated en bloc.
1966 M. R. D. Foot SOE in France ix. 241 A suspicious-minded staff officer noticed both coded telegrams had the same number of groups.
2002 Daily Tel. 20 Aug. 23/1 Messages were first encoded in five-figure groups taken from a code book.
2. With less or no implication of deliberate arrangement or composition.
a. A number of things (in earlier use esp. natural objects) located or occurring in close proximity, so as to form a collective unity.
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the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > an assemblage or collection > [noun] > group
fleeta1400
congregation1526
batch1597
parcel1598
seta1616
group1705
lodge1737
groupment1837
klomp1853
tally1890
1705 C. Gildon Deist's Man. i. 19 The Vista's and Groups of Trees, which are justly rang'd in their several Places, with regard to Beauty and Order.
1749 Visct. Bolingbroke Lett. Spirit Patriotism 236 Nothing was to be seen but a confused groupe of mis-shapen, and imperfect forms.
1784 in J. Cook & J. King Voy. Pacific II. iii. xii. 221 The islands in the Pacific Ocean..have been generally found lying in groups and clusters.
1815 R. Brown in Trans. Linn. Soc. 11 171 The character distinguishing Woodsia..consists in its involucrum being inserted under the group of capsules..which it completely surrounds at the base.
1859 R. Piddington Last of Cavaliers III. xxxviii. 23 She..threw herself behind the group of chairs in the window embrasure.
1872 R. W. Raymond Statistics Mines & Mining 131 The lodes referred to compose the westerly group.
1918 Pop. Sci. Mar. 477/1 The application of these currents to a radiating aerial system..results in the emission of groups of waves.
1950 Rotarian Nov. 13/1 Once they choose a certain group of trees for roosting, they'll come back every Summer night for years.
2010 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 8 Jan. c31/1 A French book dealer..shuffled the 738 pages and divided them into two piles. He bound each group with..glue.
b. A number of people or animals standing, positioned, or located close together so as to form a collective unity.
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the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > an assemblage or collection > [noun] > of people or animals
lathingc897
sameningc950
gatheringc1000
ymongOE
droveOE
companya1275
routc1300
assembly1330
queleta1382
sembly1389
parliamenta1400
sankinga1400
concoursec1440
riotc1440
ensemblyc1500
unity1543
resorta1557
congress1639
resemblance1662
boorach1704
group1711
parade1722
assemblage1742
roll-up1861
agora1886
the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > an assemblage or collection > [noun] > group > specifically of people
eschelec1330
assortec1450
drift?c1450
flight1577
squader1590
squadron1617
group1711
platoon1711
squad1809
cuadrilla1838
clutch1908
1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 69. ¶1 Sometimes I am lost in a Crowd of Jews, and sometimes make one in a Groupe of Dutch-men.
1753 Philos. Trans. 1751–2 (Royal Soc.) 47 508 The vermiculi marini..are always attach'd to their shells... They are found in groups, adhering together by a natural cement.
1769 F. Brooke Hist. Emily Montague IV. cxci. 44 Were you here..we should be the happiest groupe on the globe.
1800 J. Bell Answer Junior Members Royal Coll. Surgeons i. 31 There were groups of young men walking the wards, paying fees to the hospital.
1859 Harper's Mag. May 749/2 Could he have seen a group of the unfortunates discussing such a repast.
1897 Cavalry Tactics xii. 61 To compare the merits of the two systems taught in textbooks, viz. the cordon or continuous line, and the method of cossack posts or groups.
1932 A. Huxley Brave New World xiv. 238 A group stood clustered at the foot of her bed, staring with the frightened and stupid curiosity of animals.
1971 Life 6 Aug. 41/2 My stripped-down Land Rover inched toward a large group of elephants feeding in the thickets.
1999 K. Fox Racing Tribe (2005) p. xvi A boisterous mixed-sex group of twentysomethings.
c. Archaeology. A number of artefacts found at the same site in circumstances implying that they were made, used, or deposited at about the same time. Cf. assemblage n. Additions b.
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1849 Jrnl. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc. 4 47 The manner in which the hair was fastened with the pin is shewn in a sculptured female head, in a group found at Apt, in the south of France.
1885 Archaeol. & Hist. Coll. Ayrshire & Galloway 5 iv. 27 A remarkable group of weapons or implements which may be classified as celts..were found all together in a field.
1934 Antiquity 8 347 This group consists of old papyri..which had been used to wrap up crocodile mummies.
1967 I. Vanstan Textiles Beneath Temple Pachacamac, Peru 5 They [sc. the pouches] are the most interesting of the group, technically, due to the manner in which the fringe has been constructed.
2003 Oxoniensia 67 320 The Market Street group does..appear to pre-date another of the St. Ebbe's assemblages, from feature 13, which is dated to around 1790 from the presence of transfer-printed pearlware.
d. Shooting. A collection of hits made by a series of shots fired at a target.
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society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > competitive shooting > [noun] > group of hits
group1856
1856 Times 4 Nov. 7/6 On examining the group the shots which took effect were precisely as shown in diagram B.
1858 W. Greener Gunnery in 1858 375 The mean deviation on the target from the centre of the group of 10 hits being only ·85 of a foot at 500 yards' range.
1911 Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 419/2 If his group is comprised within a 6 or 12-inch ring (at 100 yards range) he is passed on to more advanced practices.
1932 J. A. Barlow Elements Rifle Shooting i. 4 Some rifles shoot very nicely when cold, but tend to throw a more scattered group when hot.
2000 Combat Handguns Mar. 94/2 From 25 yards a benchrested 5-shot group spanned just 4.5 inches, with three of those shots in a 1.8-inch pattern.
3.
a. A number of people who associate together for social or professional reasons, or who are linked by a common interest or purpose.action, book, discussion, focus, in-, interest, prayer, pressure, splinter, support, user, youth group, etc.: see the first element.
ΚΠ
1713 R. Steele Guardian No. 65. 2/1 Little Groups of Acquaintance dispersed in all parts of the Town.
1728 J. Ralph Touch-stone iii. 101 To instruct a young Group of Mimicks, in all that was peculiar to, or us'd by the ancient Pantomimes.
1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 111 I consulted the subscription-book; and, perceiving the names of several old friends, began to consider the groupe with more attention.
1809–10 S. T. Coleridge Friend (1837) III. 187 As the modes of error are endless, the hundred forms of polytheism had each its groupe of partizans.
1872 W. Bagehot Physics & Polit. (1876) 213 Man can only make progress in co-operative groups.
1891 Speaker 11 July 36/1 Any group of 50,000 citizens will thus be able to force the Federal Chambers to deal with any matter.
1931 Economist 12 Sept. 466/2 Sir Oswald and the small group which supports him abstained from the lobby.
1979 B. M. French in O. Davis Omni Bk. of Space 210 Several groups of scientists and engineers are already developing plausible schemes to scoop up lunar soil.
1991 Christian Sci. Monitor 16 Oct. 3/1 The hysteria that has gripped some extremist groups.
2011 Independent 16 Nov. 33/3 The group plans to proceed with a 9 December Confucius Peace Prize ceremony.
b. A number of things having some related properties or attributes in common, regarded as forming a unity or classified together under a general name or description; a set; a type; a division.
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the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] > a kind, sort, or class > a number of things classed together
class1583
coveya1592
parcel1607
batch1616
sisterhood1616
clan1667
band1690
set1690
lot1710
group1718
brotherhood1728
kit1785
package1947
1718 G. Jacob Court Beauties 12 A groop of Charms in Bellandine we find, A beauteous Form, but a more beauteous Mind.
1729 R. Savage Wanderer ii. 200 A Mirror in one Hand collective shows, Varied and multiplied, that Group of Woes.
1765 J. Otis Vindic. Brit. Colonies 4 It contains but a dozen lines, and expresses or plainly implies the following wonderful group of ideas.
1828 S. D. Gross tr. A. L. J. Bayle & H. Hollard Man. Gen. Anat. ix. 236 (note) The thyroid and thymus glands, the spleen and the capsulæ renales, compose the group of these organs, which have received the name of adenoid or glandiform bodies.
1852 B. Disraeli Sel. Speeches (1882) I. 419 The question naturally divided itself into several groups—if I may use a word now familiar to us.
1871 J. Ruskin Fors Clavigera I. i. 3 We begin to-day another group of ten years, not in happy circumstances.
1892 B. F. Westcott Gospel of Life 101 Natural groups of religions and natural groups of languages are generally coincident.
1932 H. V. Morton In Search of Wales ii. 31 A fairly large group of slang terms..describe humorously the special dish or product of a district.
1950 W. B. Brierley tr. E. Gäumann Princ. Plant Infection iv. 290 New hyperergic reactions of another character now come into operation, and these will be considered together as a group.
1970 H. Perry Human Be-In i. 20 The consistently good people in the Tolkien books are Hobbits and they have the lowliest status of all the groups of characters in the books.
2012 N.Y. Times 9 Sept. (Late ed.) (Review section) 10/2 The tricolon, putting phrases into groups of three, is perennially effective.
c. A number of people who are classified together on the basis of certain shared characteristics; each of a number of categories or divisions of people within a larger set, population, etc. Also with modifying word.ability, age, income, social, status group, etc.: see the first element.
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society > society and the community > [noun] > social group
social group1831
group1845
sociogroup1947
society > society and the community > social relations > association, fellowship, or companionship > a company or body of persons > [noun]
ferec975
flockOE
gingc1175
rout?c1225
companyc1300
fellowshipc1300
covinc1330
eschelec1330
tripc1330
fellowred1340
choira1382
head1381
glub1382
partya1387
peoplec1390
conventc1426
an abominable of monksa1450
body1453
carol1483
band1490
compernagea1500
consorce1512
congregationa1530
corporationa1535
corpse1534
chore1572
society1572
crew1578
string1579
consort1584
troop1584
tribe1609
squadron1617
bunch1622
core1622
lag1624
studa1625
brigadea1649
platoon1711
cohort1719
lot1725
corps1754
loo1764
squad1786
brotherhood1820
companionhood1825
troupe1825
crowd1840
companionship1842
group1845
that ilk1845
set-out1854
layout1869
confraternity1872
show1901
crush1904
we1927
familia1933
shower1936
1845 Sc. Congregational Mag. Jan. 4 The other [course] is to view the people in groups according to the religious system which they profess.
1861 Amer. Agriculturist July 198/3 Dividing the young men of that school into groups, the smokers and the non-smokers.
1906 Westm. Gaz. 13 Aug. 10/1 Dr. J. W. Gregory, in his ‘Dead Heart of Australia’..includes them [sc. the Aborigines] in the same race-group as ourselves.
1955 N.Y. Herald Tribune 29 Nov. 24/2 Governor Harriman's proposal for a bi-partisan commission to study ways of raising the earning capacity of New York State's lower-income groups is highly commendable.
1991 Economist 3 Aug. 68/3 MTV delivers these desirable demographic groups by ‘narrowcasting’.
2012 Independent 4 May 41/1 The subjects were also divided into groups who like to touch things before they buy them..and people who don't like to touch before they buy.
d. Sport. A number of teams drawn or selected to play against each other (usually one or two times) at an early stage of a tournament or competition, with one or more of the best-placed teams from each of a number of such groupings progressing to the next stage (typically a series of knockout matches).
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1890 Yorks. Herald 7 Oct. 8/5 The leading county in each [Rugby Football Union] group shall be ascertained by a preliminary contest between the respective counties in the several groups.
1891 Bristol Mercury 17 Jan. This match in the south-western group in the preliminary series of the Rugby County championship was decided yesterday at the Gloucester Spa.
1904 Boy's Own Paper 14 Nov. 107/3 The entries [in the amateur Association Football tournament] will be divided into groups of not more than four... The group winners will then compete on the Cup principle.
1989 Sports Illustr. 18 Dec. 14/2 FIFA seeded England in Group F, which will play its games on..Sardinia and Sicily.
1991 Daily Tel. 5 Jan. 31/2 Egara are Spain's representatives in this season's European Cup Winners Cup where they face a tough task, having been drawn in the same group at Havant, the HA Cupholders.
2010 South Afr. 6 Apr. 27/2 Yes we have drawn a difficult group on paper, but with Carlos's experience of the South American football style..[and] the support of the South African people..I believe we have an incredible advantage.
e. Frequently with modifying word or phrase. An organization promoting a particular cause, now typically through political lobbying; an interest group.
