forcedadj.

Brit.

/fɔːst/, U.S.

/fɔrst/

Etymology: < force v.¹ + -ed suffix¹.

1. Subjected to violence.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adjective] > subjected to violence

forced1621

outrageda1711

1621 G. Sandys tr. Ovid First Five Bks. Metamorphosis i. 25 [She] implores the liquid Sisters aid, To change her shape and pitty a forc't Maid.

1621 G. Sandys tr. Ovid First Five Bks. Metamorphosis iii. 85 Let his forc't breath Expire in groanes.

a. Compelled, imposed, or exacted by force; enforced, compulsory; not spontaneous, voluntary, or optional. spec. forced labour (also as attributive phr.); †forced man: a pressed man.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [adjective] > done, produced, or obtained by compulsion

threata1400

constraintc1430

compelled1541

compulsed1541

violent?1550

extorted1552

wrested1565

coacted1570

enforced1576

forced1576

compulsory1581

commandeda1586

coactive1596

infortiate1601

extortious1602

coact1610

compulsive1611

exacted1618

necessitous1632

violented1641

necessary1655

on-forced1656

commandatorya1659

extorsive1669

compellable1677

compulsatory1748

obbligato1780

coerced1877

mandatory1891

shotgun1937

society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > loss of chastity > [adjective] > characterized by rape > raped

violatec1425

ravisheda1500

forced1576

abriped1623

raped1655

stuprated1727

violatedc1760

society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier by type of service > [noun] > conscript

levy1611

pressman1638

forced man1748

lotman1758

conscript1798

draftee1866

draft1916

chocolate soldier1939

choco1940

selectee1940

G.I.1943

national serviceman1949

society > occupation and work > work > [noun] > forced, statute, or feudal work

week-worklOE

servicec1300

corvée1340

task-work1582

statute work1683

statute labour1729

statute duty1753

slave labour1820

forced labour1872

society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [noun] > compelling the fulfilment or performance of > of work or service > forced labour

forced labour1872

1576 A. Fleming tr. C. Plinius Novocomensis in Panoplie Epist. 261 Wherein is declared the merite of free obedience and forced duetie.

1621 G. Sandys tr. Ovid First Five Bks. Metamorphosis ii. 32 To this alone, I giue a forc't consent.

1661 Grand Deb. Rev. & Alteration Bk. Common Prayer 77 They had many Lyturgies in one Princes Dominion, and those alterable, and not forced.

1702 J. Dennis Comical Gallant 49 A forced Marriage is but a lawful Rape.

1739 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. (ed. 2) VI. 299 A forced peace is soon followed by a war.

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson i. iii. 28 Spaniards being no strangers to the dissatisfaction of their forced men.

1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall III. 110 Forced or fictitious testaments.

1798 Ld. Nelson 27 Jan. in Dispatches & Lett. (1845) III. 4 There ought to be the greatest difference made between a forced man and the man who voluntarily offers his life to preserve his country.

1812 Ld. Byron Childe Harold: Cantos I & II ii. vii. 64 There no forc'd banquet claims the sated guest.

18.. R. C. Browne Milton's Poems Introd. p. li From March 1626 to July 1627, when the system of forced loans was in full operation.

1866 A. Crump Pract. Treat. Banking vii. 145 The forced paper currency.

1872 J. Yeats Growth Commerce 35 The forced labour of slaves.

1931 Economist 17 Jan. 105/2 Some of the worst features of the report..are those relating to what is euphemistically described as the official recruitment of labour, for export, mainly to Fernando Po, and to forced labour conditions.

1941 A. Koestler Scum of Earth 276 They..were kept in the Moroccan forced-labour battalions to work in mines and quarries.

1942 Ann. Reg. 1941 175 Trials of people for kindness towards prisoners of war and foreigners doing forced labour.

1960 Guardian 15 Nov. 8/5 Lord Altrincham's call for conscription seems to be for both military service and civil jobs such as road making. The latter is ordinarily termed forced labour.

b. forced move n. in a game, one rendered inevitable by the action of the adversary or the position of the piece. Cf. forced put, force-put n.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > board game > chess > [noun] > move > type of move

neck1557

stroke1735

key1845

forced move1847

key-move1847

fianchetto1848

queening1860

pinning1900

mutate1922

valve1930

zwischenzug1941

1847 H. Staunton Chess-player's Handbk. i. ii. 22 When a player has only one legal move at command, it is said to be a forced move.

1890 R. F. Green Chess 31 The capture of a Pawn en passant is a forced move, if none other be possible.

c. forced feeding n. = force-feeding n. at force-feed v. Derivatives.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > [noun] > feeding > methods of feeding

spoonage1586

hand feeding1750

gavage1889

forced feeding1901

force-feeding1909

self-feeding1917

tube-feed1964

tube-feeding1964

1901 G. C. Watson Farm Poultry ix. 161 It is quite possible to injure the digestion of laying hens by a system of forced feeding.

1923 H. A. Roberts Commercial Poultry Raising xv. 207 Forced feeding must not be carried to the point where it affects and impairs stamina and health.

d. forced landing: the unpremeditated landing of an aircraft in an emergency; hence force-land v. intr., to make a forced landing.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > air or space travel > action of flying (in) aircraft > specific flying operations or procedures > [noun] > landing > emergency

forced landing1917

a wing and a prayer1943

society > travel > air or space travel > action of flying (in) aircraft > specific flying operations or procedures > [verb (intransitive)] > land > make emergency landing

force-land1917

1917 ‘Contact’ Airman's Outings 8 That aerial highwayman the forced landing.

