antagonistn.adj.

Brit.

/anˈtaɡənɪst/,

/anˈtaɡn̩ɪst/, U.S.

/ænˈtæɡənəst/

Forms:

α. 1500s– antagonist, 1600s antagoniste.

β. 1500s–1600s antigonist.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin antagonista.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin antagonista opponent (4th cent. in Jerome), counteracting muscle (16th cent. in a translation of Paré, or earlier) < ancient Greek ἀνταγωνιστής opponent, rival < ἀνταγωνίζεσθαι antagonize v. + -ιστής -ist suffix. Compare French antagoniste (adjective) that counteracts (16th cent. in Paré in muscle antagoniste), (noun) counteracting muscle (second half of the 17th cent.), opponent (a1628), Spanish antagonista, adjective and noun (1626), Portuguese antagonista, adjective and noun (1692), Italian antagonista, adjective and noun (1631), and also German Antagonist, noun (1562).With β. forms compare anti- prefix.

A. n.

I. Applied to a person or physical object.

1. A person who holds an opposing view to another; an opponent in a controversy, politics, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] > opponent

adversaryc1350

contraryc1405

overthwarter?c1450

party1488

opposant1489

oppositec1500

encounterer1523

oppugner1535

header1537

opponent1553

antagonist1555

crosser1565

adverse1593

oppositor1598

oppugnator1611

stickler1612

opposera1616

antipos1631

thwarter1633

Antarctic1637

contrariant1657

foe1697

oppositionist1786

oppugnanta1834

counterworker1867

contester1884

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] > striving in opposition > one who

antagonist1555

counter-striver1594

1555 T. Cole in Brieff Disc. Troubles Franckford (1574) p. lxii In whiche Sermon, he shewed him selff an Antagonist for the booke off Englande.

1626 J. Pory in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1824) III. 247 Potter and Godfrey (antagonistes to the Pope's supremacy here).

1628 W. Prynne Briefe Suruay Mr. Cozens 14 Marke what good vse our Antagonist makes of this conclusion.

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Antagonist..one that in Disputation or Arguing opposes another.

1797 Monthly Mag. 3 240/1 Dr. Travis..was..on entering into this province of theological polemics, a Tiro, compared with his antagonists.

1831 D. Brewster Life I. Newton xv. 265 This answer of Sir Isaac's..called into the field a fresh antagonist.

1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar xx. 345 It is indecent to owe money to a political antagonist.

1941 G. D. Cole Brit. Working Class Polit. iv. 39 Broadhurst held office in a Liberal Government and was Hardie's principal antagonist.

2010 New Yorker 28 June 64/3 In Beinart's new-found realism, Wilson's antagonist, Henry Cabot Lodge, becomes a default wise man, a believer in ‘realistic internationalism’.

2. An opponent in a sporting contest; (also) a side or adversary in a fight or battle.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > dissent > contention or strife > [noun] > one who > against whom one contends

adversaryc1350

copemate1567

antagonist1585

jouster1598

1585 T. Bilson True Difference Christian Subiection iii. 468 His Antagonists first drenched him.

1616 B. Jonson Cynthias Revels (rev. ed.) v. ii, in Wks. I. 236 Your Antagonist, or player-against-you.

1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. Antagonist, an enemy.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 387 Satan..Antagonist of Heav'ns Almightie King.

1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 246 He that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves, and sharpens our skill. Our antagonist is our helper.

1855 W. H. Prescott Hist. Reign Philip II of Spain I. i. ii. 60 Philip ran the first course. His antagonist was the Count Mansfeldt, a Flemish captain of great renown.

1897 R. G. Allanson-Winn Boxing iv. 29 Vary your defence as much as possible, so as to leave your antagonist in doubt as to whether you are going to guard, duck, or slip, in order to avoid his blow.

1935 Encycl. Sports, Games & Pastimes 105/1 When a beginner is directed by his instructor to lead to the body, it is no use his aiming a blow at his antagonist's chest.

2000 Daily Tel. 7 Nov. 28/5 His antagonist, apparently not hurt, spent the rest of the party boasting gleefully to anyone who would listen: ‘I've just been bitch-slapped by Johnny Rotten!’