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society > society and the community > [noun] > social group > having identifying interest
group1894
interest group1908
1894 Daily News 12 Oct. 5/5 What our Paris Correspondent describes as a ‘Feminist’ group is being formed in the French Chamber of Deputies.
1909 Amer. Economist 22 Oct. 193/1 The great fight he has been making for the Free-Trade Unionist group gives added importance to his change of front.
1950 W. H. Ellison Self-governing Dominion viii.199 The armed conflict that took place..between a man..and some miners who were organized into a group known as the Washington Company.
1976 Times 6 Aug. 12/8 A lot of very strong advocacy groups would come to me and say: ‘This is something we really want, but we don't want to create a disturbance.’
1997 Independent (Nexis) 19 Feb. 6 Civil rights groups said it would be ‘unhelpful, ineffective and dangerous’ if [the author]..was allowed to publish such a book.
2005 E. M. Burke Managing Company in Activist World vii. 82 An activist group of Vietnam veterans..went on to force nations to outlaw land mines.
f. Oxford University. In plural. The topics examined in the final public examination taken for a pass degree of BA (without honours); (colloquial) this examination or degree. Now historical and rare.
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1899 Speaker 16 Dec. 289/2 No better text-book could be given to a young man intent upon taking his groups in the Oxford Schools.
1900 N.E.D. (at cited word) ‘To read for groups’ is colloquially used for ‘to study with a view to taking a pass degree’.
1913 Isis 8 Feb. 184/2 Honour Mods. and Divvers behind him and Groups before.
1960 V. Brittain Women at Oxf. viii. 160 One of the pass degree ‘groups’.
g. Originally: a division of people between whom blood can be transfused safely. In later use also: the type of blood characteristic of such a division; = blood group n. at blood n. Compounds 5. Frequently with distinguishing numeral or letter.
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the world > life > the body > vascular system > blood > [noun] > blood group
group1907
grouping1907
blood type1911
blood group1916
blood grouping1916
1907 Jrnl. Infectious Dis. 4 303 Donor and recipient should belong to the same group.
1918 Jrnl. Immunol. 3 99 A patient of group I, for example, requires a donor of group I, the blood of all other groups being incompatible.
1953 R. W. Fairbrother Text-bk. Bacteriol. (ed. 7) x. 131 The serum from a group O individual agglutinates the corpuscles of any of the other groups, but not those from the same group.
2002 Focus May 79/2 One of the simplest ideas so far to improve the usability of blood is known as ‘antigen camouflage’, a technique which hides the antigens that define the blood cell's type and group and make it dangerous to transfuse blood between different groups.
h. A division of an air force consisting of a number of wings, stations, or squadrons. Also (R.A.F. slang): the administrative headquarters of such a division.
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society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > aeroplane > [noun] > used in warfare > unit of
flight1914
flying corps1914
wing1915
flying squadron1917
group1919
1919 Aircraft Jrnl. 13 Dec. 4/1 The Ninth Aero Squadron..was assigned to the 1st Army Observation Group August 26th, 1918.
1939 War Illustr. 29 Dec. 538/2 A Squadron in the R.A.F...is the basic tactical unit, a number of Squadrons forming a Wing, so many Wings a Group, and so to the Command.
1942 T. Rattigan Flare Path i. 114 Been a bit of a muck-up at Group. Maudie. What's Group? Dusty. Group headquarters. Where the orders come from.
1985 C. Yeager & L. Janos Yeager (1986) 56 Group put me in for the Bronze Star.
2006 W. Harbison in R. P. Hallion Silver Wings, Golden Valor v. 39 I had been an exchange pilot at Riverside, California, with the 1st Fighter Group... We were the first group to get the F-86.
i. A small collective of musicians or singers who perform or record (esp. popular) music together; a band. Also with modifying word specifying a type of music.pop, rock group: see the first element.
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society > leisure > the arts > music > musician > instrumentalist > company of instrumentalists > [noun] > small band or pop group
group1927
combination1928
combo1935
skiffle group1953
pop group1963
supergroup1968
rap group1969
garage band1974
hair band1989
popular beat combo1990
covers band1991
1927 Boston Daily Globe 14 Jan. 28/5 The concert orchestra despite the lure to the younger generation of the jazz group, was well received.
1942 Billboard 10 Jan. 24/3 The five men and four women in the group harmonize effectively and lend opulence to the entire proceedings.
1967 Listener 20 July 80/1 It is an eye to detail..which keeps the group on its toes.
1980 Daily Mirror 10 Apr. 12/2 The names of Heavy Metal groups like Deep Purple and Motorhead are inscribed on the back of his leather jacket.
2003 Philadelphia Inquirer 30 May w17/1 The group has Ramones haircuts and boy-band looks.
j. With capital initial. With the except in attributive use. The Oxford Group Movement (see Oxford Group n.). Also: a small number of people (regularly) meeting together to discuss their moral dilemmas under the auspices of this movement. Now historical.
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society > faith > sect > Christianity > other sects and movements > Buchmanism > [noun] > person > collective
group1928
Oxford Group1930
1928 Isis 16 May 1/1 Attendance at several of them [sc. meetings] is a preliminary step to admission to a ‘group’—a gathering of perhaps four or five friends.
1928 Isis 16 May 25/1 Buchmanism, to give the Group its popular name, bases the whole of Christianity on four points—Honesty, Unselfishness, Purity and Love.
1932 A. J. Russell For Sinners Only viii. 118 The Thursday night Group meeting.
1964 M. E. Curti Growth Amer. Thought xxviii. 724 In the intimate week-end parties sponsored by the Group, weary spirits confessed their sins and shortcomings.
2000 D. B. By Power of God iv. 28 Early on, the Group was called ‘A First Century Christian Fellowship’.
k. An association of commercial companies in which the holding company has control of a number of subsidiaries; a conglomerate. Frequently preceded by a proper name.
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society > occupation and work > business affairs > a business or company > [noun] > conglomerate
horizontal combine1927
group1930
conglomerate1967
1930 Economist 25 Oct. 775/1 The ‘group’ has a majority of the directors of both the Roan Antelope and the Rhodesian Selection Trust.
1937 Time 8 Mar. 83/1 Adding to the impressive list of Erickson accounts such majors as the Standard Oil group, California Packing, Zonite, Beech-Nut.
1960 News Chron. 10 Jan. 3/7 The Heinemann group..published an expurgated version of ‘Lady Chatterley’..in hard cover in this country.
1981 Times 20 May 20/6 Shares of entertainments group Pleasurama rose 4p to 290p yesterday.
2012 Wall St. Jrnl. 20 June c9/5 A venture between..Yucaipa Cos. and New York hotel developer and operator Sydell Group that features midprice lifestyle hotels.
4. In biological classification: any classificatory division, regardless of its category or rank, such as a family or genus; a taxonomic group, a taxon.Also occasionally used as the name for a particular distinct classificatory category or subdivision (with varying application in different contexts; see, for example, quot. 1836).
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the world > life > biology > taxonomy > taxon > [noun]
group1794
taxon1929
nodum1955
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] > a kind, sort, or class > a number of things classed together > specifically in scientific use
group1794
1794 A. H. Haworth Observ. Genus Mesembryanthemum xiv. 84 As Mesembryanthema form an exceedingly numerous family of plants, and require divisions and subdivisions to render the investigation of the species certain and easy, they have accordingly been divided into different sections or groups by Linnæus and others.
1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. IV. 390 I would..propose the following primary and subordinate divisions of an Order: 1. Suborder; 2. Section..8. Genus; 9. Subgenus. I would further propose that each of these successive groups should have a name always terminating alike.
1836 Gardener's Mag. Sept. 459 Sir E. F. Bromhead's group seems identical in rank with Dr. Lindley's alliance.
1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species ii. 59 The forms of life throughout the universe become divided into groups subordinate to groups.
1929 Pop. Mech. July 85/1 The beast has not yet been named, but it seems to belong to the group known as the Baluchitherus, or family of the great hornless rhinoceros.
2007 C. A. MacAlister & D. C. Bergmann in K. Roberts Handbk. Plant Sci. II. 454/1 Although primitive plants like the liverworts lack them, stomata are found in every other group from the relatively simple mosses and hornworts to seed plants.
5. Geology. In the classification of rocks and fossils.
a. Any of various categories into which rocks were formerly classified, corresponding to modern geological time units. Now disused.† (c) A division corresponding to age n. 11; cf. stage n. 1i(a). Obsolete.
(a) A division corresponding to period n. 6; cf. system n. 8.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > age or period > [noun]
age1813
group1829
period1833
aeon1879
group1886
moment1933
1829 H. T. De la Beche in Philos. Mag. 2nd Ser. 6 443 The superior stratified or fossiliferous rocks are divided into groups.
1838 C. Lyell Elem. Geol. xiii. 281 I proposed to give short technical names to these four groups [sc. Eocene, Miocene, Older Pliocene, Newer Pliocene], or the periods to which they respectively belonged.
1911 M. W. Brown Northamptonshire iv. 14 Finally the rocks of the Jurassic group appear.
(b) A division corresponding to era n. 4b.
ΚΠ
1883 G. K. Gilbert in Nature 18 Jan. 261/1 The term..group, which by the [Bologna] congress was made more comprehensive than system, is by Geikie used as the equivalent of stage.
1898 Jrnl. Geol. (Chicago) 6 353 The terms, Group, System, Series, Stage, and the correlative time-divisions, Era, Period, Epoch, Age, are to my mind very satisfactory.
1927 P. Lake & R. H. Rastall Text-bk. Geol. (ed. 4) xvi. 299 In this way the rocks of the earth's crust have been divided into four great divisions, which are often known as groups. The groups are subdivided into systems, the systems into series, and the series into stages.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > age or period > [noun]
age1813
group1829
period1833
aeon1879
group1886
moment1933
1886 A. J. Jukes-Browne Student's Handbk. Hist. Geol. iii. 36 Systems are divided into sections or formations... These sections are again divided into stages or groups.., and these again are often divisible into zones.
b. A stratigraphic unit consisting of two or more formations.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > age or period > stratigraphic units > [noun]
series1799
system1823
terrain1823
stage1859
group1865
section1882
horizon1926
cyclothem1932
succession1940
range zone1957
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > age or period > stratigraphic units > [noun] > corresponding to time unit
series1799
group1865
1865 E. Billings Palæozoic Fossils I. 62 The Quebec group, in fact, consists of several formations differing from each other lithologically and palæontologically, and yet forming a connected series.
1933 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 44 429 Article 2. The following divisions or units of rocks are recognized:..(3) Group, a local or provincial subdivision of a system, based on lithologic features. It is usually less than a standard series and contains two or more formations.
1963 W. C. Krumbein & L. L. Sloss Stratigr. & Sedimentation (ed. 2) ii. 33 Two or more successive formations, related by lithology or by position with reference to unconformities, may be assembled as a group.
2000 K. B. Eckert Sandstone Archit. Lake Superior Region i. 31 The Orienta, the Devil's Island, and the Chequamegon formation..together are known as the Bayfield group.
6. Chemistry.
a. In qualitative analysis: a set of ions or radicals which react similarly in specific tests, so that the presence of at least one member of the set in a sample can be ascertained by a single standard procedure; esp. any such set of cations which are precipitated from solution together in the course of analysis.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > chemical assay or analytical chemistry > [noun] > analytical constituents
principle1708
group1843
1843 J. L. Bullock tr. C. R. Fresenius Elem. Instr. Chem. Anal. i. iii. 77 To teach the relation of the various bodies to reagents, it is usual..to treat of the substances individually..and to point out their characteristic reactions. I have, however,..deemed it more judicious..to collect into groups [Ger. Gruppen] those substances which are in many respects analogous.
1843 J. L. Bullock tr. C. R. Fresenius Elem. Instr. Chem. Anal. i. iii. 82 The solutions of the salts of the alkaline earths are..not precipitated by sulphuretted hydrogen,..but alkaline carbonates and phosphates do precipitate them. This relation distinguishes the oxides of the second group [sc. barytes, strontian, lime, magnesia] from those of the first [sc. potash, soda, ammonia].
1869 A. G. V. Harcourt & H. G. Madan Exercises Pract. Chem. 250 The chlorides, iodides, nitrates, &c. are also classed together in one group, as having the common property of not being precipitated from aqueous solutions by barium chloride.
