gulfn.

Brit.

/ɡʌlf/, U.S.

/ɡəlf/

Forms: Middle English, 1700s golf, Middle English–1500s goulf(e, (1500s gowlfe), Middle English–1600s gulfe, (1500s gulfre), 1500s–1600s gulphe, 1600s–1800s gulph, 1600s– gulf.

Etymology: < Old French and French golfe (sense 1; in senses 2, 3, 4 the French word is gouffre), < Provençal golfo, Italian golfo, Spanish golfo, Portuguese golfo, < late Greek κόλϕος, from classical Greek κόλπος, lit. ‘bosom’, hence ‘bay, gulf’ (= Latin sinus), and ‘hollow of the waves, depth of the sea’. Compare Middle Dutch golf, golve, Dutch golf, gulp, Middle High German, German golf.

I. With reference to the sea: a bay.

1. Geography. A portion of the sea partially enclosed by a more or less extensive sweep of the coast; often taking its name from the adjoining land.The distinction between gulf and bay is not always clearly marked, but in general a bay is wider in proportion to its amount of recession than a gulf; the latter term is applied to long land-locked portions of sea opening through a strait, which are never called bays.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > land mass > shore or bank > bend in coast > [noun] > bay or gulf

bay1385

bosomc1400

gulfc1400

gouffre1477

break?1520

reach1526

bight1555

opening1576

sine1605

breach1611

cod1611

traversea1645

sinus1684

embayment1815

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1839) v. 54 The See Adryatyk, that is clept the Goulf of Venyse.

1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 113 Argos had brought his ship in this goulf or arme of the see.

a1527 R. Thorne in R. Hakluyt Divers Voy. (1582) sig. C2^v The coast making a Gulfe, where is the riuer of Ganges.

1553 R. Eden tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India sig. Giiij He commaunded that certayn shippes should searche the goulfes on euerye syde.

1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta Nat. & Morall Hist. Indies iii. iv. 128 The gulph of Yegues or of Mares, is variable, being beaten with divers windes.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xi. 833 Down the great River to the op'ning Gulf .

1767 Philos. Trans. 1766 (Royal Soc.) 56 43 I say nothing of the marine productions of this golf.

1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xvii. 7 They leave on the left a deep gulf, at the bottom of which Nicomedia was seated, the imperial residence of Diocletian.

1840 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VII. liv. 53 The gulph he had seen appeared to him..important as a naval station.

1868 M. E. Grant Duff Polit. Surv. 171 The gulf which runs so deep into the western side of the island.

II. A deep hollow, chasm, abyss.

a. A profound depth (in a river, the ocean); the deep. poetic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > body of water > [noun] > deep place or part

swallowa700

deepnessa1000

deepOE

swallowa1100

depth1382

gulfc1400

profound?a1425

abysm?1614

c1400 (?c1380) Pearl l. 607 Gotez of golf þat neuer charde.

1580 Sir P. Sidney tr. Psalmes David xviii. v The gulphes of waters then were through their chanells seen.

1620 T. Granger Syntagma Logicum 155 The heavenly lamps doe fall into the gulfe.

1720 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad V. xxi. 229 From the Bottom of his Gulphs profound, Scamander spoke.

a1784 S. Johnson in H. L. Piozzi Anecd. Johnson (1786) 144 O'er the ice as o'er pleasure you lightly should glide, Both have gulphs which their flattering surfaces hide.

1785 W. Cowper Task i. 268 We pass a gulph in which the willows dip their pendent boughs.

1846 W. S. Landor Hellenics in Wks. II. 486 Some isle Hath surely risen from the gulphs profound.

1847 R. W. Emerson Poems 46 Gulfs of sweetness without bound.

1870 W. C. Bryant tr. Homer Iliad I. v. 496 Slippery cliffs arise Close to deep gulfs.

b. transferred with reference to the air.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > gas > air > [noun] > air above our heads > deep hollow in

gulf1712

bump1909

air pocket1910

hole in the air1911

pocket1911

the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > vertical extent > extension downwards or depth > [noun] > great or considerable depth > deep place, part, or thing > specific with reference to the air

gulf1712

1712 R. Blackmore Creation i. 8 Nothing check'd their flight, but Gulphs of air.

1727 Pitt Job xxv. 20 Down thro' the Gulphs of undulating Air.

1863 H. W. Longfellow Student's Tale ii, in Tales Wayside Inn 32 The headlong plunge thro' eddying gulfs of air.

†c. to shoot the gulf: a phrase used in various figurative applications. (If Defoe's statement be well founded, the phrase must originally have belonged to sense 2.)

ΚΠ

1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 81 Your last you sent me was from Genoa, where you write that..Husbands get their wives with child a hundred miles off... In Venice,..also such things are done by proxy, while the husband is abroad upon the Gallies, there be others that shoot his gulf at home.

1725 D. Defoe New Voy. round World i. 17 Such a mighty and valuable thing also was the passing this Straight [sc. the Straits of Magellan], that Sir Francis Drake's going thro' it, gave birth to that famous old Wives saying, viz. That Sir Francis Drake shot the Gulph..as if there had been but one Gulph in the World.

1752 E. Young Brothers (1757) II. v. i. 281 For me, it matters not; but oh! the prince—When he had shot the gulph of his despair.

a. An absorbing eddy; a whirlpool. In later use chiefly figurative, that which devours or swallows up anything. (Blending with 4b.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > whirlpool > [noun]

swallowa700

weelc897

suckc1220

swallowinga1387

swelthc1400

swirlc1425

gorce1480

vorage1490

whirlpool1530

gourd1538

gulf1538

poolc1540

hurlpool1552

whirlpit1564

sea-gulf1571

maelstrom1588

vorago1654

well1654

gurges1664

gurge1667

swelchiea1688

vortex1704

tourbillion1712

whirly-pool1727

wheel-pit1828

sea-puss1839

turn-hole1851

suck-hole1909

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > [noun] > devouring (of fire, etc.) > that which devours (of fire, insects, etc.) > one who or that which consumes time, money, etc.

consumerc1425

gulf1538

locust1545

moth1577

depastor1583

whale1606

consumptive1739

1538 T. Elyot Dict. Gurges, a swallowe or depe pyll in a water, or a goulfe.

1567 G. Turberville Epitaphes, Epigrams f. 26^v Hast thou not read in Bookes of fell Charybdis Goulfe?

1615 Bp. J. Hall Imprese of God ii, in Recoll. Treat. 672 The Scribes and Pharises..deuoured but widowes houses..: but these gulfes of men, whole Churches.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) ii. iv. 10 England his approaches makes as fierce, As Waters to the sucking of a Gulfe .