3. Physiology. A muscle that opposes the action of another muscle in producing movements of a specific part of the body. Cf. agonist n. 4.Flexors and extensors, and abductors and adductors, are typical examples of pairs of such muscles.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > structural parts > muscle > types of muscles > [noun]

sphincter1578

raiser1588

in-muscle?1609

oblique1612

abducens1615

abductor1615

adductor1615

antagonist1615

bender1615

depressor1615

extender1615

flexor1615

levator1615

quadratus1615

rectus1615

retractor1615

sphincter-muscle1615

accelerator1638

bicepsa1641

elevator1646

adducent1649

lifter1649

rotator1657

flector1666

contractor1682

dilater1683

orbicularis palpebrarum1694

transverse muscle1696

tensor muscle1704

biventer1706

extensor1713

attollent1728

constrictor1741

dilator1741

risibles1785

orbicularis oculi1797

obliquus1799

erector1828

extensor-muscle1830

compressor1836

trans-muscle1836

antagonizer1844

motor1846

evertor1848

inflector1851

protractor1853

prime mover1860

orbicular1872

transversalis1872

invertor1875

skeletal muscle1877

dilatator1878

occlusor muscle1878

sphincter1879

pilomotor1892

agonist1896

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 741 When as therfore a muscle which is contracted is also extended, in this extention it followeth the motion of his Antagonist or Aduersary.

1657 N. Culpeper & W. Rand tr. J. Riolan Sure Guide ii. x. 39 Such Muscles as perform a contrary motion are called Antagonists, and so such as bow the Arm, are antagonists to those that extend it.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) We have some solitary Muscles, without any Antagonists.

1793 J. Bell Anat. Bones, Muscles, & Joints 239 It [sc. the latissimus dorsi] is a beautiful muscle, covering all the lower part of the back and loins, and reaching to the arm, to be the antagonist to the pectoral muscle.

1808 J. Barclay Muscular Motions 333 The dorsal muscles are more numerous, more powerful..than their antagonists which are situated sternad.

1858 H. Gray Anat. 198 The Orbicularis oris is the direct antagonist of all those muscles which converge to the lips from the various parts of the face.

1918 F. Treves Surg. Appl. Anat. (ed. 7) xv. 328 A muscle may act as (1) a prime mover, (2) an antagonist, (3) a synergic muscle, (4) a fixation muscle.

1970 J. Kjølbye in G. Murdoch Prosthetic & Orthotic Pract. xi. 459 Orthoses used in conjunction with physiotherapy are of greatest use in the prevention of deformity by protecting the weaker group of muscles from the overactivity of their antagonists.

2004 Nature 9 Sept. 146/1 These muscle pairs act as antagonists.

4. Pharmacology and Physiology. A drug or other physiologically active substance that counteracts, interferes with, or inhibits the action of another drug or substance, esp. (in later use) by competition for the same receptor site. Cf. agonist n. 5.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > substance > process stimulators or inhibitors > [noun]

antagonist1842

anti-enzyme1893

sensibilizer1900

anticoagulin1901

antihormone1908

antivitamin1919

antimetabolite1945

agonist1955

1842 Penny Cycl. XXIII. 155/2 The strychnia probably acts as an antagonist to the stupifying effects of the poison of the snake.

1850 Lancet 10 Aug. 170/1 The indirect manner in which belladonna becomes the antagonist of strychnine.

1880 Chicago Med. Rev. 20 Dec. 570/1 The third lecture upon the Cartwright foundation was devoted to the consideration of the antagonists of atropia.

1955 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 28 May 1340/2 We have recently treated four cases of barbiturate poisoning with the new barbiturate antagonist β methyl β ethyl glutarimide.

1994 Business Week 31 Oct. 124/3 It has also expanded neurobiology research to include so-called neuropeptide antagonists that could fight multiple sclerosis, obesity, and Parkinson's disease.

2004 J. Emsley Vanity, Vitality, & Virility (2006) 225 Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (oestrogen mimics and oestrogen antagonists) are naturally abundant in the environment.

a. Either of two characters who take part in a formal debate or verbal contest in an ancient Greek play (cf. agon n. 2).

ΚΠ

1887 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 8 197 The participants in an Agon are the Choros.., the two antagonists, the judge, and the clown.

1907 W. C. Wright Short Hist. Greek Lit. 277 In..the Old Comedy..the Agon, the debate between two antagonists and the chorus, is the pivot of the play.

1967 Harvard Stud. Classical Philol. 71 27 If lines 1107–10 had been spoken by Clytaimestra before her first brazen rhesis.., there would have been no rhetorical agon of the antagonists.

2005 Mnemosyne 58 570 The νουθεσία on which both antagonists agreed at the beginning of the agon [of the Frogs] has a parallel in the νουθετήσεις in the..Protagoras.

b. The main character opposing the protagonist in a drama or other narrative.