1938 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) II. 551/1 The filtrate from the foregoing sulphides should be examined thoroughly as to the complete precipitation of all metals of analytical Group II.
1957 H. Holness Adv. Inorg. Qual. Anal. 35 The case of platinum appearing in this Group of elements is of some interest for it is only precipitated here when selenium is present as well.
2011 D. Ebbing & S. D. Gammon Gen. Chem. (ed. 9) xvii. 721 The fourth group consists of ions of the alkaline earth elements, which are precipitated as carbonates or phosphates.
b. A combination of atoms (typically of more than one element) bound together and having a recognizable identity in a number of molecules in which it occurs; a radical; esp. = functional group n. at functional adj. and n. Compounds.Frequently with modifying word. alkyl group, carbonyl group, methyl group, nitro group, peroxide group, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > atomic chemistry > [noun] > atomic groups
group1853
1853 A. W. Hofmann in Med. Times & Gaz. 29 Oct. 443/1 But even in cases in which these changes are of a more complicated character, the presence of the group C4H5 may still be traced.
1877 H. Watts Fownes's Man. Chem. (ed. 12) II. 43 Mesoparaffins, in which two methenyl groups, having their carbon-atoms linked together by one combining unit, are each associated with two monatomic radicles.
1894 G. S. Newth Text-bk. Inorg. Chem. iv. 22 It is sometimes necessary to represent the presence in a molecule of certain groups of atoms, groups which seem to hold together, and often to function as a single atom.
1926 A. W. Schorger Chem. Cellulose & Wood iii. 77 It has been shown..that methoxyl is the sole alkoxyl group in wood and lignin.
1962 D. H. Calam in A. Pirie Lens Metabolism 439 At the low pH employed, only strongly acidic groups remain charged, most of the carboxyl groups are unionized.
1977 J. March Adv. Org. Chem. (ed. 2) xviii. 1013 A quaternary ammonium salt containing an electron-withdrawing group Z on one of the carbons attached to the nitrogen is treated with a strong base..to give a rearranged tertiary amine.
2000 M. Clugston & R. Flemming Adv. Chem. xxii. 407 This restricted rotation about a double bond means that the two =CH2 groups in ethene are fixed with respect to each other.
c. Any of a number of sets of elements having broadly similar chemical and physical properties (as a consequence of similar electronic structures) and commonly represented as columns of the periodic table. Frequently with distinguishing number. Contrasted with period n. 10.Newlands (see quot. 1863) recognized groups of similar elements according to his law of octaves (see octave n.2 2c). Mendeleev’s revised periodic table (1871) had eight groups numbered I to VIII, to which the noble gases were later added as group 0 (becoming group VIIIA in the United States); the groups were later divided into A and B subgroups (differently in Europe and the United States). In 1990 IUPAC adopted a system of eighteen groups, numbered from 1 to 18.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > [noun] > elements > groups
series1838
group1863
pnicogen1966
1863 J. A. R. Newlands in Chem. News 7 Feb. 71 Group I. Metals of the alkalies:—Lithium, 7; sodium, 23; potassium, 39; rubidium, 85; cæsium, 123; thallium, 204... Group II. Metals of the alkaline earths:—Magnesium, 12; calcium, 20; strontium, 43·8; barium, 68·5... Group VII.—Nitrogen, 14; phosphorus, 31; arsenic, 75; osmium, 99·6; antimony, 120·3; bismuth, 213... Group XI.—Mercury, 100; lead, 103·7; silver, 108.
1871 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. (new ed.) xxv. 278 We have the carbon group, the nitrogen group,..that of the alkaline metals, and that of the metals of the alkaline earths.
1930 Engineering 21 Mar. 372/2 The sequence of the elements in the old periodic table with its eight groups and seven periods.
1950 N. V. Sidgwick Chem. Elements I. 11 Hydrogen..was one of the chief problems of the original Periodic Table, since it has close affinities both with the alkali metals of Group I and with the halogens of Group VII.
1995 D. M. P. Mingos Essent. Inorg. Chem. 1 (1997) 12 The coinage metals are the group 11 elements of the period table, Cu, Ag, and Au.
2004 J. Emsley Vanity, Vitality, & Virility (2006) Gloss. 231 Lithium is the first element of group 1, and it often behaves more like magnesium, which is the second element of group 2, than like sodium which is the second element of group 1.
7. Mathematics. Originally: a set of operations so constituted that the product of any number of these operations is always itself a member of the set. In later use more generally: a set of elements together with an operation for combining any two of them to form a third element which is also in the set, the operation satisfying certain conditions.The operation is a single-valued, associative, binary operation; the set is closed with respect to the operation and contains an inverse for each element and an identity element (except for the property of closure, these latter properties were formerly implicit as a consequence of finiteness of the set, or were tacitly assumed). The later, more sophisticated, definition of a group dates back at least to 1902.An example of a group is the set of whole numbers (…−2, −1, 0, 1, 2,…) with the operation of addition: adding any two whole numbers gives another whole number; each number has an inverse (the inverse of 2 is −2, since if they are combined by addition the result is zero); and there is an identity element (0, since combining a whole number with it by addition gives the same number). Addition is associative, since adding several numbers gives the same result regardless of the way the addition is performed: (2 + 3) + 1 = 2 + (3 + 1).Abelian group, alternating group, Lorentz group, monster group, point group, space group, symmetry group, unitary group, Weyl group, etc.: see the first element. Cf. group theory n. 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > numerical arrangement > [noun] > set > in abstract algebra > groups
syntheme1844
group1854
substitution group1861
quaternion group1881
subgroup1881
Abelian group1892
permutation group1893
quotient group1893
factor group1895
order1897
symmetric group1897
point group1903
Sylow subgroup1905
module1927
Lie group1939
symmetry group1956
Weyl group1961
stabilizer1965
1854 A. Cayley in Philos. Mag. 7 41 A set of symbols 1, α, β,..all of them different, and such that the product of any two of them..or the product of any one of them into itself, belongs to the set, is said to be a group. Note. The idea of a group as applied to permutations or substitutions is due to Galois.
1907 M. Bôcher Introd. Higher Algebra vi. 82 The positive and negative integers with zero form a group if the rule of combination is addition... These same elements, however, do not form a group if the rule of combination is multiplication..since zero has no reciprocal.
1941 G. Birkhoff & S. MacLane Surv. Mod. Algebra vi. 130 A group whose operation satisfies the commutative law is called a ‘commutative’ or ‘Abelian’ group.
1955 L. Mirsky Introd. Linear Algebra ix. 257 In addition to the symmetric group..there are other groups of permutations, all of them naturally subgroups of the symmetric group.
1975 Physics Bull. Apr. 176/2 Strong interactions among nucleons are invariant under a group of unitary symmetry transformation which changes protons into neutrons and vice versa—the group SU(2).
2006 M. F. Barnsley Superfractals i. 27 The set of metric transformations forms a group and so does the set of isometries.
8. Grammar. Esp. in systemic grammar: a syntactic unit larger than a word and smaller than a clause. Frequently with modifying word. Cf. phrase n. 2c.A group in systemic grammar broadly corresponds to a phrase in other grammars, though there are exceptions: for example, in systemic grammar, a preposition group is a preposition with a modifier (such as right behind), whereas a prepositional phrase, in systemic and other grammars, is a preposition and its complement (such as behind the house).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic unit or constituent > [noun] > other specific syntactic constituents
terminant1589
absolute1709
adjectival1866
word group1871
nexus1924
immediate constituent1933
case marker1941
syndeton1954
group1959
placeholder1964
1959 M. A. Halliday Lang. Chinese ‘Secret Hist. of Mongols’ 60 A verb group is a group of verbal elements (words) among which there obtain certain interior relations [etc.].
1963 Anthropol. Linguistics Jan. 29 Not all languages have the following five levels..: Sentence. Clause. Group (= phrase). Word. Morpheme.
1975 S. Ghertman Petrarch & Garcilaso v. 44 The dyad..may be any linguistic relationship expressing duality in structure, a nominal group (noun + adjective).
1985 M. A. Halliday Introd. Functional Gram. 159 A phrase is different from a group in that, whereas a group is an expansion of a word, a phrase is a contraction of a clause.
1999 Jrnl. Adolescent & Adult Literacy 42 510 By expanding the noun groups to include more lexical items (content words), a greater amount of information can be included within each clause.
2000 R. P. Fawcett Theory Syntax for Systemic Functional Ling. ii. x. 194 The five major classes of syntactic unit that are recognized in the present syntax of English... are: clause, nominal group, prepositional group, quality group, and quantity group.
9. North American. Psychology and Psychoanalysis = group therapy n. at Compounds 1e.
ΚΠ
1974 Jrnl. Primal Therapy 1 263 It was my thing to go to group and I'd be so quiet.
1987 C. Fisher Postcards from Edge 18 After group, Bart apologized for calling me an asshole.
1997 Men's Health (Electronic text) May 68 I don't go to group because I have some deep flaw, or because I think I'll unlock a secret door to my soul.
2009 L. Kirshner Where We have to Go (2012) x. 189 Every day at nine, you gonna go to group. Everyone does group.
Phrases
P1. In the names of various associations of nations having common economic interests. Cf. G n. Initialisms.
a.
Group of 10 n. (also Group of Ten) the ten prosperous industrial nations which agreed in 1962 to lend money to the International Monetary Fund when necessary, instituting the ‘General Arrangements to Borrow’ (cf. Paris Club n. at Paris n. 9); abbreviated G10.The members of the Group of 10 are Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Switzerland and Luxembourg are associated members of the Group.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy > types of economic system > international committee concerned with
the Seven1959
Group of 101963
Paris Club1963
G101964
Group of Five1973
G51977
Group of Eight1977
G81988
1963 Times 11 Sept. 8/4 He [sc. Giscard d'Estaing] and his colleagues would take an agreed attitude both at the I.M.F. meeting..and as members of the group of 10 countries which are ready to make increased capital resources available to the fund.]
1963 Economist 21 Sept. 1027/1 The current suggestion of a group of financial officials from the Paris Club group of ten would certainly be inadequate.
1963 Internat. Financial News Surv. (IMF) 11 Oct. 351/1 The following statement was issued on October 2 on behalf of the ‘Group of Ten’ members of the International Monetary Fund.
1983 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 20 Jan. 1 The Group of Ten agreed also to boost substantially the resources of the IMF-quotas of loan capital made available by each of the fund's 146 member states.
2004 Fair Globalization (Internat. Labor Organization) iii. ii. 78 Limited membership groups of rich nations such as..the Group of 10 (G10)..have taken important decisions on economic and financial issues with a global impact.
b.
Group of 77 n. a coalition of developing nations, established in 1964 to promote the economic interests of its members; abbreviated G77.The Group of 77 has since expanded from 77 to 132 members, though the original name has been retained.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > [noun] > United Nations > UN agencies or programmes > group within UNCTAD
Group of 771964
G771979
1964 N.Y. Times 25 Oct. 13/1 The Arab states have initiated a new effort to keep Israel out of an influential bloc known here as the ‘Group of 77’.
1968 B. Gosovic in Internat. Conciliation May dlxviii. 14 There are three distinct sets of actors in UNCTAD: the Group of 77, composed of developing countries; the B Group,..and the D Group.
1983 Listener 27 Jan. 5/1 The principle of self-determination, though enshrined in the UN Charter, is subordinated by the Group of 77 (the Third World) and the Communist powers to the spirit of anti-colonialism.
2006 Foreign Affairs Mar. (Sponsored section) (advt.) Qatar..served as chairman of the Group of 77, helping spur rich nations on toward meeting the commitments of the Millennium Challenge Fund for development.
c.
Group of 20 n. (also Group of Twenty) (originally) an association of twenty industrialized nations, established to coordinate international monetary reform; (now) an association of representatives of the world's largest advanced and emerging economies, established in 1999 to discuss global economic issues (abbreviated G20).The permanent members of the Group of 20 are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union.
ΚΠ
1972 Washington Post 16 Apr. a29/7 Japanese officials talk in terms of a ‘Group of 20’ embracing most of the present member countries of the board of the International Monetary Fund.
1987 N. A. Sarma & V. K. Bhalla World Monetary & Financial Syst. 153 The Committee for Development Planning of U.N. Economic and Social Council suggested reviving the Group of 20 of the IMF.