1633 S. Marmion Fine Compan. ii. iv, in Dramatic Wks. (1875) 137 Here is the gulph that swallows all my land: And to this desperate whirlpit am I reeling.

1652 W. Brough Preservative against Schisme in Sacred Princ. 18 To..devoure all persons and things..in one Gulph.

1661 O. Felltham Resolves (rev. ed.) 266 He throws his Interest into a gulph, that trusts it in such hands as have been formerly the shipwrack of others.

1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 167. ⁋6 And whirl round the gulph before they sink.

1755 H. Walpole Corr. (1837) III. cclxvii. 105 Don't go and imagine that £1,200,000 was all sunk in the gulph of Madame Pompadour.

1825 J. Bentham Rationale Reward 283 Large cities..are the gulphs..in which the population of the country is lost.

1834 T. Wentworth West India Sketch Bk. I. 248 Whose mind had been wrecked in the gulf of dim oblivion.

b. Often applied to a voracious appetite.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > appetite > [noun] > greediness or voracity

yevernesseOE

greediness1426

wantonness1448

voracity1526

ravenousness1564

gulf1566

wolf1576

swallow1592

canine appetite1609

ravenage1673

polyphagia1693

voraciousness1710

hyperphagia1941

1566 W. Adlington tr. Apuleius .XI. Bks. Golden Asse xxii. f. 51^v Whether thou wilt remaine with the serpent, & in the ende to be swallowed into the gowlfe of his bodie.

1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Sept. 185 A wicked Wolfe, That with many a Lambe had glutted his gulfe.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) iv. i. 23 Maw, and Gulfe Of the rauin'd salt Sea sharke.

1658 J. Rowland tr. T. Moffett Theater of Insects in Topsell's Hist. Four-footed Beasts (rev. ed.) 1077 In a dearth, or rather want of provision, they [Pismires] fight desperately for food,..and the lesser of them will rebell against the greater, (as being the greater gulphs of the Common-wealth.)

a1822 P. B. Shelley Cyclops in Posthumous Poems (1824) 344 Your gaping gulph, and your gullet wide.

a. A yawning chasm or abyss; an opening in the earth produced by an earthquake or volcanic action; a vast ravine or gorge. a fiery gulf, gulf of fire: an abyss full of flame.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > low land > hole or pit > [noun] > abyss

swallowa700

deepnessa1000

deep1393

abysmc1475

dungeonc1475

depth1523

gulfa1533

downfall1542

hell-kettle1577

abysmus1611

vorago1654

under-abyss1662

purgatory1766

fosse1805

jaw-hole1840

the world > the earth > land > landscape > low land > valley > [noun] > gorge or ravine

cloughc1330

heugha1400

straitc1400

gillc1440

gulfa1533

gull1553

gap1555

coomb1578

gullet1600

nick1606

goyle1617

gully1637

nullah1656

ravine1687

barrancaa1691

kloof1731

ravin1746

water gap1756

gorge1769

arroyo1777

quebrada1787

rambla1789

flume1792

linn1799

cañada1814

gulch1832

cañon1834

canyon1837

khud1837

couloir1855

draw1864

box canyon1869

sitch1888

tangi1901

opena1903

the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > vertical extent > extension downwards or depth > [noun] > great or considerable depth > deep place, part, or thing

piteOE

bottomOE

swallowa1100

profundity?a1425

abysmc1475

bisme1483

gulfa1533

abyss1538

fathom1608

profound1640

a well of a1843

subterranean1912

a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1539) C c We go suerlie ouer the bridge, and yet we will goe an other waie: and though the same way be sure, yet we will aduenture into the gulfe.

1563 T. Sackville in W. Baldwin et al. Myrrour for Magistrates (new ed.) Induct. xxxi A deadly gulfe where nought but rubbishe growes.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. v. sig. E3^v They..brought the heauy corse..To yawning gulfe of deepe Auernus hole.

1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta Nat. & Morall Hist. Indies i. i. 3 Epicurus..holdeth, that on the other part of the earth, there is nothing but a chaos and infinite gulph.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) iii. ii. 91 Thou hadst rather Follow thine Enemie in a fierie Gulfe .

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 53 The Gulf of Tartarus, which..opens wide His fiery Chaos.

1706 J. Potter Archæologia Græca (ed. 2) I. ii. xv. 331 A Gulf being open'd at Rome, Curtius leap'd into it to appease the angry Gods.

1713 E. Young Poem on Last Day ii. 29 A yawning Gulph, and Fiends on every Side, Serene they view.

1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth I. 90 [Volcanoes] A gulph two miles over, and so deep that no bottom can be seen.

1782 W. Cowper Hope in Poems 164 In the gulphs of her Cornubian mines.

1814 R. Southey Roderick i. 108 Gulphs of fire opening beneath his feet.

1830 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 334 A gulph opened between the little town of Tripergola..and the baths in its suburbs.

b. figurative. (Often coincident with figurative use of 3.)

ΚΠ

1581 R. Mulcaster Positions xxxvi. 134 To haue so many gaping for preferment, as no goulfe hath stoore enough to suffise.

1635 R. Sanderson Two Serm. S. Pauls Crosse & Grantham ii. 73 The gulfe of despaire.

1652 C. B. Stapylton tr. Herodian Imperiall Hist. 140 The Globe of Earth and Sea..was not able to fill this Gvlph [a man's ambition or greed].

1715 D. Defoe Family Instructor I. i. i. 22 To recover a chosen Number..from the Gulph of Death.

1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 146. ⁋8 Pushing his predecessors into the gulph of obscurity.

1765 H. Walpole Castle of Otranto (1798) i. 21 I will follow thee to the gulph of perdition.

1780 W. Cowper Table Talk 463 They frolic it along..Down to the gulph, from which is no return.

1833 L. Ritchie Wanderings by Loire 157 Buried ages rise again from the gulf of time.

1874 F. W. Farrar Silence & Voices of God i. 16 The whole universe becomes a gulf of silence.

1894 Athenæum 14 Apr. 471/3 A sum insufficient to fill up the gulf of his debts.

c. (After Luke xvi. 26.) A wide interval, an impassable gap, serving as a means of eternal separation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > [noun] > intervening space > large, as a means of eternal separation

gulf1557

1557 Bible (Whittingham) Luke xvi. 26 Betwene you and vs there is a great gulfe [χάσμα] set.

1774 J. W. Fletcher Ess. Truth i, in First Pt. Equal Check 148 An immense gulph is fixed between them, and the christian faith.

1849 F. W. Robertson Serm. (1866) 1st Ser. xii. 197 The Advent of Christ is the gulf which separates ancient from modern history.