ΚΠ

1914 H. E. Fansler Evol. Technic Elizabethan Trag. viii. 154 Shakespeare..in 1604..had concepts of a catastrophe, a protagonist and antagonist at struggle, a keynote scene, [etc.].

1957 Amer. Lit. 29 89 This romantic-realist quarrel is part of Mark Twain's conscious plot against the real antagonist of the novel, Tom Sawyer.

1981 J. Monaco How to read Film (rev. ed.) iv. 239 The battle between protagonist and antagonist that drives all dramatic narrative.

2015 Winchester (Va.) Star 15 Jan. b5/4 The cast includes..Nicole Kidman as the story's main antagonist—a greedy museum taxidermist who wants to ‘stuff’ Paddington and put him on display.

II. figurative, or applied to something abstract.

6. An impersonal agent acting in opposition; an opposing force.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] > an opposing force or agent

counter-cast1596

cross-current1598

contre-carre1646

antagonist1647

antipolliges1652

counter-attractiona1763

counterforce1817

antagonism1821

combatant1880

1647 I. H. Virtue & Valour Vindicated 3 Ignorance is the only Antagonist to knowledge.

1655 R. Boyle in Chymical, Medicinal, & Chyrurg. Addr. 146 That great Elixir..they call the universal Antagonist of all diseases.

1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 10. ¶3 A well written Book, compared with its Rivals and Antagonists, is like Moses's Serpent.

1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature II. 117 Fire and air act as antagonists in boiling.

1836 J. Gilbert Christian Atonem. v. 188 Justice and mercy ought by no means to be considered as antagonists.

1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. iv. 171 The great antagonist of intolerance is not humanity, but Knowledge.

1935 E. Glasgow Vein of Iron (1936) ii. vii. 117 Some have said that Nature is the antagonist of happiness.

1990 E. Harth Dawn of Millennium (1991) iii. 49 This expansionist character of the human spirit has a powerful antagonist in the drive to preserve the status quo, to block advance, even to return to a previous condition.

2000 S. Connor Dumbstruck i. 37 The voice of rage therefore presents itself as the antagonist of the sonorous envelope, the denial of the bodying and embodied nature of sound.

B. adj.

That is an antagonist (in various senses); acting as an antagonist; antagonistic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [adjective]

contrariousc1290

contraryinga1340

contrary1340

adversarya1382

overthwartc1384

contrairc1400

contrariantc1400

adverse1418

repugnantc1443

thwarting1530

pugnant1537

opposite1577

haggard1578

impugnant1579

kim-kam1582

antagonist1591

adversative1595

counter1596

opposing1597

antipathetical1601

thwart1601

aversed1609

aversive1609

adversarious1622

averse1623

antipathousa1625

inimicitious1641

opponent1641

negative1642

gainstanding1674

antithetic1753

opposed1784

oppositional1829

transversive1855

oppositionary1905

1591 J. Harington tr. L. Ariosto Orlando Furioso xxxviii. lxv. 322/1 Such his vallew is, this cause so iust, Were Mars Antagonist, yet yeeld he must.

1666 J. Smith Γηροκομία Βασιλικὴ (1752) 73 These..have no antagonist grinders, nor contra-acting milstones.

1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1628 None daring to appear Antagonist .

1777 J. Priestley Doctr. Philos. Necessity §4. 31 A limb is kept motionless by the equal action of antagonist muscles.

1789 T. Jefferson Writings (1859) II. 588 The antagonist nation.

1830 J. F. W. Herschel Prelim. Disc. Study Nat. Philos. 189 The quality of opacity is not a contrary or antagonist quality to that of transparency.

1858 W. Whewell Novum Organon Renov. 25 There are, in the palætiological sciences, two antagonist doctrines: catastrophes and uniformity.

1873 H. Spencer Study Sociol. viii. 181 From antagonist physical forces..there always results, not a medium state, but a rhythm between opposite states.

1903 Internat. Dental Jrnl. 24 246 The long cusps did not fit into the depressions of the antagonist tooth.

1967 Brain 90 542 During a normal saccade there is a brief..burst of activity in the prime mover with complete inhibition of its antagonist muscle.