1999 Financial Times 13 Dec. 42/5 Finance ministers of the so-called Group of Twenty..are scheduled to meet in Berlin for the first time today.
2014 Daily Advertiser (Nexis) 24 Feb. 31 The Group of 20 has struck a landmark deal to lift global economic activity..over the next five years.
d.
Group of Five n. (also Group of 5) now historical (during the 1970s) an association of five major industrialized nations (France, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and West Germany), established to coordinate their economic policies; abbreviated G5.The Group of Five was officially superseded by the Group of Seven in 1976 (see Phrases 1e).
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy > types of economic system > international committee concerned with
the Seven1959
Group of 101963
Paris Club1963
G101964
Group of Five1973
G51977
Group of Eight1977
G81988
1973 Financial Times 26 Nov. 1 Such meetings of the ‘Group of Five’ have already taken place twice before—at Washington before the Committee of Twenty ministerial meeting on monetary reform this July.
1977 Economist 26 Nov. 92/1 The Group of 5 is made up of the largest economies (United States, Japan, West Germany, France, Britain).
1986 Times 20 Jan. 21/1 The Group of Five finance ministers of the biggest industrial market economies..have been meeting at No 11, Downing Street.
2009 K. A. Reinert & R. S. Rajan Princeton Encycl. World Econ. I. 570/1 In 1973..the finance ministers of the United States, France, Britain, and Germany, soon joined by Japan, met secretly as a Group of Five (G5)..to discuss a replacement for the international monetary regime of gold-linked, fixed exchange rates.
e.
Group of Seven n. (also Group of 7) an association of seven major industrialized nations (Canada, France, Germany (formerly West Germany), Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States); abbreviated G7.The Group of Seven officially superseded the Group of Five in 1976 (see Phrases 1d). Between 1994 and 2014 the principal functions of the Group of Seven were carried out by the Group of Eight (see Phrases 1f).
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > specific societies or organizations > [noun] > other specific associations or organizations
Tityre-tu1623
Peep o' Day Boys1780
law society1821
kongsi1839
B'nai B'rith1862
Molly Maguire1867
Kennel Club1874
Ethical Society1877
Kyrle Society1877
Molly1877
Sierra Club1891
subak1897
Workers' Educational Association1905
senior1906
W.E.A.1910
Lions Club1922
godless1927
F.P.A.a1940
Diners' Club1950
amnesty1961
Sealed Knot1971
Greenpeace1972
lions1972
Gaysoc1976
Group of Eight1977
Group of Seven1977
meeja1983
G71986
G81988
1977 Financial Times 2 Mar. 13/3 The U.S. Government was instrumental in forming early in 1975 the original group of seven countries—the U.S., USSR, U.K., France, West Germany, Japan and Canada.]
1977 Economist 26 Nov. 92/1 The Group of 5 is made up of the largest economies (United States, Japan, West Germany, France, Britain). But by this year's London summit the top economies' club had become the Group of 7.
1992 Harper's Mag. Mar. 59/3 The Soviet prime minister..tried to push the national panic button when Gorbachev came away empty-handed from his London meeting with the leaders of the Group of Seven.
2009 Honolulu Advertiser 14 Feb. (Business section) b5/4 The job of the Group of Seven finance ministers meeting on solutions to the financial crisis looked even more difficult yesterday as new economic data showed Europe's recession deepening.
f.
Group of Eight n. (also Group of 8) any of various associations or trading blocs of eight nations; (now) spec. an association formed in 1994 comprising the Group of Seven nations and Russia (abbreviated G8).Russia's membership of the Group of Eight was suspended in March 2014, in response to its military intervention in the dispute over sovereignty of the Crimean Peninsula.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > specific societies or organizations > [noun] > other specific associations or organizations
Tityre-tu1623
Peep o' Day Boys1780
law society1821
kongsi1839
B'nai B'rith1862
Molly Maguire1867
Kennel Club1874
Ethical Society1877
Kyrle Society1877
Molly1877
Sierra Club1891
subak1897
Workers' Educational Association1905
senior1906
W.E.A.1910
Lions Club1922
godless1927
F.P.A.a1940
Diners' Club1950
amnesty1961
Sealed Knot1971
Greenpeace1972
lions1972
Gaysoc1976
Group of Eight1977
Group of Seven1977
meeja1983
G71986
G81988
society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy > types of economic system > international committee concerned with
the Seven1959
Group of 101963
Paris Club1963
G101964
Group of Five1973
G51977
Group of Eight1977
G81988
1977 Times 5 May 5/5 The aid should clearly be seen to be additional to any bilateral assistance that Group of Eight countries would be giving anyway.
1977 Newsweek (Nexis) 13 June 78 The Group of Eight (the U.S., Japan, Australia, Canada, the Common Market, Sweden, Switzerland and Spain) also accepted the notion of creating a $1 billion pool.
1987 Facts on File 11 Dec. 911/3 Eight Latin American presidents gathered in Acapulco... Latin America's foreign debt..was the focus of the summit of the so-called Group of Eight.
1994 Guardian 11 July 1/1 Russia was brought into the inner sanctum of the Group of Seven, whose political arm will henceforth be known as the Group of Eight.
2005 Sunday Mail (Brisbane) 2 Jan. 12/1 Moscow makes its debut as chairman of the Group of Eight industrialised nations.
P2.
group of death n. [after Spanish grupo de la muerte (1970 in a Mexican source)] Sport (originally and chiefly Association Football) (sometimes with capital initials) the group which is considered the most difficult or competitive of those comprising the group stage of a tournament; cf. sense 3d.
ΚΠ
1986 N.Y. Times 2 May a32/3 The draw was not kind to Uruguay, placing it in a group that is being called ‘El Grupo de la Muerte’—the Group of Death—Uruguay, West Germany, Scotland and Denmark.
1997 Times 4 Dec. 48/1 People can look for sinister arrangements, for so-called groups of death..but they cannot really second-guess what will come out of..the most equitable system that Fifa has devised.
2007 J. White & C. Ray In Black & White 65 In Argentina we were set to face reigning [rugby] champions Australia, Five Nations champions Wales, and England in Pool A... We had been drawn in the group of death.
2010 F. Bondy Chasing Game xxxiii. 288 All eyes were on Group G, immediately labeled the Group of Death for obvious reasons. Brazil had drawn..Portugal, plus arguably the best team in Africa, Ivory Coast.
Compounds
C1.
a. General attributive.In later use sometimes spec. with the sense ‘of, involving, or relating to interactions between, or characteristics shared by, particular groups or classifications of people’ (cf. sense 3c).
ΚΠ
1850 C. Chisholm A.B.C. of Colonization 13 I consider the honesty of the people the base, and the group system the key-stone of the Society.
1858 G. H. Morgan Ann. of Harrisburg 222 That geological epoch which witnessed the production of the ‘Erattic [sic] block, or Boulder group formation’.
1859 Nat. Hist. Rev. 6 14 Scarcely any two authors employ the same group-name in the same signification.
1866 W. Odling Lect. Animal Chem. 35 As shown in the group-tables to which I have already adverted.
1902 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 8 ii. 189 In the case of the dyad and triad configurations, we had to do with that inner group-life, with all its differences, syntheses, and antitheses.
1906 Publ. Laboratories Jefferson Med. College Hosp. 3 68 The diastolic pressure is on the upper limits of the group level, but is not so high as one would expect in habitual drinkers.
1920 E. D. Martin Behavior of Crowds iv. 79 We would sit in chapel and hear a wrathful president denounce our group behavior as ‘boorishness and hoodlumism’.
1932 F. T. Cooper tr. F. Donauer Swords against Carthage xiv. 145 They continued to march, forward to the left, forward to the right, right about face in group formation, and right about face again.
1944 A. Koestler in Horizon Mar. 162 Historically, it is..the ‘aspiration to independent thinking’ which provides the only valid group-characteristic of the intelligentsia.
1954 H. Gibbs Background to Bitterness 8 The country contains many who fear that future group-conflicts or racial conflict may occur within the next decade.
1991 Internat. Jrnl. Refugee Law 3 248 These concerns can be placed under three main headings: group status, individual risk, and the potential threat to the national cause.
2004 G. R. Wainwright Headless Chickens, Laidback Bears iii. xxv. 158 As group size increases from four to ten..there is usually more division of labour if there is work to do.
2010 S. P. Turner Explaining Normative v. 120 Group will is also distinct from and irreducible to individual wills.
b.
group activity n.
ΚΠ
1897 Polit. Sci. Q. 12 280 Whatever may be the purpose of..contracting or expanding the field of group activity, the act is always that of the supreme social group organized as the state or the church.
1933 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 45 128 One..who frequently played the part of a ring-leader in the nursery school continued to initiate group activities in the kindergarten.
2006 Wall St. Jrnl. 23 Oct. b4/4 From rope courses in the 1980s to office foosball in the 1990s, employers have toyed with..group activities in hopes of making their work forces jell [sic] better.
group attitude n.
ΚΠ
1906 E. C. Parsons Family v. 90 In most ethnic groups the elder men and women..are much respected and this group attitude towards old age probably affects filial relations.
2006 E. E. Pastorino & S. Doyle-Portillo What is Psychol.? xii. 554 In a cohesive group, members may be hesitant to voice their objections to the prevailing group attitude because they do not want to ‘rock the boat’.
group burial n.
ΚΠ
1910 Amer. Anthropologist 12 713/2 The burial of human bodies seems to have been by interment rather than cremation (occasional evidence of latter), group burials being not uncommon.
2008 Jrnl. Archeol. Res. 16 294 Mortuary treatment in this region ranges from individual in-ground graves to group burials of a variety of forms.
group discussion n.
ΚΠ
1909 C. H. Cooley Social Organization iii. 24 As regards play, I might..multiply illustrations of the universality and spontaneity of the group discussion and coöperation to which it gives rise.
1963 A. Heron Towards Quaker View of Sex v. 44 They may..feel it necessary to initiate group discussion on sexual matters.
2005 Wall St. Jrnl. 14 Nov. (Central ed.) r3/3 They share certain perspectives and needs within a company that can be best addressed through group discussion.
group identity n.
ΚΠ
1898 A. W. Small tr. G. Simmel in Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 3 671 The preservation of group identity in this case depends..upon the amount of invariability in the vehicles of this unity. [The Ger. original does not use a formal parallel.]
1973 A. Dundes Mother Wit p. xiii The relationship between folklore and a sense of group identity.
2011 S. Goldsmith Princ. Health Care Managem. ix. 210 The Japanese appear more interested, workwise, in group identity.
group leader n.
ΚΠ
1874 G. H. U. Noel Gun, Ram, & Torpedo vi. 105 The group leaders..will call their rearmost ships under cover.
1927 E. K. Adams & E. P. Wood (title) A five year experiment in training volunteer group leaders.
1998 Community Care 5 Feb. 41/1 (advt.) Due to the nature of the work, it is necessary to maintain a gender balance between the group leaders.
2010 Pittsburgh Post-Gaz. (Nexis) 2 Oct. (Sooner ed.) d9 A friend of our group leader brought us back to Wellsboro.
group meeting n.
ΚΠ
1846 Reasoner 16 Sept. 231/2 Visitors may attend the group meetings on every Monday night, at eight o'clock.
1928 Isis 24 May 34/1 In three of the Societies, no group meetings had been held.
2002 Total Film Mar. 10/1 Durden flashframes by the photocopier, the doctor's office, the group meeting and when Marla leaves said meeting.
group member n.
ΚΠ
1847 Railway Rec. 8 May 490/2 The Group members say, ‘We cannot hear a section of the shareholders..against the acts of the Directors.’
1949 Times 24 Aug. 7/1 Average savings per group member..were: collieries £5 5s 1d.
1976 J. Rowan Ordinary Ecstasy iv. 44 The essence of the Synanon approach is direct aggressive confrontation of the one group member by one or more other members.
2013 D. Overdorf One Year Better Preaching i. 16 Invite group members to pray with you beforehand.
group membership n.
ΚΠ
1909 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 34 54 The domestic science section of the Westchester Woman's Club has formed group memberships and joined the local branch of the Consumers' League.
1950 T. H. Marshall Citizenship & Social Class 105 My consciousness of age..does not take the form of a feeling of group-membership.
2007 N.Y. Times Mag. 8 July 46/1 To bond with others we must show not just charm but sophisticated cognitive skills... But why should casual friendships and group membership depend on smarts?
group solidarity n.