1881 A. P. Forbes Explan. 39 Art. (ed. 4) i. 12 Between such a God and an Infinite Intelligence there is a gulph fixed.

5. University slang.

a. Cambridge University. The position of those candidates for mathematical honours who fail to obtain a place in the list, but are allowed the ordinary degree.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > examination > [noun] > marks > pass or pass without honours

gulf1827

pass1838

shave1840

1827 Seven Yrs. at Cambridge II. 60 The determination I had now formed of cutting honours, by quietly sitting down in the Gulph.

1852 C. A. Bristed Five Years Eng. University (ed. 2) 205 Some ten or fifteen men just on the line..are put into the ‘gulf’, as it is popularly called (the Examiners' phrase is ‘Degrees allowed’).

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b. Oxford University. The list of those who fail to obtain honours, yet are allowed to take a ‘pass’.

†6. [ < gulf v.]

a. An act of swallowing. literal and figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > [noun] > swallowing > an act of

gulf1638

swallow1822

1638 T. Herbert Some Yeares Trav. (rev. ed.) 323 Their mouths are very wide, at one gulph able to swallow horse or man.

1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker 28 Apr. It..requires a strong gulph of faith to make it go down.

b. What is gulfed or swallowed; a draught. (Cf. gulp n.¹)

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > [noun] > a drink or draught

shenchc950

drinkc1000

draughtc1200

beveragec1390

napa1450

potation1479–81

potionc1484

slaker?1518

glut1541

pocill1572

adipson1601

go-down1614

slash1614

gulf1674

libation1751

meridian1771

sinda1774

sling1788

mahogany1791

a shove in the mouth1821

nooner1836

quencher1841

refresh1851

slackener1861

squencher1871

refreshener1888

refresher1922

maiden's blush1941

maiden's water1975

1674 J. Dryden & W. Davenant Shakespeare's Tempest (new ed.) iii. iii. 39 Element! meer Element! as I live. It was a cold gulph [1670 gulp], such as this, which kill'd my famous Predecessor.

7. Mining. A large deposit of ore in a lode.

ΚΠ

1778 W. Pryce Mineralogia Cornubiensis 322 Gulph of Ore. Where a Lode throws up very great quantities of Ore and proves lasting and good in depth they say, ‘They have a Gulph of Ore’.

1849 in Weale's Dict. Terms.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

gulf-fishery n.

ΚΠ

1883 L. Z. Joncas Fisheries Canada 20 They..have almost a monopoly of the gulf fishery trade.

gulf-tide n.

ΚΠ

1897 Outing 29 440/1 A..sluggish stream, flowing up or down, according to the governing gulf-tide.

gulf-encrimsoning adj.

ΚΠ

1867 R. W. Emerson May-day & Other Pieces 14 The gulf-encrimsoning shells.

gulf-indented adj.

ΚΠ

1807 J. Barlow Columbiad i. 36 Sultry Mobile's gulph-indented shore.

gulf-wards adv.

ΚΠ

1855 P. J. Bailey Mystic 114 He who, where Hidekkel gulfwards darts, Ruled with an absolute crown.

C2. Also Gulf Stream n., gulf-weed n.

† gulf-breasted adj. Obsolete having a breast or mind as deep as a gulf.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > understanding > intelligence, cleverness > high intelligence, genius > [adjective]

deepc1175

profoundc1300

ingenious1483

of (a) great, deep, etc., reach1579

deep-seen1598

gulf-breasted1598

large-souled1638

large-minded1696

bright1707

strongheaded1789

genial1825

dungeonable1855

superintelligent1857

1598 E. Guilpin Skialetheia iv. sig. D3^v Gulfe-brested is he, silent, and profound.

gulf-dream n. a dream of drowning in, or falling into, a gulf.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > sleep > dream > [noun] > other specific types

gulf-dream1813

dreamlet1828

wet dream1851

dream sequence1893

wish-fulfilment1908

war dream1918

wish-dream1934

1813 P. B. Shelley Queen Mab ix. 119 The transient gulph-dream of a startling sleep.

† gulf-eating adj. Obsolete full of eddies.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > flood or flooding > [adjective] > flooding or overflowing

delavya1400

floating1578

swimmingc1595

overfloten1601

gulf-eating?1611

overflowing1611

overrunning1611

tideful1622

inundant1629

diluvial1656

exuberant1678

diluviana1684

overflown1818

deluging1824

deluginous1835

insurgent1849

flooding1850

overstreaming1860

?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xxi. 2 The goodly swelling channel of the flood, Gulf-eating Xanthus [Ξάνθου δινήεντος].

gulf-separation n. a separation as if by a gulf.

ΚΠ

1871 R. B. Vaughan St. Thomas of Aquin II. 855 This gulf separation..and this intimate connection in the creative act.

Gulf State n. one of the States on the Gulf of Mexico.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > named regions of earth > America > Central and South America > [noun] > state on Gulf of Mexico

Gulf State1863

1863 W. Phillips Speeches xvii. 389 The Gulf States will monopolize all the offices.

† gulf-stomached adj. Obsolete (of a river) having deep eddies.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > whirlpool > [adjective] > full of

gulfy1594

gulf-stomached?1611

?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xxi. 311 Afraid lest that gulf-stomach'd Flood [ποταμὸς βαθυδίνης] would satiate his desire On great Achilles.

Draft additions 1993

Gulf War n. a military conflict involving states bordering the Persian Gulf, spec.: (a) the war of 1980–9 between Iran and Iraq; (b) the war between Iraq and a multinational force which followed Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > war > types of war > [noun] > other specific war

Punic War1556

Vandal war1613

American Civil War1775

Seven Years War1775

Revolutionary Wara1784

Peninsular war1811

Great War1815

Mormon war1833

opium war1841

the Thirty Years' War1841

the Thirty Years' War1842

Mexican War1846

Napoleonic War1850

Crimean War1854

Hundred Years War1874

Balkan war1881

Boer War1883

Winter War1939

Six Day War1967

Yom Kippur War1973

Gulf War1981

Falklands conflict1982

1980 Washington Post 11 Feb. a1/5 (heading) Role of U.S. allies in a Persian Gulf War is uncertain.]

1981 Defense & Foreign Affairs IX. (Cairo special ed.) p. ii The Gulf War passed its first anniversary with a major escalation of fighting.

1991 Toronto Star 18 Jan. b1/4 Investors hoping to make a killing on the stock market during the gulf war should tread carefully.

Draft additions March 2006

Gulf State n. (also with lower-case initial(s)) any of the countries which surround the Persian Gulf (in quot. 1954, spec. each of those formerly protectorates of Britain); frequently in plural.