2000 M. A. Weigle Russia's Liberal Project i. 60 The Russian state was thereby forced to..use extraordinary measures to protect the authority of its leaders and institutions against threats from a Soviet-era parliament and antagonist forces in society.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	antagonist
释义	antagonistn.adj. Brit. /anˈtaɡənɪst/, /anˈtaɡn̩ɪst/, U.S. /ænˈtæɡənəst/ Forms: α. 1500s– antagonist, 1600s antagoniste. β. 1500s–1600s antigonist. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin antagonista. Etymology: < post-classical Latin antagonista opponent (4th cent. in Jerome), counteracting muscle (16th cent. in a translation of Paré, or earlier) < ancient Greek ἀνταγωνιστής opponent, rival < ἀνταγωνίζεσθαι antagonize v. + -ιστής -ist suffix. Compare French antagoniste (adjective) that counteracts (16th cent. in Paré in muscle antagoniste), (noun) counteracting muscle (second half of the 17th cent.), opponent (a1628), Spanish antagonista, adjective and noun (1626), Portuguese antagonista, adjective and noun (1692), Italian antagonista, adjective and noun (1631), and also German Antagonist, noun (1562).With β. forms compare anti- prefix. A. n. I. Applied to a person or physical object. 1. A person who holds an opposing view to another; an opponent in a controversy, politics, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] > opponent adversaryc1350 contraryc1405 overthwarter?c1450 party1488 opposant1489 oppositec1500 encounterer1523 oppugner1535 header1537 opponent1553 antagonist1555 crosser1565 adverse1593 oppositor1598 oppugnator1611 stickler1612 opposera1616 antipos1631 thwarter1633 Antarctic1637 contrariant1657 foe1697 oppositionist1786 oppugnanta1834 counterworker1867 contester1884 the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] > striving in opposition > one who antagonist1555 counter-striver1594 1555 T. Cole in Brieff Disc. Troubles Franckford (1574) p. lxii In whiche Sermon, he shewed him selff an Antagonist for the booke off Englande. 1626 J. Pory in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1824) III. 247 Potter and Godfrey (antagonistes to the Pope's supremacy here). 1628 W. Prynne Briefe Suruay Mr. Cozens 14 Marke what good vse our Antagonist makes of this conclusion. 1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Antagonist..one that in Disputation or Arguing opposes another. 1797 Monthly Mag. 3 240/1 Dr. Travis..was..on entering into this province of theological polemics, a Tiro, compared with his antagonists. 1831 D. Brewster Life I. Newton xv. 265 This answer of Sir Isaac's..called into the field a fresh antagonist. 1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar xx. 345 It is indecent to owe money to a political antagonist. 1941 G. D. Cole Brit. Working Class Polit. iv. 39 Broadhurst held office in a Liberal Government and was Hardie's principal antagonist. 2010 New Yorker 28 June 64/3 In Beinart's new-found realism, Wilson's antagonist, Henry Cabot Lodge, becomes a default wise man, a believer in ‘realistic internationalism’. 2. An opponent in a sporting contest; (also) a side or adversary in a fight or battle. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > dissent > contention or strife > [noun] > one who > against whom one contends adversaryc1350 copemate1567 antagonist1585 jouster1598 1585 T. Bilson True Difference Christian Subiection iii. 468 His Antagonists first drenched him. 1616 B. Jonson Cynthias Revels (rev. ed.) v. ii, in Wks. I. 236 Your Antagonist, or player-against-you. 1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. Antagonist, an enemy. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 387 Satan..Antagonist of Heav'ns Almightie King. View more context for this quotation 1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 246 He that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves, and sharpens our skill. Our antagonist is our helper. View more context for this quotation 1855 W. H. Prescott Hist. Reign Philip II of Spain I. i. ii. 60 Philip ran the first course. His antagonist was the Count Mansfeldt, a Flemish captain of great renown. 1897 R. G. Allanson-Winn Boxing iv. 29 Vary your defence as much as possible, so as to leave your antagonist in doubt as to whether you are going to guard, duck, or slip, in order to avoid his blow. 1935 Encycl. Sports, Games & Pastimes 105/1 When a beginner is directed by his instructor to lead to the body, it is no use his aiming a blow at his antagonist's chest. 2000 Daily Tel. 7 Nov. 28/5 His antagonist, apparently not hurt, spent the rest of the party boasting gleefully to anyone who would listen: ‘I've just been bitch-slapped by Johnny Rotten!’ 