ΚΠ
1896 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 1 528 War tests not alone physical strength but also the excellence of the social organization and particularly of the group solidarity.
1927 G. A. de Laguna Speech xviii. 318 The importance of the celebration of tribal deeds in fostering group-solidarity.
2002 Econ. & Polit. Weekly 15 June 2293/2 Most African American Muslims argue that ‘asabiyah’ or group solidarity must be given priority over the ‘ummah’ or the universal Muslim community.
group spirit n.
ΚΠ
1888 Mich. Argonaut 28 Apr. 187/2 The University system works in a similar way and instead of what was formerly denominated class spirit we now have what might be defined as ‘group spirit’.
1920 W. McDougall Group Mind 63 The group spirit, the idea of the group with the sentiment of devotion to the group developed in the minds of all its members.
2012 Western Mail (Nexis) 24 Sept. 24 The group spirit helped me keep going through the longest and highest hills.
c. attributive. Designating a picture or photograph of a number of people together, esp. one in which the subjects have posed for the picture, as group photograph, group portrait, etc.
ΚΠ
1855 North Wales Chron. 8 Sept. 1/1 (heading) Group portraits.
1860 Rep. Overseers Harvard Coll. appointed to visit Libr. 1859 12 This group-photograph derives especial interest from the remarkable fact of there having been so many Presidents living at the same time.
1918 W. Owen Let. c9 June (1967) 558 Preserve me from..plush chairs, group-photographs, flowers under glass-shades.
1937 H. Read Art & Society iv. 171 There had grown up in Holland..a custom of commissioning group-portraits.
1971 C. Fick Danziger Transcript (1973) 81 Make stats of all the graduation and group pictures.
2003 B. B. Rotmil Faustus in Pasquack viii. 74 The smiling group photos of his family; his roundish-faced wife Edna and their three lovely children.
d. attributive. Insurance. Designating life insurance taken out to cover a number of associated people, esp. a company's employees.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > financial dealings > insurance > [noun] > life insurance
life insurance1781
life assurance1795
group1888
life cover1958
1888 Engineering 20 Jan. 75/3 On the system of group insurance they charged higher premiums, because the risk was greater.
1920 H. Dougharty Pension, Endowment, Life Assurance xi. 51 Group Life Assurance, introduced by an American Life Office some four years ago, is a non-contributory system of Staff Life Assurance.
1920 H. Dougharty Pension, Endowment, Life Assurance xi. 52 The following features of Group Assurance are common to practically all Group Policies—1. The insurance is effected by the employer on the lives of his employees.
1988 Y. Andrews Personnel Function xiv. 278 Group insurance plans provide insurance cover for personnel without it being necessary for them to be medically examined.
2010 L. J. Gitman et al. Personal Financial Planning viii. 274 Employers often provide group life insurance as a fringe benefit for their employees. However, just about any type of group (e.g., a labor union, a professional association, an alumni organization) can secure a group life policy.
e. attributive. Psychology and Psychoanalysis. Designating psychological or psychoanalytical therapy given to a group of patients together, often involving group discussion; designating a practitioner of such therapy.See also group analysis n. (b) at Compounds 2.
group counselling n.
ΚΠ
1936 H. A. Shuford in Smith College Stud. in Social Work 6 211 (title) Group counselling as a supplement to individual consultation in a family agency.
1961 ‘C. H. Rolph’ Common Sense about Crime ix. 144 In prisons and Borstals what is now called Group Counselling is now being developed.
2002 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 3 Nov. iv. 10/1 (advt.) F/T opportunity to provide assessment, individual and group counseling, and service planning for men residing in a traditional shelter.
group counsellor n.
ΚΠ
1960 H. J. Klare Anat. of Prison xxi. 128 Since there is comparatively little staff training, group counsellors may not always utilize the potentialities of the group fully.
2012 Sunday Mail (S. Austral.) (Nexis) 16 Sept. 24 The AFL players' union..was sending a group counsellor.
group psychiatry n.
ΚΠ
1944 Horizon Jan. 79 Dr. Maxwell Jones..is experimenting in group-psychiatry.
1992 T. S. Smith Strong Interaction 8 Some of the movement toward family and group psychiatry can be traced back to the 1930s.
group psychotherapy n. [originally translating German Psychotherapie an Kollektiven (1927 in the paper cited in quot. 1927, or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1927 Jrnl. Neurol. & Psychopathol. 8 Suppl. 76 Group psychotherapy for neurotics as a special method (Ueber Psychotherapie an Kollektiven von Neurotikern als besondere Methode).—W. Guilarowsky. Allg. Zeits. f. Psychiat., 1927, lxxxvi, 56.
1970 New Society 5 Mar. 401/1 Group psychotherapy is based on ‘free floating discussion’, the equivalent in the group of ‘free association’ in the one-to-one psycho-analytic process.
2009 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 27 May 8 Group psychotherapy and physical therapy for severe cases are expected to cost about £10.4 million.
group session n.
ΚΠ
1945 Sociometry 8 108 The method is used in conjunction with individual therapy and members of the staff are present at group sessions.
1984 Washington Post (Nexis) 15 Apr. k1 (caption) In a group session, psychologist Richard Louis Miller teaches..patients to refuse cocaine.
2004 B. Reading in B. Reading & M. Weegman Group Psychotherapy & Addiction vii. 104 Each group session takes as its theme one or more of the essential concepts of relapse prevention models.
group therapy n.
ΚΠ
a1925 K. Abraham in Internat. Jrnl. Psycho-anal. (1926) 7 190 His [sc. Coué's] system of ‘group-therapy’ was attacked on the grounds that it took no account of the individual as a separate case.
1935 L. C. Marsh in Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 82 382 Group Therapy is not a new thing.
1948 Sci. News 8 107 The first recorded use of group therapy was the experiment of Dr. J. H. Pratt in Boston [in 1905].
2012 Nottingham Post (Nexis) 17 Nov. Most patients undergo the 28-day addiction treatment programme with 48-hour detox followed by daily group therapy.
C2. † group order n. Nautical Obsolete rare a position of ships in a fleet which allows them readily to form designated groups when required.
group analysis n. (a) Psychology psychological analysis which takes into account the groups (social, professional, etc.) to which a person belongs; (b) Psychoanalysis psychoanalysis given to a group of patients together (cf. Compounds 1e).
ΚΠ
1914 H. Münsterberg Psychol., Gen. & Appl. iii. xvi. 232 This does not negate the value of psychological group analysis.
1926 T. Burrow in Amer. Jrnl. Psychiatry 5 347 I came to realize the necessity of applying under conditions of actual laboratory or group analysis the method which Freud had developed in the treatment of individuals.
1968 S. H. Foulkes in Select Papers (1990) xviii. 178 The multi-dimensional or network theory of neuroses and other disturbances..is a basic concept of group analysis.
2002 S. Resnik in C. Neri et al. Dreams in Group Psychotherapy xiii. 205 We were able to work through some very old unconscious misunderstandings thanks to this group analysis.
Group Area n. South African (now historical) a residential or other area designated for occupation or use by a particular official ethnic group; usually in plural and attributive, designating legislation providing for such areas and prohibiting occupation or ownership of them by members of any other group; chiefly in Group Areas Act.One of the central laws of the apartheid system, the Group Areas Act was passed by the South African Parliament in 1950 and repealed in June 1991.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > types of laws > [noun] > relating to ethnic minorities
Fleming-lauche?c1629
black code1749
Jew Bill1753
Nuremberg Laws1937
Group Area1950
1950 Eastern Province Herald (Port Elizabeth) 26 May 1 In the assembly today, the Prime Minister..gave notice that he would introduce a guillotine motion..limiting the discussions on the Group Areas Bill to 52 hours.
1950 Economist 2 Sept. 441/2 In the Group Areas Act, the Suppression of Communism Act, and by its control of passports, the Government has forged powerful weapons for the possible intimidation of political opponents.
1952 L. Marquard Peoples & Policies S. Afr. vii. 152 In 1950 the Group Areas Act was passed empowering the Government to declare any area a group area for Coloured, European, African, or Asian.
1982 Eastern Province Herald (Port Elizabeth) 5 Mar. 4 Multiracial sport is to be freed from the restrictions of the Group Areas Act..[which] prohibits people of one population group from using sports facilities in the group area of another race.
1998 P. Jooste Dance with Poor Man's Daughter (1999) viii. 121 We know about Group Areas.
2009 New Yorker 30 Nov. 55/2 Many of their parents and grandparents settled in the Cape Flats, outside of Cape Town, after the Group Areas Acts of the nineteen-fifties made it illegal for them to live in the city.
group captain n. (the title of) a rank of officer in the Royal Air Force above wing commander and below air commodore.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > hostilities in the air > airman > [noun] > officer in air force > group captain
group captain1919
groupie1943
1919 Times 4 Aug. 12 (table) Group captain.
1920 Act 10 Geo. V c. 7 §11 (3) The expression ‘air officer’ means any officer above the rank of group captain.
1961 ‘K. Norway’ Waterfront Hosp. iv. 67 Group Captain Hurst is the most alive man I know.
1998 H. Strachan Way Up Way Out vii. 126 He ups to this Group Captain, which is big rank, man,..and throws him a really deft salute.
group-centred adj. based on or carried out by a group or groups of people; having the group as opposed to the individual as a focus or priority.
ΚΠ
1899 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 4 435 By means of a group-centered struggle many goods are obtainable for the individuals which could not be secured by purely individual effort.
1951 Jrnl. Abnormal & Soc. Psychol. 46 521/1 This study is concerned with the effects of two contrasting group-leadership techniques—group-centered..and leader-centered.
2012 BusinessWorld (Nexis) 2 Aug. s1 It was impossible for Americans brought up in an individualistic, instant-gratification kind of culture to adopt the group-centered, perfection-directed Japanese way.
group consciousness n. the totality of the beliefs, thoughts, and feelings defining the identity of a group of people.
ΚΠ
1894 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 5 Suppl. 56 It becomes conscious of itself as a society. A common or group consciousness is evolved.
1915 A. Huxley Let. Dec. (1969) 87 All the men who are running the Palatine, who are infused with the Palatinate group-consciousness, which is a good group-consciousness, are good men.
1951 R. Firth Elements Social Organization iii. 115 In their own social and ceremonial life they display a strong group consciousness.
2000 A. Bonshek Mirror of Consciousness xvi. 234 The group consciousness of a community or nation has an intelligence of its own which is more than the constituent parts taken together.
group dialect n. a form or variety of language used by the members of a particular social group; frequently contrasted with regional dialect.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > a language > dialect > [noun] > social or class dialect
patois1643
social dialect1852
group language1920
group dialect1928
non-U1954
sociolect1963
acrolect1965
basilect1965
mesolect1971
folk-speech-
1928 Amer. Speech 3 246 The teaching of good English..depends for its success largely on whether the student is sympathetic and receptive or held back by prejudices, group dialect, fear of pedantry, etc.
1959 I. Opie & P. Opie Lore & Lang. Schoolchildren viii. 152 ‘Pax’ is group dialect not regional dialect.
1998 L. Venuti Scandals of Transl. 10 Constant variation from regional or group dialects, jargons, clichés and slogans, stylistic innovations, nonce words.
group dynamic n. originally Sociology (a) the motivation or ethos underlying the action or behaviour of a group; (later usually) the manner in which the members of a group interact; an instance of this; (b) attributive of or relating to group dynamics.
ΚΠ
1926 B. W. Brown Social Groups 123 When homogeneity and the group dynamic are in complete accord, the combination is very strong.
1948 Jrnl. Educ. Res. 41 593 The complexity of the growing theory of group dynamics plus the inadequacy of our culture as a molder of the necessary skills in group dynamic procedure..have tended to create the need for a new occupation.
1952 Internat. Jrnl. Group Psychotherapy 2 140 As soon as a child suggests a trip, a group dynamic is set in motion... A spirited discussion ensues as to the choice of place or activity.
1989 Polit. Psychol. 10 651 From the group-dynamic perspective, an individual is understood not in isolation, but as a part of a group.
2006 J. Kenrick Compl. Idiot's Guide to Amateur Theatricals xii. 152 Such sessions give newcomers a chance to learn a little about the show and see what the group dynamic is like.
group dynamics n. (with plural agreement) the interactions between different groups, or (now more usually) between the individual members of a group of people; the ethos or behaviour arising from these interactions; (with singular agreement) the study or use of such interactions.