ΚΠ

1954 Geogr. Jrnl. 120 441 Many of them [sc. islands in the Persian Gulf] are subject to dispute, either between a Gulf State on the one hand and Saudi Arabia or Persia on the other, or between the Gulf States themselves.

1957 Internat. Affairs 33 54 The only Gulf State possessed at that time of strong naval resources, the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman.

1968 Washington Post 22 Feb. k1/7 There is the fear that the revolutionary movement may spread around the Arabian coast from Southern Yemen into the Gulf states.

2002 Time 25 Feb. 48/2 In the West End of London, rich playboys from the gulf states are staples of the clubbing scene.

Draft additions June 2001

Gulf War Syndrome n. (a) any of various political or economic phenomena thought to be associated with the Gulf War of 1991; (b) (any of) a range of symptoms reported by veterans of the Gulf War and including skin disorders, headaches, fatigue, respiratory difficulties, and congenital defects in their children; also called Desert Storm syndrome.

ΚΠ

1991 Financial Times 6 Feb. 8/6 Fears also exist that a ‘Gulf war syndrome’ in the US might be used by supporters of protectionist barriers to bolster their case.

1992 Washington Post (Nexis) 16 Aug. c2 Having killed off the Vietnam Syndrome, Bush now seems haunted by a Gulf War syndrome.

1992 USA Today 9 Sept. 2 a/2 Dubbed ‘gulf war syndrome’, symptoms range from hair loss, fatigue and muscle aches to dizzy spells and shortness of breath.

1994 Guardian 6 Aug. 14/7 One theory is that Gulf War Syndrome is caused by pyridostigmine, a controversial ‘pre-treatment’ given to Gulf war troops to protect them from Iraqi nerve gas attacks.

1999 Express 10 June 23/4 Animals are dipped in organophosphate pesticides or synthetic pyrethroids, triggering symptoms similar to Gulf War syndrome in humans.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

gulfv.

Brit.

/ɡʌlf/, U.S.

/ɡəlf/

Forms: Also 1500s–1800s gulph, (1500s golph).

Etymology: < gulf n.

†1. intransitive. To rush along like a gulf or whirlpool; to eddy, swirl. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > whirlpool > [verb (intransitive)] > swirl like

gulf1549

gurge1578

swirl1755

1549 J. Cheke Hurt of Sedicion sig. B7^v Do you not se howe many botomles whirlpoles of myschyfe ye be golphte wyth all.

a1552 J. Leland Itinerary (1711) V. 66 It standith as it were betwixt to pointing Hillettes, betwene the wich the Severn Se gulfith.

1591 E. Spenser Virgil's Gnat in Complaints sig. K2^v Deep Charybdis gulphing in and out.

1694 R. Franck Northern Mem. 91 A rapid and peremptory River, that gulphs forth of the Bowels of Loemon, replenished with Trout.

2. transitive. To swallow like a gulf, or as in a gulf; to engulf. Also with down, in, up. literal and figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > wrapping > wrap [verb (transitive)] > enfold or envelop > in a surrounding medium > swallow up

swallowc1175

to swallow up1526

devour1555

engulf1555

abyss1596

involve1605

flapdragona1616

to suck upa1616

ingurgitatea1620

absorbeate1623

exorbeate1623

entomba1631

gulf1807

begulf1809

1807 J. Hall Trav. Scotl. I. 306 Some little birds were flying after a cuckoo and gulphing up his faeces as it dropped from him.

1817 Ld. Byron Manfred i. ii. 6 It hath no power upon the past, and for The future, till the past be gulf'd in darkness.

1818 J. Keats Endymion iii. 122 Some friendly monster,..Has dived to its foundations, gulph'd it down.

1822 P. B. Shelley To Jane: Recoll. v Each [pool] seemed as 'twere a little sky Gulphed in a world below.

1876 Ld. Tennyson Harold ii. ii. 70 Why, let earth rive, gulf in These cursed Normans.

1879 R. L. Stevenson Trav. with Donkey (1895) 221 A yawning valley, gulfed in blackness.

3. In various nonce-uses:

a. To plunge (oneself) into as into a gulf; to precipitate oneself, rush headlong.

b. To form gulfs or indentations in.

c. To separate from by a gulf or chasm.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > separate [verb (transitive)] > keep apart > by something intervening

sever1422

separate1553

sunder?1556

gulf1680

shift1703

1680 E. Hickeringill Curse ye Meroz 8 Like men in a Shipwrack..that leap into the Sea for fear of Drowning, we gulf'd our selves into more Arbitrary Government, Tyranny and Popery.

1807 J. Barlow Columbiad i. 47 And hoarse resounding, gulphing wide the shore, Dread Laurence labors with tremendous roar.

1891 C. T. C. James Romantic Rigmarole 121 The week gulfing me from meeting her again.

4. University slang.

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a. transitive. To place the name of (an undergraduate) in the ‘gulf’ (see gulf n. 5).

b. intransitive. to gulf it: to get or be contented with a place in the ‘gulf’.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > examination > examine [verb (intransitive)] > pass examination > in pass list

to gulf it1827

1827 Seven Yrs. at Cambridge II. 61 I therefore ‘Gulphed it’.

1831 Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) I. 184 Cameron is gulfed, together with other three Trinity scholars.

1857 ‘C. Bede’ Mr. Verdant Green Married xi. 80 I'm not going to let them gulph me a second time.

1876 G. O. Trevelyan Life & Lett. Macaulay I. ii. 83 His name did not grace the list. In short..Macaulay was gulfed.

1895 L. J. Trotter Life Dalhousie i. 10 Instead of ‘gulfing’ him with the herd of mere passmen, they marked their sense of his merits by granting him an honorary fourth class.

5. Used for gulp v. (Cf. gulf n. 6.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > drinking > [verb (transitive)] > drink at a gulp

gulp1542

gulf1650

swipe1829

slam1982

1650 J. Bulwer Anthropometamorphosis xi. 114 I saw a Porter..drink..without ever so much as once gulphing.

1650 J. Bulwer Anthropometamorphosis xi. 114 He had been among the Malabars, where if he should have gulphed or have drunk any otherwise, he might have had his throat cut.

Derivatives

gulfed adj.

/ɡʌlft/ (see sense 4a).

