antagonismn.

Brit.

/anˈtaɡənɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/ænˈtæɡəˌnɪz(ə)m/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: antagonist n., antagonize v., -ism suffix.

Etymology: < antagon- (in antagonist n. and antagonize v.) + -ism suffix. Compare Byzantine Greek ἀνταγώνισμα , and also French antagonisme combat (1593 in Middle French in an apparently isolated attestation), opposing force of two muscles (1751), rivalry between two opposing (political or ideological) systems (1826). Compare earlier antagony n. Compare also earlier agonism n.

1. The mutual resistance or active opposition of two opposing forces, physical or mental; active opposition or hostility (in later use not necessarily mutual). Also: an instance of this.class antagonism, sex antagonism, etc.: see the first element.

a. Without construction.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] > mutual

antagony1643

conflictation1647

clashing1656

conflictiona1694

antagonism1716

antagonization1744

clash1782

the world > relative properties > order > disorder > disharmony or incongruity > [noun] > mutual opposition (of principles, etc.)

antipathy1601

expugnancy1620

pugnancy1660

collision1662

antagonism1716

clash1782

confliction1855

conflict1875

1716 M. Davies Diss. Author & Oecon. Lat. Drama 35 in Athenæ Britannicæ III The Jesuits amongst the Romanists, are oftentimes, as to the Effect of Antagonism, what High-Church is amongst Protestants.

1788 A. Wilson Bath Waters 62 There is a mechanical antagonism in all the operations of nature..,as in every case re-action proves equal to action.

1807 R. Southey Lett. from Eng. I. xiv. 177 The whole system of England, from highest to lowest, is, and has been, one series of antagonisms; struggle—struggle—in every thing.

1859 J. S. Mill On Liberty ii. 86 Opinions favourable..to sociality and individuality, to liberty and discipline, and all the other standing antagonisms of practical life.

1896 Daily Tel. 1 Feb. 6 The racial antagonism between Boers and Outlanders.

1936 D. Carnegie How to win Friends & influence People (1981) ii. iii. 60 The whole effect is one of raising a spirit of antagonism rather than of co-operation.

1985 R. Guarendi You're Better Parent than you Think! v. 101 Parent-versus-child feuds, in which the possibility of harsh words, regretted actions, and mutual antagonism rises.

b. With preposition, as against, between, to, towards, with.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun]

contrariositya1340

adversitya1382

champertyc1386

contrariousness1398

thwartingc1430

contrariancec1450

contrariness?1530

withsitting1532

oppugning1535

opposition1548

oppugnation1563

thwartness1577

adverseness1580

crossing1580

breasting1594

antipathy1601

oppugnancy1609

affrontment1611

opposure1611

thortera1614

contrariancya1617

obstancy1616

oppositeness1619

contropposition1621

obstrigillation1623

opposing1624

hostility1632

opposal1638

crossness1641

affront1642

aversion1651

oppugnance1657

shock1664

opponency1727

counteraction1750

antagonism1797

throwing1816

oppositiveness1824

kick1839

variance1842

opposedness1853

againstness1909

hornet1921

adversariness1970

oppositionality1989

1797 J. Wilde Sequel Addr. to Soc. Friends of People 42 The dreadful antagonism to all that is Christian, in the horrid Roman Catholic doctrine.

1813 J. M. Good et al. Pantologia at Inoculation This kind of antagonism between different morbid powers cannot have escaped the notice of any practitioner who has paid but a very small degree of attention to the phænomena of his own profession.

1831 Westm. Rev. Apr. 491 We must place ourselves more often in a posture of antagonism against the volatile pages of our author.

1835 W. J. Fox Legal Morality 29 Must it not bias him in his capacity of legislator,..and there give him rather a spirit of antagonism towards improvement than a disposition to facilitate its advance?

1840 D. Urquhart Expos. Boundary Differences between Great Brit. & United States vii. 81 The steps by which America has advanced to the present position of antagonism with Great Britain, have been already traced.

1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) Pref. 7 In direct antagonism to the fundamental principles of scientific education.