ΚΠ
1935 Amer. Econ. Rev. 25 794 While ultimately both prices and credit structure depend upon supplies of and demands for goods and services, these terms are increasingly realized as phenomena of group dynamics.
1945 K. Lewin in Sociometry 8 135 The main task of the Center is the development of scientific methods of studying and changing group life and the development of concepts and theories of Group Dynamics.
1979 Arizona Daily Star 5 Aug. 2/4 (advt.) Requires knowledge of group dynamics as it relates to the treatment of alcoholics in the detox stages of recovery.
2002 D. Goleman et al. Business: Ultimate Resource 1255/1 One means of helping people to create positive group dynamics is sensitivity training.
group effort n. coordinated or concerted effort by a group of people; (now usually) an instance or result of this; something achieved through the efforts of a number people, and for which credit should be shared.
ΚΠ
1906 Sociol. Papers 2 130 The sound line of policy in English national education is to allow sufficient scope..for group-effort and for private enterprise in education.
1919 Amer. Architect 15 Jan. 89/1 Architecture is not the result of one man's energies or application, but must be considered as a combined output, as a group effort.
2002 Vogue Dec. 178/1 This is very much a group effort... I am part of a larger society of artists who share vision.
group firing n. [probably originally after German Gruppenfeuer (1867 or earlier)] Military †(a) the firing of a series of shots at a target (cf. sense 2d) (obsolete); (b) simultaneous firing at a target by a group of people.
ΚΠ
1878 C. H. F. Ellis tr. Extracts Drill Regulations for Prussian Artillery 179 The object of group-firing is to obtain the elevation which will place the target in the centre of the mean dispersion.
1896 Daily News 6 Aug. 7/2 The garrison group-firing competition at a moving target proceeded in the afternoon.
1941 Pop. Mech. May 117 a/1 Even more elaborate safety measures are required for the final phase—group firing into a sleeve target towed by an airplane.
2003 R. J. Moore & M. Haynes Lewis & Clark, Tailor Made, Trail Worn i. 20/1 Drill, marching in unison, and proficiency in group firing were of paramount importance in a soldier's daily training.
group flashing n. the repeated emission of a set group or pattern of flashes by a lighthouse or a light on a buoy; frequently attributive as group flashing light.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > light > light emitted in particular manner > [noun] > flash > action of flashing > of a lighthouse
group flashing1871
1871 Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 7 Aug. The group flashing gaslight has vastly greater power in penetrating fogs than the fixed light.
1891 A. G. Findlay Lighthouses of World Add. facing p. 32 Its [sc. electric light's] range, definition, and, where a distinctive character is employed as Group-Flashing, its unmistakable superiority to all other modes of Illumination, pronounce its excellence and pre-eminence.
1911 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 629/1 The 12 lens panels are arranged in groups of two, thus producing a group flashing light.
2012 D. House Seamanship Techniques (ed. 3) xiii. 442 (caption) Preferred channel to starboard, red with green stripe, and red light flashing 2 +1 (group flashing).
group genitive n. Grammar (in English) a genitive formed by adding 's (or ') to the last word of a phrase, as the woman who lives next door's cat.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > case > [noun] > genitive > phrase with genitive suffix
group genitive1894
1894 O. Jespersen Progress in Lang. viii. 306 It will not be easy to lay down fully definite and comprehensive rules for determining in which cases the group genitive is allowable and in which the s has to be affixed to each member.
1927 Rev. Eng. Stud. Oct. 438 There are other practical problems of syntax... One might instance the Split Infinitive, and the modern development of the group genitive.
2005 Language 81 632 While group genitives are extremely rarely attested in written language, they can be found in spoken, particularly colloquial, language.
group home n. any of various types of communal residences; (now) spec. a supervised, communal residence for a small number of individuals who cannot live independently, typically due to physical or mental disabilities or behavioural issues.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > institutional homes > [noun] > for the poor, infirm, etc.
bead-housec1160
spittle?c1225
spittle-housec1315
maison dieu1354
almshouse1395
hospital14..
God's house1425
hospitality1571
townhouse1597
guest house1600
gifts1651
college1694
asylum1776
hospice1818
group home1873
pogey1891
1873 Herald of Health Oct. 183/2 The undersigned would be pleased to correspond with a limited number of earnest, practical vegetarians..with a view to..the establishment of a trinitarian or hygienic group home.
1913 Theosophical Path 1 July 48 Although three new buildings had been added to the group homes, the school had quite outgrown its accommodations.
1967 N.Y. Times 4 Mar. 13/2 A program to provide group homes for 25 to 30 per cent of the children in the state's mental hospitals was announced yesterday.
2002 Independent (Nexis) 22 Mar. 3 As adults, they are no longer confined in institutions but are more likely to live in small group homes with support so they can lead near-normal lives in the community.
group hug n. a hug shared by three or more people in a group, typically as an expression of support or solidarity.
ΚΠ
1968 N.Y. Mag. 7 Apr. 53/3 There are therapists who recommend cures by prolonged bodily pressure and group hugs to the point of pain on disturbed persons.
1985 Amer. Secondary Educ. 14 27/3 A final group hug demonstrates genuine affection among staff and students.
2003 E. Noble Reading Group 464 Are you going to suggest a group hug next?
group language n. = group dialect n.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > a language > dialect > [noun] > social or class dialect
patois1643
social dialect1852
group language1920
group dialect1928
non-U1954
sociolect1963
acrolect1965
basilect1965
mesolect1971
folk-speech-
1920 H. B. Lathrop Freshman Composition vii. 157 Everybody's language is more or less individual, and every group of people has in a sense its own group-language.
1964 C. Barber Ling. Change Present-day Eng. iii. 68 The importance of a special group-language in promoting feelings of cohesion can easily be seen.
1994 J. Edwards Multilingualism (1995) v. 141 Group language, used for communication within a specific speech community.
group litigation n. Law the practice of collectively bringing or managing multiple claims giving rise to common or related issues of fact or law; an action brought in this manner; cf. class action n. at class n. and adj. Compounds 1c.In England and Wales, frequently in Group Litigation Order (GLO), an order which permits cases to be managed in this manner.
ΚΠ
1940 M. Radin Law as Logic & Experience Index 166/1 Prevents group litigation.
1982 Jrnl. Legal Stud. 11 213 Group litigation is more efficient than individual litigation.
2003 Private Eye 5 Sept. 27/1 The Inland Revenue website quietly announced two new group litigation orders, known as GLOs, which were made in the High Court.
group marriage n. originally Anthropology a system or situation in which each of the men in a small community is regarded as married to each of the women; also called communal marriage (cf. marriage n. 1f).In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, group marriage was regarded by many anthropologists as an early stage in the evolution of marital relationship systems. This system was however later shown to occur only rarely as an institutionalized social practice, although informal relationships of this type are found in some western societies.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > types of marriage custom or practice > [noun] > polygamy > group-marriage
pantagamy1852
hetaerism1870
marriage1870
group marriage1880
punalua1922
1880 L. Fison & A. W. Howitt Kamilaroi & Kurnai 146 Considering how easy it is to mistake instances of group marriage for polyandry.
1921 E. Westermarck Hist. Human Marriage (ed. 5) III. xxxi. 260 Nor can the hypothesis that it [sc. the classificatory system] is an indication of group-marriage or sexual communism be accepted as even probably correct.
1974 Jet 22 Aug. 20/2 Today's permissive society, characterized by the excited experimentation with group marriage, open marriage,..and shacking up together.
2012 J. Peoples & G. Bailey Humanity (ed. 9) viii. 175/1 Most anthropologists believe that group marriage, where it has occurred, has been a short-lived phenomenon brought about by highly unusual circumstances.
group-marriager n. Anthropology rare a person advocating the theory that group marriage is an early stage in the evolution of marital relationship systems (see note at group marriage n.).
ΚΠ
1906 N. W. Thomas Kinship Organisation 126 The course of evolution has been, not as group-marriagers maintain from group to individual terms of relationship but from terms descriptive of status to terms descriptive of relationship.
group mate n. a fellow member of a group, esp. a social group.
ΚΠ
1921 Eng. Jrnl. 10 31 The pupils, profiting by the suggestions of their groupmates, revised their compositions.
1949 M. Mead Male & Female x. 205 He will very likely live longer than his more active group-mates.
2005 V. P. Aveni Study Abroad & Second Lang. Use 170 She was a group mate of Camille and often spent time with Madeline.
group memory n. a collective pool of information and knowledge shared and transmitted between members of a group of people.
ΚΠ
1910 Bull. Univ. Wisconsin No. 342. 325 In order to profit by experience and pursue a connected policy there must be a certain continuity in action which involves what may be called a group memory.
1965 Listener 30 Sept. 491/1 Group memory..is no more than the transmittal to many people of the memory of one man or a few men, repeated many times over.
2012 Integrative Psychol. & Behavioral Sci. 46 544 In later medieval England perceptions of the past depended on collective and group memory.
group mentality n. = group mind n.
ΚΠ
1920 B. Russell Pract. & Theory Bolshevism i. i. 19 The group-mentality that Communism requires.
1955 Life 26 Dec. 145/2 The group mentality may be operating, in a refusal to acknowledge the good of anything that originates outside the group.
1992 A. Bell tr. M. Toussaint-Samat Hist. Food Introd. 3 Tastes and culinary skills do in fact reflect a group mentality—‘Tell me what you eat and I will tell you what you are’.
group mind n. (usually with the) a way of thinking and feeling developed by a group of people, often considered to prevail over individual thoughts and beliefs; a notional collective mind or consciousness shared by a group of people, as expressed in uniformity of thought or behaviour.
ΚΠ
1889 W. Donisthorpe Individualism ix. 276 The motive is to be found in the group-mind.
1924 W. B. Selbie Psychol. Relig. 72 The working of the social consciousness or group mind.
1960 Times Lit. Suppl. 20 May 323/4 We know that men may lose their individual identities..by music and rhetoric, and that..this state of group-mind can be stretched out over long periods.
2005 C. Stross Accelerando iii. 108 The evidence of individuality within the group mind is disturbing to Annette.
group ministry n. Anglican Church a group of neighbouring parishes in which the incumbent of each has, besides the care of his or her own benefice, the legal authority to assist the others in the group; cf. team ministry n. at team n. Compounds 4.In early, more general, use probably not a fixed collocation; cf. quot. 1912.
ΚΠ
1912 W. H. Wilson Evol. Country Community i. 12 The long range group service should be transformed into short and compact group ministry.
1961 Times 20 Mar. 4/2 This will be the first time a group ministry..has been used in Norfolk.
2001 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 10 Apr. 27 He recognised that group ministries were not the right answer to all rural church problems.
group norm n. (a) a standard or typical value within a group of results; (b) a standard or pattern of social behaviour that is accepted in or expected of a group; = norm n.1 1b.
ΚΠ
1913 Psychol. Clinic 7 93 Children do better when tested in groups than when tested singly. For this reason group norms may not be serviceable as clinical norms.
1920 Philos. Rev. 29 326 The power and authority which group norms and representations, taboos and religious requirements possess over the activities and lives of individuals.
1936 M. Sherif Psychol. of Social Norms vi. 105 If the leader changes his norm after the group norm is settled he may cease thereupon to be followed.
1972 S. D. Fretwell Populations in Seasonal Environment iii. 41 The exceptional point..could easily be a random deviate from the high group norm.
2002 S. M. Jex Organizational Psychol. lxxxvi. 303/2 The norm violator may ultimately change the relevant group norm.
ΚΠ
1882 G. S. Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 114 A fleet is said to be in group order when the ships composing each group are so placed as to be able at once to assume group formation in whatever manner the fleet may be disposed, with the ships in line.
group person n. (a) a group of people considered as an individual (now rare); (b) a person who enjoys being part of a group.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > [noun] > social group > one belonging to
group person1898
1898 F. W. Maitland Township & Borough i. 15 Oxford and Cambridge are peopled by ‘group-persons’... Morally, though not legally, some at least of our multitudinous societies and clubs are persons.
1915 E. Barker Polit. Thought in Eng. 175 Permanent groups are themselves persons, group-persons, with a group-will of their own.
1969 Eng. Jrnl. 58 24/2 Scribbled all over such a student's permanent record cards are comments like ‘does not relate’, ‘is not a group person’, ‘underachiever’, ‘bright but lazy’, ‘fails to realize potential’.