ΚΠ

1852 C. A. Bristed Five Years Eng. University (ed. 2) 205 A gulfed Scholar of Trinity did not lose his Scholarship.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	gulf
释义	gulfn. Brit. /ɡʌlf/, U.S. /ɡəlf/ Forms: Middle English, 1700s golf, Middle English–1500s goulf(e, (1500s gowlfe), Middle English–1600s gulfe, (1500s gulfre), 1500s–1600s gulphe, 1600s–1800s gulph, 1600s– gulf. Etymology: < Old French and French golfe (sense 1; in senses 2, 3, 4 the French word is gouffre), < Provençal golfo, Italian golfo, Spanish golfo, Portuguese golfo, < late Greek κόλϕος, from classical Greek κόλπος, lit. ‘bosom’, hence ‘bay, gulf’ (= Latin sinus), and ‘hollow of the waves, depth of the sea’. Compare Middle Dutch golf, golve, Dutch golf, gulp, Middle High German, German golf. I. With reference to the sea: a bay. 1. Geography. A portion of the sea partially enclosed by a more or less extensive sweep of the coast; often taking its name from the adjoining land.The distinction between gulf and bay is not always clearly marked, but in general a bay is wider in proportion to its amount of recession than a gulf; the latter term is applied to long land-locked portions of sea opening through a strait, which are never called bays. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > land mass > shore or bank > bend in coast > [noun] > bay or gulf bay1385 bosomc1400 gulfc1400 gouffre1477 break?1520 reach1526 bight1555 opening1576 sine1605 breach1611 cod1611 traversea1645 sinus1684 embayment1815 c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1839) v. 54 The See Adryatyk, that is clept the Goulf of Venyse. 1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 113 Argos had brought his ship in this goulf or arme of the see. a1527 R. Thorne in R. Hakluyt Divers Voy. (1582) sig. C2^v The coast making a Gulfe, where is the riuer of Ganges. 1553 R. Eden tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India sig. Giiij He commaunded that certayn shippes should searche the goulfes on euerye syde. 1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta Nat. & Morall Hist. Indies iii. iv. 128 The gulph of Yegues or of Mares, is variable, being beaten with divers windes. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xi. 833 Down the great River to the op'ning Gulf . View more context for this quotation 1767 Philos. Trans. 1766 (Royal Soc.) 56 43 I say nothing of the marine productions of this golf. 1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xvii. 7 They leave on the left a deep gulf, at the bottom of which Nicomedia was seated, the imperial residence of Diocletian. 1840 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VII. liv. 53 The gulph he had seen appeared to him..important as a naval station. 1868 M. E. Grant Duff Polit. Surv. 171 The gulf which runs so deep into the western side of the island. II. A deep hollow, chasm, abyss. 2. a. A profound depth (in a river, the ocean); the deep. poetic. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > body of water > [noun] > deep place or part swallowa700 deepnessa1000 deepOE swallowa1100 depth1382 gulfc1400 profound?a1425 abysm?1614 c1400 (?c1380) Pearl l. 607 Gotez of golf þat neuer charde. 1580 Sir P. Sidney tr. Psalmes David xviii. v The gulphes of waters then were through their chanells seen. 1620 T. Granger Syntagma Logicum 155 The heavenly lamps doe fall into the gulfe. 1720 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad V. xxi. 229 From the Bottom of his Gulphs profound, Scamander spoke. a1784 S. Johnson in H. L. Piozzi Anecd. Johnson (1786) 144 O'er the ice as o'er pleasure you lightly should glide, Both have gulphs which their flattering surfaces hide. 1785 W. Cowper Task i. 268 We pass a gulph in which the willows dip their pendent boughs. 1846 W. S. Landor Hellenics in Wks. II. 486 Some isle Hath surely risen from the gulphs profound. 1847 R. W. Emerson Poems 46 Gulfs of sweetness without bound. 1870 W. C. Bryant tr. Homer Iliad I. v. 496 Slippery cliffs arise Close to deep gulfs. b. transferred with reference to the air. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > gas > air > [noun] > air above our heads > deep hollow in gulf1712 bump1909 air pocket1910 hole in the air1911 pocket1911 the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > vertical extent > extension downwards or depth > [noun] > great or considerable depth > deep place, part, or thing > specific with reference to the air gulf1712 1712 R. Blackmore Creation i. 8 Nothing check'd their flight, but Gulphs of air. 1727 Pitt Job xxv. 20 Down thro' the Gulphs of undulating Air. 1863 H. W. Longfellow Student's Tale ii, in Tales Wayside Inn 32 The headlong plunge thro' eddying gulfs of air. †c. to shoot the gulf: a phrase used in various figurative applications. (If Defoe's statement be well founded, the phrase must originally have belonged to sense 2.) ΚΠ 1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 81 Your last you sent me was from Genoa, where you write that..Husbands get their wives with child a hundred miles off... In Venice,..also such things are done by proxy, while the husband is abroad upon the Gallies, there be others that shoot his gulf at home. 1725 D. Defoe New Voy. round World i. 17 Such a mighty and valuable thing also was the passing this Straight [sc. the Straits of Magellan], that Sir Francis Drake's going thro' it, gave birth to that famous old Wives saying, viz. That Sir Francis Drake shot the Gulph..as if there had been but one Gulph in the World. 1752 E. Young Brothers (1757) II. v. i. 281 For me, it matters not; but oh! the prince—When he had shot the gulph of his despair. 3. a. An absorbing eddy; a whirlpool. In later use chiefly figurative, that which devours or swallows up anything. (Blending with 4b.) ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > whirlpool > [noun] swallowa700 weelc897 suckc1220 swallowinga1387 swelthc1400 swirlc1425 gorce1480 vorage1490 whirlpool1530 gourd1538 gulf1538 poolc1540 hurlpool1552 whirlpit1564 sea-gulf1571 maelstrom1588 vorago1654 well1654 gurges1664 gurge1667 swelchiea1688 vortex1704 tourbillion1712 whirly-pool1727 wheel-pit1828 sea-puss1839 turn-hole1851 suck-hole1909 the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > [noun] > devouring (of fire, etc.) > that which devours (of fire, insects, etc.) > one who or that which consumes time, money, etc. consumerc1425 gulf1538 locust1545 moth1577 depastor1583 whale1606 consumptive1739 1538 T. Elyot Dict. Gurges, a swallowe or depe pyll in a water, or a goulfe. 1567 G. Turberville Epitaphes, Epigrams f. 26^v Hast thou not read in Bookes of fell Charybdis Goulfe? 