1920 19th Cent. Nov. 752 Her antagonism to her own sex—known colloquially as ‘cattiness’.

1973 P. Y. Medding Jews in Austral. Soc. 6 Much of mateship was exclusive rather than inclusive..based upon strong solidarity against outsiders, and antipathy and antagonism towards them.

1999 E. Wilputte in E. Haywood Adventures Eovaai Introd. 16 Known by numerous nicknames—‘Bob, the Poet's Foe’, which Jonathan Swift dubbed him [sc. Sir Robert Walpole] for his antagonism against men of letters.

2005 Philadelpha Nov. 114/2 His long-simmering antagonism with the Inquirer has boiled over into a full-scale pissing match.

2. spec.

a. Physiology. The relationship between muscles or groups of muscles that act as antagonists (antagonist n. 3) in moving a specific part of the body; the action of such muscles or groups of muscles; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > structural parts > muscle > [noun] > muscular movement

porrection1649

abduction1657

cringing1728

antagonism1744

peristalsis1847

musculation1853

fibrillation1882

jerk1895

protraction1899

flexing1902

stretch reflex1916

fasciculation1938

sliding filament1957

1744 Med. Ess. & Observ. (Philos. Soc. Edinb.) V. ii. lxxviii. 948 Dr. Hoadly..endeavours to prove that the external intercostal Muscles serve for Inspiration, while the internal lntercostals are their Antagonists... Upon considering the Directions of the Fibres of these Muscles, and the Motion of several Ribs, the Antagonism of the Muscles must, he thinks, appear evident.

1853 Dublin Q. Jrnl. Med. Sci. 15 226 Now if these flexors and extensors had an equal action on the three phalanges.., those contrary and simultaneous movements of the phalanges (the result of the synergetic contraction of these muscles) could not be obtained without their having to overcome a mutual antagonism.

1872 C. Darwin Expression Emotions Man & Animals vii. 197 The central fasciæ of the frontal muscle would have contracted in antagonism.

1902 Clin. Jrnl. 13 Aug. 259/1 One sees the want of this antagonism very well where the triceps is paralysed.

1952 J. A. Ramsay Physiol. Approach Lower Animals vii. 108 Inhibition is called for when muscles are so disposed as to act in antagonism.

2014 M. Edwards So you want to sing Rock 'n' Roll 45 This practice goes by many names, including ‘breath support,’ ‘breath control,’ and ‘breath management,’ all of which rely on the principle of muscular antagonism.

b. Art, Music, etc. Tension or contrast in an artistic work; striking or discordant juxtaposition of artistic elements of equal prominence. Also: an instance of this.

ΚΠ

1826 T. De Quincey Gallery German Prose Classics: Lessing in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Nov. 727 For it is in the very antagonism between the transitory reality and the non-transitory image of it reproduced by Painting or Sculpture, that one main attraction of those arts is concealed.

1859 M. A. Schimmelpenninck Princ. Beauty iii. ii. §26 Antagonism is the juxtaposition of opposing expressions in equally intense degree.

1872 J. S. Blackie Lays of Highlands Introd. 22 One of Beethoven's cunningly balanced antagonisms of sweet sound.

1915 W. S. Sparrow Frank Brangwyn & his Work Index 261/1 Antagonism of light and colour in painting.

1974 R. Arnheim Art & Visual Perception (rev. ed.) vi. 328 Figure 233a shows schematically an image of antagonism, in which black and white share as equal partners. We cannot tell whether we are seeing a black bottle hit by a strong light from the right or a white bottle partly in the shade.

2006 V. Adamenko Neo-mythologism in Music (2007) ii. 29 In his theoretical writings, Hindemith emphasized the antagonism between tonalities, based on the tritone's ‘antagonistic striving against the tonic’.

c. Pharmacology and Physiology. Counteraction or inhibition of, or interference with, the action of a drug or other physiologically active substance by another drug or substance; an instance of this. Cf. antagonist n. 4.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > inhibition > [noun]

antagonism1859

Pasteur reaction1930

Pasteur effect1935

lipotropism1945

repression1957

1859 Lancet 17 Sept. 300/2 A series of experiments which clearly demonstrates the antagonism between strychnine and woorara.