3. Physiology. A muscle that opposes the action of another muscle in producing movements of a specific part of the body. Cf. agonist n. 4.Flexors and extensors, and abductors and adductors, are typical examples of pairs of such muscles. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > structural parts > muscle > types of muscles > [noun] sphincter1578 raiser1588 in-muscle?1609 oblique1612 abducens1615 abductor1615 adductor1615 antagonist1615 bender1615 depressor1615 extender1615 flexor1615 levator1615 quadratus1615 rectus1615 retractor1615 sphincter-muscle1615 accelerator1638 bicepsa1641 elevator1646 adducent1649 lifter1649 rotator1657 flector1666 contractor1682 dilater1683 orbicularis palpebrarum1694 transverse muscle1696 tensor muscle1704 biventer1706 extensor1713 attollent1728 constrictor1741 dilator1741 risibles1785 orbicularis oculi1797 obliquus1799 erector1828 extensor-muscle1830 compressor1836 trans-muscle1836 antagonizer1844 motor1846 evertor1848 inflector1851 protractor1853 prime mover1860 orbicular1872 transversalis1872 invertor1875 skeletal muscle1877 dilatator1878 occlusor muscle1878 sphincter1879 pilomotor1892 agonist1896 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 741 When as therfore a muscle which is contracted is also extended, in this extention it followeth the motion of his Antagonist or Aduersary. 1657 N. Culpeper & W. Rand tr. J. Riolan Sure Guide ii. x. 39 Such Muscles as perform a contrary motion are called Antagonists, and so such as bow the Arm, are antagonists to those that extend it. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) We have some solitary Muscles, without any Antagonists. 1793 J. Bell Anat. Bones, Muscles, & Joints 239 It [sc. the latissimus dorsi] is a beautiful muscle, covering all the lower part of the back and loins, and reaching to the arm, to be the antagonist to the pectoral muscle. 1808 J. Barclay Muscular Motions 333 The dorsal muscles are more numerous, more powerful..than their antagonists which are situated sternad. 1858 H. Gray Anat. 198 The Orbicularis oris is the direct antagonist of all those muscles which converge to the lips from the various parts of the face. 1918 F. Treves Surg. Appl. Anat. (ed. 7) xv. 328 A muscle may act as (1) a prime mover, (2) an antagonist, (3) a synergic muscle, (4) a fixation muscle. 1970 J. Kjølbye in G. Murdoch Prosthetic & Orthotic Pract. xi. 459 Orthoses used in conjunction with physiotherapy are of greatest use in the prevention of deformity by protecting the weaker group of muscles from the overactivity of their antagonists. 2004 Nature 9 Sept. 146/1 These muscle pairs act as antagonists. 4. Pharmacology and Physiology. A drug or other physiologically active substance that counteracts, interferes with, or inhibits the action of another drug or substance, esp. (in later use) by competition for the same receptor site. Cf. agonist n. 5. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > substance > process stimulators or inhibitors > [noun] antagonist1842 anti-enzyme1893 sensibilizer1900 anticoagulin1901 antihormone1908 antivitamin1919 antimetabolite1945 agonist1955 1842 Penny Cycl. XXIII. 155/2 The strychnia probably acts as an antagonist to the stupifying effects of the poison of the snake. 1850 Lancet 10 Aug. 170/1 The indirect manner in which belladonna becomes the antagonist of strychnine. 1880 Chicago Med. Rev. 20 Dec. 570/1 The third lecture upon the Cartwright foundation was devoted to the consideration of the antagonists of atropia. 1955 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 28 May 1340/2 We have recently treated four cases of barbiturate poisoning with the new barbiturate antagonist β methyl β ethyl glutarimide. 1994 Business Week 31 Oct. 124/3 It has also expanded neurobiology research to include so-called neuropeptide antagonists that could fight multiple sclerosis, obesity, and Parkinson's disease. 2004 J. Emsley Vanity, Vitality, & Virility (2006) 225 Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (oestrogen mimics and oestrogen antagonists) are naturally abundant in the environment. 5. a. Either of two characters who take part in a formal debate or verbal contest in an ancient Greek play (cf. agon n. 2). ΚΠ 1887 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 8 197 The participants in an Agon are the Choros.., the two antagonists, the judge, and the clown. 1907 W. C. Wright Short Hist. Greek Lit. 277 In..the Old Comedy..the Agon, the debate between two antagonists and the chorus, is the pivot of the play. 1967 Harvard Stud. Classical Philol. 71 27 If lines 1107–10 had been spoken by Clytaimestra before her first brazen rhesis.., there would have been no rhetorical agon of the antagonists. 