1615 Bp. J. Hall Imprese of God ii, in Recoll. Treat. 672 The Scribes and Pharises..deuoured but widowes houses..: but these gulfes of men, whole Churches. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) ii. iv. 10 England his approaches makes as fierce, As Waters to the sucking of a Gulfe . View more context for this quotation 1633 S. Marmion Fine Compan. ii. iv, in Dramatic Wks. (1875) 137 Here is the gulph that swallows all my land: And to this desperate whirlpit am I reeling. 1652 W. Brough Preservative against Schisme in Sacred Princ. 18 To..devoure all persons and things..in one Gulph. 1661 O. Felltham Resolves (rev. ed.) 266 He throws his Interest into a gulph, that trusts it in such hands as have been formerly the shipwrack of others. 1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 167. ⁋6 And whirl round the gulph before they sink. 1755 H. Walpole Corr. (1837) III. cclxvii. 105 Don't go and imagine that £1,200,000 was all sunk in the gulph of Madame Pompadour. 1825 J. Bentham Rationale Reward 283 Large cities..are the gulphs..in which the population of the country is lost. 1834 T. Wentworth West India Sketch Bk. I. 248 Whose mind had been wrecked in the gulf of dim oblivion. b. Often applied to a voracious appetite. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > appetite > [noun] > greediness or voracity yevernesseOE greediness1426 wantonness1448 voracity1526 ravenousness1564 gulf1566 wolf1576 swallow1592 canine appetite1609 ravenage1673 polyphagia1693 voraciousness1710 hyperphagia1941 1566 W. Adlington tr. Apuleius .XI. Bks. Golden Asse xxii. f. 51^v Whether thou wilt remaine with the serpent, & in the ende to be swallowed into the gowlfe of his bodie. 1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Sept. 185 A wicked Wolfe, That with many a Lambe had glutted his gulfe. a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) iv. i. 23 Maw, and Gulfe Of the rauin'd salt Sea sharke. View more context for this quotation 1658 J. Rowland tr. T. Moffett Theater of Insects in Topsell's Hist. Four-footed Beasts (rev. ed.) 1077 In a dearth, or rather want of provision, they [Pismires] fight desperately for food,..and the lesser of them will rebell against the greater, (as being the greater gulphs of the Common-wealth.) a1822 P. B. Shelley Cyclops in Posthumous Poems (1824) 344 Your gaping gulph, and your gullet wide. 4. a. A yawning chasm or abyss; an opening in the earth produced by an earthquake or volcanic action; a vast ravine or gorge. a fiery gulf, gulf of fire: an abyss full of flame. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > low land > hole or pit > [noun] > abyss swallowa700 deepnessa1000 deep1393 abysmc1475 dungeonc1475 depth1523 gulfa1533 downfall1542 hell-kettle1577 abysmus1611 vorago1654 under-abyss1662 purgatory1766 fosse1805 jaw-hole1840 the world > the earth > land > landscape > low land > valley > [noun] > gorge or ravine cloughc1330 heugha1400 straitc1400 gillc1440 gulfa1533 gull1553 gap1555 coomb1578 gullet1600 nick1606 goyle1617 gully1637 nullah1656 ravine1687 barrancaa1691 kloof1731 ravin1746 water gap1756 gorge1769 arroyo1777 quebrada1787 rambla1789 flume1792 linn1799 cañada1814 gulch1832 cañon1834 canyon1837 khud1837 couloir1855 draw1864 box canyon1869 sitch1888 tangi1901 opena1903 the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > vertical extent > extension downwards or depth > [noun] > great or considerable depth > deep place, part, or thing piteOE bottomOE swallowa1100 profundity?a1425 abysmc1475 bisme1483 gulfa1533 abyss1538 fathom1608 profound1640 a well of a1843 subterranean1912 a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1539) C c We go suerlie ouer the bridge, and yet we will goe an other waie: and though the same way be sure, yet we will aduenture into the gulfe. 1563 T. Sackville in W. Baldwin et al. Myrrour for Magistrates (new ed.) Induct. xxxi A deadly gulfe where nought but rubbishe growes. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. v. sig. E3^v They..brought the heauy corse..To yawning gulfe of deepe Auernus hole. 1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta Nat. & Morall Hist. Indies i. i. 3 Epicurus..holdeth, that on the other part of the earth, there is nothing but a chaos and infinite gulph. a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) iii. ii. 91 Thou hadst rather Follow thine Enemie in a fierie Gulfe . View more context for this quotation 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 53 The Gulf of Tartarus, which..opens wide His fiery Chaos. View more context for this quotation 1706 J. Potter Archæologia Græca (ed. 2) I. ii. xv. 331 A Gulf being open'd at Rome, Curtius leap'd into it to appease the angry Gods. 1713 E. Young Poem on Last Day ii. 29 A yawning Gulph, and Fiends on every Side, Serene they view. 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth I. 90 [Volcanoes] A gulph two miles over, and so deep that no bottom can be seen. 1782 W. Cowper Hope in Poems 164 In the gulphs of her Cornubian mines. 1814 R. Southey Roderick i. 108 Gulphs of fire opening beneath his feet. 1830 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 334 A gulph opened between the little town of Tripergola..and the baths in its suburbs. b. figurative. (Often coincident with figurative use of 3.) ΚΠ 1581 R. Mulcaster Positions xxxvi. 134 To haue so many gaping for preferment, as no goulfe hath stoore enough to suffise. 1635 R. Sanderson Two Serm. S. Pauls Crosse & Grantham ii. 73 The gulfe of despaire. 1652 C. B. Stapylton tr. Herodian Imperiall Hist. 140 The Globe of Earth and Sea..was not able to fill this Gvlph [a man's ambition or greed]. 1715 D. Defoe Family Instructor I. i. i. 22 To recover a chosen Number..from the Gulph of Death. 1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 146. ⁋8 Pushing his predecessors into the gulph of obscurity. 1765 H. Walpole Castle of Otranto (1798) i. 21 I will follow thee to the gulph of perdition. 1780 W. Cowper Table Talk 463 They frolic it along..Down to the gulph, from which is no return. 1833 L. Ritchie Wanderings by Loire 157 Buried ages rise again from the gulf of time. 1874 F. W. Farrar Silence & Voices of God i. 16 The whole universe becomes a gulf of silence. 1894 Athenæum 14 Apr. 471/3 A sum insufficient to fill up the gulf of his debts. c. (After Luke xvi. 26.) A wide interval, an impassable gap, serving as a means of eternal separation. ΘΚΠ the world > space > [noun] > intervening space > large, as a means of eternal separation gulf1557 1557 Bible (Whittingham) Luke xvi. 26 Betwene you and vs there is a great gulfe [χάσμα] set. 1774 J. W. Fletcher Ess. Truth i, in First Pt. Equal Check 148 An immense gulph is fixed between them, and the christian faith. 