1901 S. O. L. Potter Handbk. Materia Medica (ed. 8) 34 There is no instance in which the antagonism of two drugs is absolutely complete along their whole line of action.

1938 Ann. Reg. 1937 349 Much research was done on synergism and antagonism of vitamins.

1988 Q. N. Myrvik & R. S. Weiser Fund. Med. Bacteriol. & Mycol. (ed. 2) vi. 89 A less desirable consequence of using a combination of antibiotics is antagonism, in which one agent actually interferes with the action of another.

1995 W. G. Hopkins Introd. Plant Physiol. xv. 303/2 The cytokinin-auxin antagonism is believed to account for the phenomenon of ‘witch's broom’, an example of extreme axillary bud growth.

3. An opposing force or principle; one side in a relationship of opposition or hostility.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] > an opposing force or agent

counter-cast1596

cross-current1598

contre-carre1646

antagonist1647

antipolliges1652

counter-attractiona1763

counterforce1817

antagonism1821

combatant1880

1821 T. De Quincey Confessions Eng. Opium-eater in London Mag. Oct. 361/2 As if resulting from mighty and equal antagonisms.

1841 T. Carlyle On Heroes vi. 334 These two Antagonisms at war here, in the case of Laud and the Puritans, are as old nearly as the world.

1892 P. A. Graham Rural Exodus i. v. 42 If asked to adjudicate between antagonisms so marked, I should feel inclined to steal a leaf from the book of Sir Roger de Coverley, and vow that much was to be said on either side.