2005 Yoga Jrnl. July 74/2 Although I'd never been much of a group person, I quickly embraced Prague's yoga and Buddhist communities.
2009 M. Maunula Guten Tag, Y'all 118 Spartanburg has been led by what the legal scholar Arthur Selwyn Miller has called a ‘group-person’, namely, a fusion of political and economic powers.
group personality n. (a) a group of people considered as a single entity, esp. in political or legal contexts (cf. group person n. (a)); (b) a set of personal characteristics or qualities shared by the members of a social group; the distinctive character of a group.
ΚΠ
1897 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 3 74 In the gropings of a vast collective life towards self-consciousness, swift-divining genius finds just that hint which incites it to imagine and to glorify a gigantic group personality.
1929 Social Forces 8 92/1 Migration to a pioneer area is apt to occur in an effort to protect the group personality.
1934 E. Barker tr. O. F. Gierke Nat. Law Theory Society I. iii. i. 81 In his [sc. Hobbes'] theory of corporations, as in his theory of the State, the central conception is that of the unity of group-personality.
1991 R. J. Goebbel Mustang Ace ii. 31 All the cadets were beginning to take on a group personality.
2008 M. B. Vieira & D. Runciman Representation i. 13 The conciliar movement that began towards the end of the fourteenth century drew on the theory of group personality to argue that the unity of the church resulted from the corporate association of its members.
group practice n. a medical practice in which several doctors work; (also) the practice of medicine by several doctors from one centre.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > healer > medical practice > [noun]
practice1863
group practice1916
1916 Indianapolis Med. Jrnl. 15 Apr. 155/1 The above is probably a fair expression of the ‘group practice’ from Boston to San Francisco.
1958 New Statesman 18 Oct. 530/2 The development of health centres and group practice has been much too slow.
2011 South Wales Echo (Nexis) 15 June 22 Most Cardiff GPs now work in group practices, but many of these either close or have no GP on site one afternoon per week.
group psychologist n. [after group psychology n.] a student of or expert in group psychology.
ΚΠ
1904 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 10 219 Group psychologists..take into consideration the fact that individual consciousness is socially conditioned.
2003 Organizational Dynamics 31 378/2 Group psychologists have labeled the failure of teams to effectively perform the ‘identification and combination’ activities..as an example of ‘process loss’.
group psychology n. the study of the interactions between members of a social group, or of interactions between social groups; (also) = group mind n.
ΚΠ
1889 W. Donisthorpe Individualism ix. 276 Group-psychology cannot be studied subjectively. The group-will can only be known objectively, by its acts.
1920 W. McDougall Group Mind 8 Group Psychology has, first, to establish the general principles of group life.
1978 Washington Post 26 Nov. a20/1 The ‘white night’ rituals, as well as everyday life in Jonestown, were examples of group psychology run wild.
2013 Express (Nexis) 3 Jan. 12 Economics is at least as much about group psychology as it is about dry accountancy.
group rate n. a payment or charge applicable to a group of people or things; (originally) spec. a uniform rail fare (esp. for freight) applicable from any place within a certain area; (now chiefly) a reduced payment for a service, amenity, etc., made available to a group of people applying together.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > [noun] > fare > by rail > types of
group rate1880
grouped rate1881
1880 Leeds Mercury 5 Nov. 3/2 The damage or prejudice to the Denaby Company necessarily involved..in their being charged a group rate was not the whole or the principal matter.
1920 Encycl. Americana XXVII. 495/2 Group rates apply to large areas inland from Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore.
1957 Life 13 May 151/1 Whether they share gas for a car or get group rates when bowling, it is definitely much cheaper by the half dozen.
2001 Ski Mar. 157/1 (advt.) Not redeemable in conjunction with any other discounted offers or group rates.
group selection n. Biology a form of natural selection in which characteristics that may be disadvantageous to an individual can persist or increase in the population if they contribute to the survival and reproduction of the group as a whole.Natural selection is now generally thought not to act at the group level, and instances of apparent group selection are explained by other selective processes which affect gene distribution in populations, esp. kin selection.
ΚΠ
1894 Fortnightly 56 15 His [sc. Darwin's] remarks apply with greater force to physical or extra-group selection than to intra-group selection.]
1895 B. Bosanquet Aspects Social Probl. 46 xvi. 294 How then does group selection affect the relations of the members of the community [of insects] to each other?
1919 Sci. Monthly Jan. 25 In common with many militaristic writers [Karl] Pearson attributes an important rôle to group selection whether it takes the form of actual war, of competition for markets, trade routes and spheres of influence.
1962 Evolution 16 530/2 So far as we can see, no genetic model for such group selection is here presented.
2002 S. Pinker Blank Slate (Book Club ed.) xiv. 258 Thinkers with collectivist sympathies have tried to eke out a place for unmeasured generosity by invoking group selection.
groupset n. the brakes and gears for a bicycle, with their accompanying mechanisms and parts, designed, assembled, or regarded as a set.
ΚΠ
1988 M. Glaskin & J. Torr Mountain Biking ii. 36 A complete groupset of components..is not cheap but will ensure that all components work well together.
2000 Courier Mail (Queensland, Austral.) (Nexis) 14 Apr. d2 The Aggressor is equipped with the latest Shimano LX groupset, including 27-speed rapid-fire shifters, parallel-push v-brakes and Hollow Tech cranks.
2011 Bicycling (Electronic ed.) Dec. 86 SRAM introduced its first road-bike groupset six years ago.
group sex n. sexual activity involving three or more participants.
ΚΠ
1966 N.Y. Times 18 Sept. d15/4 An outlaw California motorcycle gang that believes in..the efficacy of ‘pot’ and group sex.
1984 B. J. Wattenberg Good News is Bad News is Wrong (1985) xxxviii. 290 The practice of ‘swinging’, or group sex,..has come even to middle-class suburbia.
2001 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 27 Apr. 6 He thought group sex behind closed doors was acceptable ‘provided they felt up to it’.
group spring n. U.S. Mechanics a spring composed of a group of individual helical springs held together in a metal container, typically used on railway vehicles.
ΚΠ
1876 Sci. Amer. Suppl. 22 July 465/3 There are group springs of six coils each 3 in. diameter x 5½ in. high with cast-iron cap and base.
2000 U.S. Patent 6,158,381 9 The spring comprises at least one of a helical tension spring.., a group spring, a nested spring and a conical spring.
group stage n. a stage composed of or characterized by groups; (Sport) (in singular and plural) a stage of a competition in which teams compete in a number of groups, one or more of the best-placed teams from each group progressing to the next stage (typically a series of knockout matches); cf. sense 3d.
ΚΠ
1894 Jrnl. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 63 20 ‘Exogamy’ appears to have been a quite natural, or even inevitable, development from a communal group stage.
1969 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 75 164 This scheme makes ‘expressing depression’ and ‘denying depression’ major categories; not surprisingly these events help define the group stages.
1973 Times 6 Feb. 13 It would be a bitter disappointment for the Scots if they failed to get past the group stage after their fine showing in the World Cup last year.
2004 Rugby World Feb. 65/2 The Scarlets have a double-header against Agen on January 9 and 17, then entertain The Borders before finishing the group stages with a visit to Northampton Saints.
groupthink n. a type of thinking engaged in by a group of people deliberating an issue, typically characterized by the making of injudicious decisions through individuals' unwillingness to challenge group consensus.
ΚΠ
1952 Fortune Mar. 114/2 Groupthink being a coinage..a working definition is in order... We are not talking about mere instinctive conformity—it is, after all, a perennial failing of mankind. What we are talking about is a rationalized conformity.
1969 D. E. Westlake Up your Banners (1970) xxxvii. 266 If ever I'd seen a document that was the result of group-think, that was it.
1971 I. Janis in Psychol. Today Nov. 43/2 I use the term groupthink as a quick and easy way to refer to the mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive ingroup that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.
2010 Independent 1 Sept. (Viewspaper section) 4/4 Historians might explain it by..US-British intelligence experiencing the phenomenon of groupthink.
group thinking n. deliberation, analysis, or problem-solving engaged in by a group of people (sometimes with negative connotations: see groupthink n.).
ΚΠ
1902 Educ. Rev. 24 220 The latent premises which color or govern much of our ordinary thinking—our individual thinking, and still more our group-thinking.
1933 ‘R. West’ St. Augustine i. 18 The depreciation of thought by the hasty and facile processes inevitable in group-thinking.
2004 R. Wegerif & L. Dawes Developing Thinking & Learning with ICT iii. 43 Questions..are often an important tool for group thinking.
group velocity n. Physics the speed at which the energy of a wave or wave group travels.So called because if the sinusoidal components of a wave group do not differ greatly in frequency, the velocity of energy transmission is the speed at which the group as a whole travels.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > mechanics > types of motion > [noun] > wave > series of waves > velocity of
group velocity1881
1877 Ld. Rayleigh in Proc. London Math. Soc. 9 22 The velocity of the group is (κV'−κV)÷(κ'−κ).]
1881 Ld. Rayleigh in Nature 25 Aug. 382/1 I have investigated the general relation between the group-velocity U and the wave-velocity V.
1932 A. W. Ladner & C. R. Stoner Short Wave Wireless Communication iii. 34 For the case of a group of waves passing through an ionised medium..the phase velocity will be greater than c, the velocity of light in a pure dielectric,..but the group velocity will be less than c.
1954 D. J. Hughes Neutron Optics i. 7 It is customary to use the wave picture for refraction of light and to refer to the phase velocity, whereas the group velocity (the observable particle velocity) is used in connection with neutrons.
2005 R. E. Newnham Properties of Materials xxiii. 258 The group velocity of an elastic wave is the velocity of energy flux.
group verb n. Grammar a multi-word verb consisting of a verb and one or more further elements which together function as a single syntactical unit; a phrasal or prepositional verb.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > verb > [noun] > phrasal verb
phrasal verb1879
group verb1892
1892 H. Sweet New Eng. Gram. I. 138 We may regard pass-by and run-across in such constructions as group-verbs, logically equivalent to such simple transitive verbs as pass and cross in he passed the house, he crossed the road.
1924 H. E. Palmer Gram. Spoken Eng. ii. 169 Some adverbs are so intimately associated with verbs that such combinations may be considered as group-verbs.
1963 F. T. Visser Hist. Syntax Eng. Lang. I. iv. 407 Prepositional object after such group-verbs as break in upon, look out for.
1999 Machine Transl. 14 55 Group verbs..also exhibit a characteristic syntactic behaviour which distinguishes them from the rest.
group word n. Linguistics a number of words constituting a semantic unit within a sentence; spec. a phrase which functions grammatically as a single word.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > linguistic unit > phrase > [noun]
locution?a1475
phrase1530
saying1530
comma1592
speecha1599
standa1626
gramm1647
dictiona1660
roada1690
slip-slop1823
construct1871
group word1888
1888 J. Y. Sargent Lat. Prose Primer p. xxiii, (heading) Single words and Group-words.
1931 G. O. Curme Syntax v. 70 English orthography often does not distinguish between a simple attributive adjective in an ordinary syntactical group and an attributive adjective as a component of a group-word or compound.
1953 C. E. Bazell Ling. Form vi. 73 (Type queen of France's son). This abnormality led to the whole group (e.g. queen of France) being taken as a word, albeit of a special kind (‘group-word’).
2008 B. A. Kipfer Phraseology 128/1 The phrase trick-or-treat is a group word.
group work n. (a) education, training, therapy, etc., given in a group; (b) work carried out or done by a group.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > work > [noun] > teamwork
band work1879
group work1880
teamwork1896
1880 Addr. & Jrnl. Proc. National Educ. Assoc. U.S. 1879 137 The social games and the group-work are the chief means of this social training.
1941 J. S. Huxley Uniqueness of Man xi. 233 We may distinguish such [joint] work from true group work, using the term group in the sense of a body of people pooling their different knowledges and skills to cope with quantitatively differentiated problems.
1975 Lang. for Life (Dept. Educ. & Sci.) xix. 281 There should be..a mixture of one-to-one tuition and group work.
1998 Community Care 5 Feb. 66/4 (advt.) We employ a consultant psycho-sexual therapist for individual and group work.
2004 Dunoon Observer & Argyllshire Standard 12 Mar. 7/4 The young people..were involved in a full timetable..including lectures and group work with NASA space cadets, astronauts and scientists.