2005 Mnemosyne 58 570 The νουθεσία on which both antagonists agreed at the beginning of the agon [of the Frogs] has a parallel in the νουθετήσεις in the..Protagoras. b. The main character opposing the protagonist in a drama or other narrative. ΚΠ 1914 H. E. Fansler Evol. Technic Elizabethan Trag. viii. 154 Shakespeare..in 1604..had concepts of a catastrophe, a protagonist and antagonist at struggle, a keynote scene, [etc.]. 1957 Amer. Lit. 29 89 This romantic-realist quarrel is part of Mark Twain's conscious plot against the real antagonist of the novel, Tom Sawyer. 1981 J. Monaco How to read Film (rev. ed.) iv. 239 The battle between protagonist and antagonist that drives all dramatic narrative. 2015 Winchester (Va.) Star 15 Jan. b5/4 The cast includes..Nicole Kidman as the story's main antagonist—a greedy museum taxidermist who wants to ‘stuff’ Paddington and put him on display. II. figurative, or applied to something abstract. 6. An impersonal agent acting in opposition; an opposing force. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] > an opposing force or agent counter-cast1596 cross-current1598 contre-carre1646 antagonist1647 antipolliges1652 counter-attractiona1763 counterforce1817 antagonism1821 combatant1880 1647 I. H. Virtue & Valour Vindicated 3 Ignorance is the only Antagonist to knowledge. 1655 R. Boyle in Chymical, Medicinal, & Chyrurg. Addr. 146 That great Elixir..they call the universal Antagonist of all diseases. 1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 10. ¶3 A well written Book, compared with its Rivals and Antagonists, is like Moses's Serpent. 1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature II. 117 Fire and air act as antagonists in boiling. 1836 J. Gilbert Christian Atonem. v. 188 Justice and mercy ought by no means to be considered as antagonists. 1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. iv. 171 The great antagonist of intolerance is not humanity, but Knowledge. 1935 E. Glasgow Vein of Iron (1936) ii. vii. 117 Some have said that Nature is the antagonist of happiness. 1990 E. Harth Dawn of Millennium (1991) iii. 49 This expansionist character of the human spirit has a powerful antagonist in the drive to preserve the status quo, to block advance, even to return to a previous condition. 2000 S. Connor Dumbstruck i. 37 The voice of rage therefore presents itself as the antagonist of the sonorous envelope, the denial of the bodying and embodied nature of sound. B. adj. That is an antagonist (in various senses); acting as an antagonist; antagonistic. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [adjective] contrariousc1290 contraryinga1340 contrary1340 adversarya1382 overthwartc1384 contrairc1400 contrariantc1400 adverse1418 repugnantc1443 thwarting1530 pugnant1537 opposite1577 haggard1578 impugnant1579 kim-kam1582 antagonist1591 adversative1595 counter1596 opposing1597 antipathetical1601 thwart1601 aversed1609 aversive1609 adversarious1622 averse1623 antipathousa1625 inimicitious1641 opponent1641 negative1642 gainstanding1674 antithetic1753 opposed1784 oppositional1829 transversive1855 oppositionary1905 1591 J. Harington tr. L. Ariosto Orlando Furioso xxxviii. lxv. 322/1 Such his vallew is, this cause so iust, Were Mars Antagonist, yet yeeld he must. 1666 J. Smith Γηροκομία Βασιλικὴ (1752) 73 These..have no antagonist grinders, nor contra-acting milstones. 1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1628 None daring to appear Antagonist . View more context for this quotation 1777 J. Priestley Doctr. Philos. Necessity §4. 31 A limb is kept motionless by the equal action of antagonist muscles. 1789 T. Jefferson Writings (1859) II. 588 The antagonist nation. 1830 J. F. W. Herschel Prelim. Disc. Study Nat. Philos. 189 The quality of opacity is not a contrary or antagonist quality to that of transparency. 1858 W. Whewell Novum Organon Renov. 25 There are, in the palætiological sciences, two antagonist doctrines: catastrophes and uniformity. 1873 H. Spencer Study Sociol. viii. 181 From antagonist physical forces..there always results, not a medium state, but a rhythm between opposite states. 1903 Internat. Dental Jrnl. 24 246 The long cusps did not fit into the depressions of the antagonist tooth. 1967 Brain 90 542 During a normal saccade there is a brief..burst of activity in the prime mover with complete inhibition of its antagonist muscle. 2000 M. A. Weigle Russia's Liberal Project i. 60 The Russian state was thereby forced to..use extraordinary measures to protect the authority of its leaders and institutions against threats from a Soviet-era parliament and antagonist forces in society. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.adj.1555
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