1992 Atlantic Mar. 61/1 Europe's old scourge, anti-Semitism, is back with a vengeance, but it is only one of many antagonisms.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	antagonism
释义	antagonismn. Brit. /anˈtaɡənɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ænˈtæɡəˌnɪz(ə)m/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: antagonist n., antagonize v., -ism suffix. Etymology: < antagon- (in antagonist n. and antagonize v.) + -ism suffix. Compare Byzantine Greek ἀνταγώνισμα , and also French antagonisme combat (1593 in Middle French in an apparently isolated attestation), opposing force of two muscles (1751), rivalry between two opposing (political or ideological) systems (1826). Compare earlier antagony n. Compare also earlier agonism n. 1. The mutual resistance or active opposition of two opposing forces, physical or mental; active opposition or hostility (in later use not necessarily mutual). Also: an instance of this.class antagonism, sex antagonism, etc.: see the first element. a. Without construction. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] > mutual antagony1643 conflictation1647 clashing1656 conflictiona1694 antagonism1716 antagonization1744 clash1782 the world > relative properties > order > disorder > disharmony or incongruity > [noun] > mutual opposition (of principles, etc.) antipathy1601 expugnancy1620 pugnancy1660 collision1662 antagonism1716 clash1782 confliction1855 conflict1875 1716 M. Davies Diss. Author & Oecon. Lat. Drama 35 in Athenæ Britannicæ III The Jesuits amongst the Romanists, are oftentimes, as to the Effect of Antagonism, what High-Church is amongst Protestants. 1788 A. Wilson Bath Waters 62 There is a mechanical antagonism in all the operations of nature..,as in every case re-action proves equal to action. 1807 R. Southey Lett. from Eng. I. xiv. 177 The whole system of England, from highest to lowest, is, and has been, one series of antagonisms; struggle—struggle—in every thing. 1859 J. S. Mill On Liberty ii. 86 Opinions favourable..to sociality and individuality, to liberty and discipline, and all the other standing antagonisms of practical life. 1896 Daily Tel. 1 Feb. 6 The racial antagonism between Boers and Outlanders. 1936 D. Carnegie How to win Friends & influence People (1981) ii. iii. 60 The whole effect is one of raising a spirit of antagonism rather than of co-operation. 1985 R. Guarendi You're Better Parent than you Think! v. 101 Parent-versus-child feuds, in which the possibility of harsh words, regretted actions, and mutual antagonism rises. b. With preposition, as against, between, to, towards, with. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] contrariositya1340 adversitya1382 champertyc1386 contrariousness1398 thwartingc1430 contrariancec1450 contrariness?1530 withsitting1532 oppugning1535 opposition1548 oppugnation1563 thwartness1577 adverseness1580 crossing1580 breasting1594 antipathy1601 oppugnancy1609 affrontment1611 opposure1611 thortera1614 contrariancya1617 obstancy1616 oppositeness1619 contropposition1621 obstrigillation1623 opposing1624 hostility1632 opposal1638 crossness1641 affront1642 aversion1651 oppugnance1657 shock1664 opponency1727 counteraction1750 antagonism1797 throwing1816 oppositiveness1824 kick1839 variance1842 opposedness1853 againstness1909 hornet1921 adversariness1970 oppositionality1989 1797 J. Wilde Sequel Addr. to Soc. Friends of People 42 The dreadful antagonism to all that is Christian, in the horrid Roman Catholic doctrine. 1813 J. M. Good et al. Pantologia at Inoculation This kind of antagonism between different morbid powers cannot have escaped the notice of any practitioner who has paid but a very small degree of attention to the phænomena of his own profession. 1831 Westm. Rev. Apr. 491 We must place ourselves more often in a posture of antagonism against the volatile pages of our author. 1835 W. J. Fox Legal Morality 29 Must it not bias him in his capacity of legislator,..and there give him rather a spirit of antagonism towards improvement than a disposition to facilitate its advance? 1840 D. Urquhart Expos. Boundary Differences between Great Brit. & United States vii. 81 The steps by which America has advanced to the present position of antagonism with Great Britain, have been already traced. 1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) Pref. 7 In direct antagonism to the fundamental principles of scientific education. 1920 19th Cent. Nov. 752 Her antagonism to her own sex—known colloquially as ‘cattiness’. 1973 P. Y. Medding Jews in Austral. Soc. 6 Much of mateship was exclusive rather than inclusive..based upon strong solidarity against outsiders, and antipathy and antagonism towards them. 1999 E. Wilputte in E. Haywood Adventures Eovaai Introd. 16 Known by numerous nicknames—‘Bob, the Poet's Foe’, which Jonathan Swift dubbed him [sc. Sir Robert Walpole] for his antagonism against men of letters. 2005 Philadelpha Nov. 114/2 His long-simmering antagonism with the Inquirer has boiled over into a full-scale pissing match. 2. spec. a. Physiology. The relationship between muscles or groups of muscles that act as antagonists (antagonist n. 3) in moving a specific part of the body; the action of such muscles or groups of muscles; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > structural parts > muscle > [noun] > muscular movement porrection1649 abduction1657 cringing1728 antagonism1744 peristalsis1847 musculation1853 fibrillation1882 jerk1895 protraction1899 flexing1902 stretch reflex1916 fasciculation1938 sliding filament1957 1744 Med. Ess. & Observ. (Philos. Soc. Edinb.) V. ii. lxxviii. 