Derivatives
groupwise adv. and adj. (a) adv. in or by groups; so as to form a group or groups; (b) adj. involving, forming, or occurring in a group or groups. [In use as adverb originally after German gruppenweise (late 17th cent. or earlier; 1810 in the passage translated in quot. 1813).]
ΚΠ
1813 J. Black tr. L. von Buch Trav. Norway & Lapland viii. 356 The mica is collected, group-wise [Ger. gruppenweise], in single folia, with reddish white felspar in long streaks between, so that the slatey structure is here no longer parallel with itself.
1885 Mississippi Valley Med. Monthly Apr. 168 After a number of single or group-wise attacks, a regular quotidian..developed itself in the one person on the twelfth day, in the other on the twenty-fifth.
1901 E. A. Ross Social Control 29 The fittest to survive when the competition is man-wise, may be eliminated when the competition is group-wise.
1934 W. F. Badè Man. Excavation in Near East vii. 30 It enabled the draughtsmen and the recorder to treat the material groupwise for the millimeter-card records.
1992 M. Lal Encycl. Indian Lit. (2001) V. 4522 Despite the individual and group-wise mutual divergences of these five schools, they do display agreement on some broad doctrinal outlines.
2010 Environmental Health Perspectives 118 1126/1 In epidemiological studies, exposure levels are often assigned crudely and groupwise according to air monitoring data and sources near the residence.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2014; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
groupv.
/ɡruːp/, U.S. /ɡrup/ 1. Fine Art.
a. transitive. To arrange (figures, objects, etc.) in groups, in order to create harmony and balance; to compose (a picture of such figures or objects). Also in extended use. Also with together.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > other specific arrangements > arrange in other specific manner [verb (transitive)] > in a group
aggroup1695
group1706
1706 J. Savage tr. R. de Piles Art of Painting 351 He wou'd have sought after a way to Groupe [Fr. Grouper] his Objects and his Lights to the best advantage.
1718 M. Prior Solomon on Vanity Pref., in Poems Several Occasions (new ed.) The difficulty lies in drawing and disposing, or (as the painters term it) in grouping such a multitude of different objects.
1753 W. Hogarth Anal. Beauty 1 Almost every figure in them (how oddly soever they may seem to be group'd together).
1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth IV. 116 Nature..groupes her pictures.
1829 W. Scott Let. 20 Jan. (1936) XI. 99 Six figures will form too many for a sculptor to group to advantage.
1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xxxi. 314 Mrs. Miff, and Mr. Sownds the Beadle, group the party in their proper places at the altar rails.
1871 L. Stephen Playground of Europe ii. 69 The architecture of nature displays..such exquisite powers of grouping the various elements of beauty.
1902 W. Carnie Reporting Reminisc. 164 Mr. George Walker,..to whom is due the credit of designing and grouping the picture before you.
2009 F. S. Kleiner Gardner's Art through Ages (ed. 13) xix. 505/1 The formal design of the Lamentation fresco—the way Giotto grouped the figures within the constructed space—is worth close study.
b. intransitive. Of an artist: to arrange figures or objects in groups. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1780 W. Beckford Biogr. Mem. Extraordinary Painters 130 That incomparable artist,..after eight years had elapsed, suffered him to group without assistance.
1793 Picturesque Guide Bath ii. 106 When we are employed to compose a junction of picturesque objects, we are undoubtedly at liberty..to groupe, to transpose, and to riot in all the luxuriance of fancy.
1840 Art-union Apr. 53/2 He groups well—gracefully, and yet with due care to effect.
1859 M. A. Dwight Introd. Study of Art 266 Canova attached much importance to composition, and in speaking of West's pictures remarked, ‘He groups; he does not compose.’
1920 Normal Instructor (Dansville, N.Y.) Mar. 22/1 Lights and shadows form beautiful patterns when artists know how to group well.
2.
a. transitive. To bring together as a group, to make a group of; to position (people or things) close together so as to form a collective unity. Also with together. Frequently in passive. Also reflexive.Johnson's definition in quot. 1755 gives quot. 1718 at sense 1a as a supporting quotation, and is apparently based on a misunderstanding.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > gather together [verb (transitive)] > group
aggroup1695
group1738
1738 J. Bancks Misc. Wks. I. 238 I with Better blend the Worse; And, group'd together as they [sc. Priests and Prophets] fall, Extract one Moral from them all.
1754 London Mag. Mar. 112/1 The prodigious number of them [sc. hills] that are grouped together.
1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. To Group, to put into a croud; To huddle together.
a1785 W. Whitehead On Improvements at Nuneham in Poems (1788) III. 77 Who thinn'd, and who group'd, and who scatter'd those trees.
1853 C. Kingsley Hypatia II. vii. 180 Peitho and the Graces retired a few steps, and grouped themselves with the Cyclops.
1894 J. T. Fowler in St. Adamnan Vita S. Columbae Introd. 38 Scattered huts or cells grouped around a church or oratory.
1925 Rotarian May 49/1 There would be no textbooks of racial or religious bigotry and the flags of the nations of the earth would be grouped together in the classrooms.
1960 C. P. Snow Affair (1962) iv. xxvii. 206 Before each chair..were grouped a blotter, a pile of quarto paper, a steel-nibbed pen, a set of pencils.
1981 A. Schlee Rhine Journey x. 128 Unconsciously they had grouped themselves in a semi-circle facing the door.
2001 Pract. Householder Jan. 44/1 If you want to use lots of containers, try to group them together on a paved area rather than dotting them around.
b. intransitive. To form or gather in a group or groups; (also) to make a group with. Also with together.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > gather together [verb (intransitive)] > gather in (a) group(s)
group1797
1797 Scots Mag. May 326/1 The rocks were covered with natural garlands.., which scattered themselves in tufted sheaves and grouped with as much elegance as profusion.
1801 R. Southey Thalaba I. iii. 139 Home-birds, grouping at Oneiza's call.
1823 H. Ravelin Lucubrations 349 The blazing watch fire, throwing its red glare upon the swarthy figures which danced or grouped in indolence around it.
1897 19th Cent. Aug. 218 Lord Tennyson when among us grouped with these.
1906 J. Galsworthy Man of Prop. 88 That little party of the three generations grouped tranquilly under the pear-tree.
1965 E. O'Brien August is Wicked Month (1979) x. 76 The elder women grouped together comparing what they had seen.
1987 R. McCammon Swan Song xiii. lxxxiii. 840 Armored cars seemed to be grouping to make camp.
2011 A. Collins Red, White & Blue Train iv. 16 The most politically powerful publicans looked around and began to group in small clusters.
3.
a. transitive. To place together in a group or category because of certain shared qualities or characteristics; also with together, with. Also: to divide into a number of categories on the basis of particular characteristics; to classify, categorize.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > condition or state of being inclusive > include [verb (transitive)] > in a class, description, or reckoning
accounta1464
lap1552
include1575
shroud1593
comprise1597
list1622
classicate1654
classa1658
distribute1664
to run over ——1724
immerse1734
group1759
compute1818
classify1854
count1857
to ring in1916
1759 Busy Body No. 11. 62 They too often are grooped under the general denomination of madmen or fools.
1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth IV. viii. 253 Those quadrupedes that, by resembling each other in some striking particular, admit of being grouped together and considered under one point of view.
1836 Penny Cycl. V. 248 Under the name of Asphodels he [sc. Lobel] grouped the principal part of modern petaloid monocotyledons.
1867 H. Spencer First Princ. (ed. 2) ii. i. §37 131 Science concerns itself with the co-existences and sequences among phenomena; grouping these at first into generalizations of a simple or low order [etc.].
1919 World Tomorrow Mar. 65/2 Large numbers of ministers and people are..eager for mergers which shall group them with believers of kindred faith and purpose.
1964 Eng. Stud. 45 (Suppl.). 11 He has grouped languages of Canadian Indians together.
1985 P. Gay Freud for Historians (1986) v. 155 The notorious three-class electoral law..grouped voters by the amount of direct taxes due from each of them.
2011 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 11 Sept. (Review section) 6/3 An interleaved assignment mixes up different kinds of situations or problems to be practiced, instead of grouping them by type.
b. transitive. Medicine. To assign (blood) to a particular group; to determine the blood group of (a person or animal). Cf. blood group n. at blood n. Compounds 5.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > examination > examine medically [verb (transitive)] > assign blood group to
group1915
1915 Lancet-Clinic 6 Mar. 260/1 We decided, in consultation, upon a second transfusion, this time with donor's and recipient's blood properly grouped.
1936 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 28 Mar. 651/2 The patient's blood should in any case be grouped, so that an immediate transfusion may be given later if necessary.
1955 Lancet 31 Dec. 1375/2 Fourthly, there are what he calls ‘administrative errors’: donor and recipient have been correctly grouped and cross-matched and the results have been accurately recorded, but things go wrong.
1968 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. I. xxvi. 19/2 With improved laboratory techniques and increased care in grouping and cross matching the blood of both patient and donor, reactions are now uncommon.
2006 Yorks. Evening Post (Nexis) 4 Feb. His wife..died after a hospital technician wrongly grouped her blood as she was prepared for a simple hospital operation.
4. intransitive. With modifying adverb, as well, nicely, etc.: to fit together as a group (with), esp. with regard to harmony and balance; to form an effective or appropriate group. Frequently with together.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > other specific arrangements > be arranged in other specific manner [verb (intransitive)] > together in a group
group1820
1820 W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. 123 64 Massinger is so much more modern than the other writers noticed in this lecture, that they do not groupe well together.
1885 Garden 1 Aug. 113/3 Begonias seem to group badly alone; they need the aid of some other decorative plants to give good effect.
1913 F. Bond Introd. Eng. Church Archit. I. 218/2 The chancel of Merstham, Surrey, has a chapel on either side, grouping nicely with the chancel.
1988 F. W. Zweifel Handbk. Biol. Illustr. (ed. 2) 27 Fine-lined drawings usually do not group attractively with heavily drawn figures.
2009 J. K. Goldstein Things of Concern 142 As I considered which programs grouped well together, I realized that they fell into a natural pattern of division.
5. Firearms.
a. intransitive. Of shots: to cluster about a point on a target; to form a compact group.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > action of propelling missile > discharge of firearms > discharge firearms [verb (intransitive)] > actions of bullet or shot
ricochet1804
club1830
cluster1830
strip1854
upset1859
slug1875
keyhole1878
group1882
string1892
mushroom1893
splash1894
to set up1896
phut1901
pattern1904
print1961
1882 Forest & Stream 14 Dec. 394/2 To his surprise he found the shots grouped within about a three-foot circle.
1922 Infantry Jrnl. (U.S.) Jan. 10/1 He fired again at the same aiming point and was surprised to find his shots grouped just as nicely as before.
1946 Boys' Life June 48/1 Sights are carefully adjusted until shots group in the center of the bull's-eye.
2011 J. Foral in D. Shideler Gun Digest 2012 77/3 On the 200-yard target, 13 shots grouped into an 8-inch circle.
b. intransitive. Of a firearm (esp. a rifle) or its firer: to fire shots which form a compact group. Also transitive.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > action of propelling missile > discharge of firearms > discharge firearms [verb (intransitive)] > types of firing
plunge1761
steal1794
snipe1832
to fire into the brown (of them)1845
pot1854
pot-shoot1867
group1911
pot-shot1913
1911 Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 419/2 The use of the bull's-eye to-day is to teach the soldier to shoot uniformly, that is, to ‘group’ his shots closely.
1913 A. G. Fulton Notes on Rifle Shooting 28 It is often difficult to account for some beginners grouping right away and others proving almost hopeless.
1932 J. A. Barlow Elements Rifle Shooting i. 2 The one and only essential in any rifle for competition purposes is that it should group within a certain predetermined maximum.
1972 Field & Stream Aug. 5/1 A rifle that can consistently group shots within a one- inch circle at 100 yards.
1994 Game Gaz. Dec. 41/2 Such rifles do not group very well.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.1668
v.1706- babbling
- babbling brook
- babbling of the hands
- babbling place
- babbling school
- babbling thrush
- babblingly
- babblings
- babblish
- babblishly
- babbly
- babcock
- babe
- babe in arms
- babe in christ
- babe in the wood
- babe magnet
- babe of clouts
- babe of love
- babe ruth
- babehood
- babel
- babel builder
- babel confusion
- babel scheme