1849 F. W. Robertson Serm. (1866) 1st Ser. xii. 197 The Advent of Christ is the gulf which separates ancient from modern history. 1881 A. P. Forbes Explan. 39 Art. (ed. 4) i. 12 Between such a God and an Infinite Intelligence there is a gulph fixed. 5. University slang. a. Cambridge University. The position of those candidates for mathematical honours who fail to obtain a place in the list, but are allowed the ordinary degree. ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > examination > [noun] > marks > pass or pass without honours gulf1827 pass1838 shave1840 1827 Seven Yrs. at Cambridge II. 60 The determination I had now formed of cutting honours, by quietly sitting down in the Gulph. 1852 C. A. Bristed Five Years Eng. University (ed. 2) 205 Some ten or fifteen men just on the line..are put into the ‘gulf’, as it is popularly called (the Examiners' phrase is ‘Degrees allowed’). Thesaurus » Categories » b. Oxford University. The list of those who fail to obtain honours, yet are allowed to take a ‘pass’. †6. [ < gulf v.] a. An act of swallowing. literal and figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > [noun] > swallowing > an act of gulf1638 swallow1822 1638 T. Herbert Some Yeares Trav. (rev. ed.) 323 Their mouths are very wide, at one gulph able to swallow horse or man. 1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker 28 Apr. It..requires a strong gulph of faith to make it go down. b. What is gulfed or swallowed; a draught. (Cf. gulp n.¹) ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > [noun] > a drink or draught shenchc950 drinkc1000 draughtc1200 beveragec1390 napa1450 potation1479–81 potionc1484 slaker?1518 glut1541 pocill1572 adipson1601 go-down1614 slash1614 gulf1674 libation1751 meridian1771 sinda1774 sling1788 mahogany1791 a shove in the mouth1821 nooner1836 quencher1841 refresh1851 slackener1861 squencher1871 refreshener1888 refresher1922 maiden's blush1941 maiden's water1975 1674 J. Dryden & W. Davenant Shakespeare's Tempest (new ed.) iii. iii. 39 Element! meer Element! as I live. It was a cold gulph [1670 gulp], such as this, which kill'd my famous Predecessor. 7. Mining. A large deposit of ore in a lode. ΚΠ 1778 W. Pryce Mineralogia Cornubiensis 322 Gulph of Ore. Where a Lode throws up very great quantities of Ore and proves lasting and good in depth they say, ‘They have a Gulph of Ore’. 1849 in Weale's Dict. Terms. Compounds C1. General attributive. a. gulf-fishery n. ΚΠ 1883 L. Z. Joncas Fisheries Canada 20 They..have almost a monopoly of the gulf fishery trade. gulf-tide n. ΚΠ 1897 Outing 29 440/1 A..sluggish stream, flowing up or down, according to the governing gulf-tide. b. gulf-encrimsoning adj. ΚΠ 1867 R. W. Emerson May-day & Other Pieces 14 The gulf-encrimsoning shells. gulf-indented adj. ΚΠ 1807 J. Barlow Columbiad i. 36 Sultry Mobile's gulph-indented shore. c. gulf-wards adv. ΚΠ 1855 P. J. Bailey Mystic 114 He who, where Hidekkel gulfwards darts, Ruled with an absolute crown. C2. Also Gulf Stream n., gulf-weed n. † gulf-breasted adj. Obsolete having a breast or mind as deep as a gulf. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > understanding > intelligence, cleverness > high intelligence, genius > [adjective] deepc1175 profoundc1300 ingenious1483 of (a) great, deep, etc., reach1579 deep-seen1598 gulf-breasted1598 large-souled1638 large-minded1696 bright1707 strongheaded1789 genial1825 dungeonable1855 superintelligent1857 1598 E. Guilpin Skialetheia iv. sig. D3^v Gulfe-brested is he, silent, and profound. gulf-dream n. a dream of drowning in, or falling into, a gulf. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > sleep > dream > [noun] > other specific types gulf-dream1813 dreamlet1828 wet dream1851 dream sequence1893 wish-fulfilment1908 war dream1918 wish-dream1934 1813 P. B. Shelley Queen Mab ix. 119 The transient gulph-dream of a startling sleep. † gulf-eating adj. Obsolete full of eddies. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > flood or flooding > [adjective] > flooding or overflowing delavya1400 floating1578 swimmingc1595 overfloten1601 gulf-eating?1611 overflowing1611 overrunning1611 tideful1622 inundant1629 diluvial1656 exuberant1678 diluviana1684 overflown1818 deluging1824 deluginous1835 insurgent1849 flooding1850 overstreaming1860 ?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xxi. 2 The goodly swelling channel of the flood, Gulf-eating Xanthus [Ξάνθου δινήεντος]. gulf-separation n. a separation as if by a gulf. ΚΠ 1871 R. B. Vaughan St. Thomas of Aquin II. 855 This gulf separation..and this intimate connection in the creative act. Gulf State n. one of the States on the Gulf of Mexico. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > named regions of earth > America > Central and South America > [noun] > state on Gulf of Mexico Gulf State1863 1863 W. Phillips Speeches xvii. 389 The Gulf States will monopolize all the offices. † gulf-stomached adj. Obsolete (of a river) having deep eddies. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > whirlpool > [adjective] > full of gulfy1594 gulf-stomached?1611 ?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xxi. 311 Afraid lest that gulf-stomach'd Flood [ποταμὸς βαθυδίνης] would satiate his desire On great Achilles. Draft additions 1993 Gulf War n. a military conflict involving states bordering the Persian Gulf, spec.: (a) the war of 1980–9 between Iran and Iraq; (b) the war between Iraq and a multinational force which followed Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > war > types of war > [noun] > other specific war Punic War1556 Vandal war1613 American Civil War1775 Seven Years War1775 Revolutionary Wara1784 Peninsular war1811 Great War1815 Mormon war1833 opium war1841 the Thirty Years' War1841 the Thirty Years' War1842 Mexican War1846 Napoleonic War1850 Crimean War1854 Hundred Years War1874 Balkan war1881 Boer War1883 Winter War1939 Six Day War1967 Yom Kippur War1973 Gulf War1981 Falklands conflict1982 1980 Washington Post 11 Feb. a1/5 (heading) Role of U.S. allies in a Persian Gulf War is uncertain.] 1981 Defense & Foreign Affairs IX. (Cairo special ed.) p. ii The Gulf War passed its first anniversary with a major escalation of fighting. 