948 Dr. Hoadly..endeavours to prove that the external intercostal Muscles serve for Inspiration, while the internal lntercostals are their Antagonists... Upon considering the Directions of the Fibres of these Muscles, and the Motion of several Ribs, the Antagonism of the Muscles must, he thinks, appear evident. 1853 Dublin Q. Jrnl. Med. Sci. 15 226 Now if these flexors and extensors had an equal action on the three phalanges.., those contrary and simultaneous movements of the phalanges (the result of the synergetic contraction of these muscles) could not be obtained without their having to overcome a mutual antagonism. 1872 C. Darwin Expression Emotions Man & Animals vii. 197 The central fasciæ of the frontal muscle would have contracted in antagonism. 1902 Clin. Jrnl. 13 Aug. 259/1 One sees the want of this antagonism very well where the triceps is paralysed. 1952 J. A. Ramsay Physiol. Approach Lower Animals vii. 108 Inhibition is called for when muscles are so disposed as to act in antagonism. 2014 M. Edwards So you want to sing Rock 'n' Roll 45 This practice goes by many names, including ‘breath support,’ ‘breath control,’ and ‘breath management,’ all of which rely on the principle of muscular antagonism. b. Art, Music, etc. Tension or contrast in an artistic work; striking or discordant juxtaposition of artistic elements of equal prominence. Also: an instance of this. ΚΠ 1826 T. De Quincey Gallery German Prose Classics: Lessing in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Nov. 727 For it is in the very antagonism between the transitory reality and the non-transitory image of it reproduced by Painting or Sculpture, that one main attraction of those arts is concealed. 1859 M. A. Schimmelpenninck Princ. Beauty iii. ii. §26 Antagonism is the juxtaposition of opposing expressions in equally intense degree. 1872 J. S. Blackie Lays of Highlands Introd. 22 One of Beethoven's cunningly balanced antagonisms of sweet sound. 1915 W. S. Sparrow Frank Brangwyn & his Work Index 261/1 Antagonism of light and colour in painting. 1974 R. Arnheim Art & Visual Perception (rev. ed.) vi. 328 Figure 233a shows schematically an image of antagonism, in which black and white share as equal partners. We cannot tell whether we are seeing a black bottle hit by a strong light from the right or a white bottle partly in the shade. 2006 V. Adamenko Neo-mythologism in Music (2007) ii. 29 In his theoretical writings, Hindemith emphasized the antagonism between tonalities, based on the tritone's ‘antagonistic striving against the tonic’. c. Pharmacology and Physiology. Counteraction or inhibition of, or interference with, the action of a drug or other physiologically active substance by another drug or substance; an instance of this. Cf. antagonist n. 4. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > inhibition > [noun] antagonism1859 Pasteur reaction1930 Pasteur effect1935 lipotropism1945 repression1957 1859 Lancet 17 Sept. 300/2 A series of experiments which clearly demonstrates the antagonism between strychnine and woorara. 1901 S. O. L. Potter Handbk. Materia Medica (ed. 8) 34 There is no instance in which the antagonism of two drugs is absolutely complete along their whole line of action. 1938 Ann. Reg. 1937 349 Much research was done on synergism and antagonism of vitamins. 1988 Q. N. Myrvik & R. S. Weiser Fund. Med. Bacteriol. & Mycol. (ed. 2) vi. 89 A less desirable consequence of using a combination of antibiotics is antagonism, in which one agent actually interferes with the action of another. 1995 W. G. Hopkins Introd. Plant Physiol. xv. 303/2 The cytokinin-auxin antagonism is believed to account for the phenomenon of ‘witch's broom’, an example of extreme axillary bud growth. 3. An opposing force or principle; one side in a relationship of opposition or hostility. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] > an opposing force or agent counter-cast1596 cross-current1598 contre-carre1646 antagonist1647 antipolliges1652 counter-attractiona1763 counterforce1817 antagonism1821 combatant1880 1821 T. De Quincey Confessions Eng. Opium-eater in London Mag. Oct. 361/2 As if resulting from mighty and equal antagonisms. 1841 T. Carlyle On Heroes vi. 334 These two Antagonisms at war here, in the case of Laud and the Puritans, are as old nearly as the world. 1892 P. A. Graham Rural Exodus i. v. 42 If asked to adjudicate between antagonisms so marked, I should feel inclined to steal a leaf from the book of Sir Roger de Coverley, and vow that much was to be said on either side. 1992 Atlantic Mar. 61/1 Europe's old scourge, anti-Semitism, is back with a vengeance, but it is only one of many antagonisms. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.1716
随便看	patroness-ship patronesses patronessing patronesssaint patronessship patronisation patronisations patronise patronised patroniser patronisers patronises patronising patronisings patronite patronizable patronization patronizations patronize patronized patronizer patronizers patronizes patronizing patronizingly