1991 Toronto Star 18 Jan. b1/4 Investors hoping to make a killing on the stock market during the gulf war should tread carefully. Draft additions March 2006 Gulf State n. (also with lower-case initial(s)) any of the countries which surround the Persian Gulf (in quot. 1954, spec. each of those formerly protectorates of Britain); frequently in plural. ΚΠ 1954 Geogr. Jrnl. 120 441 Many of them [sc. islands in the Persian Gulf] are subject to dispute, either between a Gulf State on the one hand and Saudi Arabia or Persia on the other, or between the Gulf States themselves. 1957 Internat. Affairs 33 54 The only Gulf State possessed at that time of strong naval resources, the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman. 1968 Washington Post 22 Feb. k1/7 There is the fear that the revolutionary movement may spread around the Arabian coast from Southern Yemen into the Gulf states. 2002 Time 25 Feb. 48/2 In the West End of London, rich playboys from the gulf states are staples of the clubbing scene. Draft additions June 2001 Gulf War Syndrome n. (a) any of various political or economic phenomena thought to be associated with the Gulf War of 1991; (b) (any of) a range of symptoms reported by veterans of the Gulf War and including skin disorders, headaches, fatigue, respiratory difficulties, and congenital defects in their children; also called Desert Storm syndrome. ΚΠ 1991 Financial Times 6 Feb. 8/6 Fears also exist that a ‘Gulf war syndrome’ in the US might be used by supporters of protectionist barriers to bolster their case. 1992 Washington Post (Nexis) 16 Aug. c2 Having killed off the Vietnam Syndrome, Bush now seems haunted by a Gulf War syndrome. 1992 USA Today 9 Sept. 2 a/2 Dubbed ‘gulf war syndrome’, symptoms range from hair loss, fatigue and muscle aches to dizzy spells and shortness of breath. 1994 Guardian 6 Aug. 14/7 One theory is that Gulf War Syndrome is caused by pyridostigmine, a controversial ‘pre-treatment’ given to Gulf war troops to protect them from Iraqi nerve gas attacks. 1999 Express 10 June 23/4 Animals are dipped in organophosphate pesticides or synthetic pyrethroids, triggering symptoms similar to Gulf War syndrome in humans. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022). gulfv. Brit. /ɡʌlf/, U.S. /ɡəlf/ Forms: Also 1500s–1800s gulph, (1500s golph). Etymology: < gulf n. †1. intransitive. To rush along like a gulf or whirlpool; to eddy, swirl. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > whirlpool > [verb (intransitive)] > swirl like gulf1549 gurge1578 swirl1755 1549 J. Cheke Hurt of Sedicion sig. B7^v Do you not se howe many botomles whirlpoles of myschyfe ye be golphte wyth all. a1552 J. Leland Itinerary (1711) V. 66 It standith as it were betwixt to pointing Hillettes, betwene the wich the Severn Se gulfith. 1591 E. Spenser Virgil's Gnat in Complaints sig. K2^v Deep Charybdis gulphing in and out. 1694 R. Franck Northern Mem. 91 A rapid and peremptory River, that gulphs forth of the Bowels of Loemon, replenished with Trout. 2. transitive. To swallow like a gulf, or as in a gulf; to engulf. Also with down, in, up. literal and figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > wrapping > wrap [verb (transitive)] > enfold or envelop > in a surrounding medium > swallow up swallowc1175 to swallow up1526 devour1555 engulf1555 abyss1596 involve1605 flapdragona1616 to suck upa1616 ingurgitatea1620 absorbeate1623 exorbeate1623 entomba1631 gulf1807 begulf1809 1807 J. Hall Trav. Scotl. I. 306 Some little birds were flying after a cuckoo and gulphing up his faeces as it dropped from him. 1817 Ld. Byron Manfred i. ii. 6 It hath no power upon the past, and for The future, till the past be gulf'd in darkness. 1818 J. Keats Endymion iii. 122 Some friendly monster,..Has dived to its foundations, gulph'd it down. 1822 P. B. Shelley To Jane: Recoll. v Each [pool] seemed as 'twere a little sky Gulphed in a world below. 1876 Ld. Tennyson Harold ii. ii. 70 Why, let earth rive, gulf in These cursed Normans. 1879 R. L. Stevenson Trav. with Donkey (1895) 221 A yawning valley, gulfed in blackness. 3. In various nonce-uses: a. To plunge (oneself) into as into a gulf; to precipitate oneself, rush headlong. b. To form gulfs or indentations in. c. To separate from by a gulf or chasm. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > separate [verb (transitive)] > keep apart > by something intervening sever1422 separate1553 sunder?1556 gulf1680 shift1703 1680 E. Hickeringill Curse ye Meroz 8 Like men in a Shipwrack..that leap into the Sea for fear of Drowning, we gulf'd our selves into more Arbitrary Government, Tyranny and Popery. 1807 J. Barlow Columbiad i. 47 And hoarse resounding, gulphing wide the shore, Dread Laurence labors with tremendous roar. 1891 C. T. C. James Romantic Rigmarole 121 The week gulfing me from meeting her again. 4. University slang. Thesaurus » Categories » a. transitive. To place the name of (an undergraduate) in the ‘gulf’ (see gulf n. 5). b. intransitive. to gulf it: to get or be contented with a place in the ‘gulf’. ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > examination > examine [verb (intransitive)] > pass examination > in pass list to gulf it1827 1827 Seven Yrs. at Cambridge II. 61 I therefore ‘Gulphed it’. 1831 Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) I. 184 Cameron is gulfed, together with other three Trinity scholars. 1857 ‘C. Bede’ Mr. Verdant Green Married xi. 80 I'm not going to let them gulph me a second time. 1876 G. O. Trevelyan Life & Lett. Macaulay I. ii. 83 His name did not grace the list. In short..Macaulay was gulfed. 1895 L. J. Trotter Life Dalhousie i. 10 Instead of ‘gulfing’ him with the herd of mere passmen, they marked their sense of his merits by granting him an honorary fourth class. 5. Used for gulp v. (Cf. gulf n. 6.) ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > drinking > [verb (transitive)] > drink at a gulp gulp1542 gulf1650 swipe1829 slam1982 1650 J. Bulwer Anthropometamorphosis xi. 114 I saw a Porter..drink..without ever so much as once gulphing. 1650 J. Bulwer Anthropometamorphosis xi. 114 He had been among the Malabars, where if he should have gulphed or have drunk any otherwise, he might have had his throat cut. Derivatives gulfed adj. /ɡʌlft/ (see sense 4a). ΚΠ 1852 C. A. Bristed Five Years Eng. University (ed. 2) 205 A gulfed Scholar of Trinity did not lose his Scholarship. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1400v.1549
随便看	in public in punto in pup in purchase in purdah in purfle in puris naturalibus in purpose in pursuance of in pursuit in pursuit of in push-pull in pushpull in quadrature in quadrature with in quadriplicate in quadruplate in quadruplicate in quality of in quantity in quarantine in quart in quarto in quest in question