1921 Flight 13 440/2 They left Croydon..in a Goliath, which had, unfortunately, to force-land at Amiens.

1928 C. F. S. Gamble Story N. Sea Air Station i. 44 This machine was crashed as a result of a forced landing.

1936 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 40 28 An engine failure is defined as engine trouble (apart from fuel system) causing a forced landing.

1958 Oxf. Mail 21 Jan. 1/1 A United States Navy plane..force-landed about 450 miles from its destination.

1961 L. van der Post Heart of Hunter viii. 120 Some R.A.F. men..had made a forced landing in the desert.

e. forced-choice adj. used attributively of a question, technique, etc., in which the participant must choose between a number of pre-arranged alternatives.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > examination > [adjective] > type of examination > type of question

forced-choice1944

open-ended1944

open-end1952

1944 Shipley & Graham Summary Res. on Personal Inventory 1 Its items..are cast in forced-choice form to promote valid answering.

1957 E. Bott Family & Social Network vi. 170 Answers to forced-choice questions need not represent the subject's attitudes.

1964 D. B. Fry in D. Abercrombie et al. Daniel Jones 62 The listener is placed in a ‘forced choice’ situation.

1967 J. F. Corso in H. Helson et al. Contemp. Approaches Psychol. vii. 304 To predict performance in a forced-choice test, an extension of the decision model is required.

1970 Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. Jan. 96 These statements were mimeographed and presented in the form of a forced-choice true and false test.

1970 Language 46 304 Despite their close agreement in the ‘forced-choice’ selections, the preceptive reaction of UK and US subjects shows them sharply polarized in the judgment test.

a. Produced or maintained with effort; strained. forced march n. ‘one in which the marching power of the troops is forced or exerted beyond the ordinary limit’ (Adm. Smyth).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [adjective] > produced or maintained with effort

forced1598

society > armed hostility > military operations > evolution > [noun] > marching > other specific march

forced march1769

route marching1788

route march1800

defile1835

road march1855

road marching1872

1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iii. i. 131 Tis like the forc't gate of a shuffling nag.

1677 A. Yarranton England's Improvem. 132 No forc't hast; but Thrashing and carrying the corn to the Granary in times wherein his servants have leisure.

1769 W. Robertson Hist. Charles V III. vii. 39 He..by a forced march got into Fertè.

1825 J. Bentham Rationale Reward 271 This being sold at a forced price, the merchant will take care not to replace it.

1840 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VII. liv. 38 Alexander..by a forced night-march, reached the Hydrastes at day-break.

1889 P. Milford Pocket Dict. Mining Forced production, to work a mine so as to make it produce a greater output than can be maintained.

b. In literary usage: Strained, distorted. Cf. force v.¹ 3b.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > misinterpretation > distortion or perversion of meaning > [adjective]

corruptc1386

racked1546

detorted?1550

wrested1551

writhen1551

writhed1562

forced1583

tortured1603

strained1609

distorted1641

violented1641

crook1647

extorted1652

refracted1655

madly wrested1656

wry1663

corrupted1699

non-natural1844

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > inelegance > [adjective] > forced

high-strained1565

constrained1571

forced1583

overstrained1599

strained1609

epitonic1879

smart1899

1583 W. Fulke Def. Transl. Script. i. §52. 67 Neither doth Caluine..thinke it.. a forced translation.

1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 309 The Greek Etymologies of this word, seem to be all..Violent and Forced.

1724 A. Collins Disc. Grounds Christian Relig. 173 Forc'd interpretations.

1782 J. Priestley Hist. Corruptions Christianity I. ii. 163 Without any forced Construction it may be turned against this favourite opinion.

1812 R. Woodhouse Elem. Treat. Astron. xxxvi. 360 Without any forced analogies.

c. Of actions, demeanour, gestures, etc.: Affected, artificial, constrained, unnatural.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > affected behaviour or affectation > [adjective] > lacking natural ease

strainedc1400

artificial1558

forced1621

unnatural1828

1621 G. Wither Motto (new ed.) sig. Bj For much I hate the forced Apish tricks, Of those our home-disdaining Politicks.

1687 J. Dryden Hind & Panther iii. 78 Her forc'd civilities, her faint embrace.

1891 C. T. C. James Romantic Rigmarole 80 In spite of her forced calmness.

†4. Artificially made or prepared; as opposed to natural. Chiefly of soils. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > [adjective] > artificially prepared

forceda1640

a1640 J. Fletcher et al. Beggers Bush ii. i, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Kk3^v/2 Call in your crutches,..Forc'd eyes and teeth, with your dead arms.

1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine iii. 433 The very bottome, or floor thereof (being forced ground).

1664 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense 65 in Sylva Pot them [Tuberoses] in natural (not forc'd) Earth.

1688 London Gaz. No. 2363/4 Lost..a light bay Gelding..6 years old, with a forced mark on the Forehead.

5. Of plants, a crop, etc.: Made to bear, or produced, out of the proper season. Cf. force v.¹ 12.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > [adjective] > forcing > forced

forced1695

forwarded1800

1695 W. Congreve Love for Love v. i. 77 I'm..none of your forc'd Trees, that pretend to Blossom in the Fall; and Bud when they should bring forth Fruit.

a1865 E. C. Gaskell Wives & Daughters (1866) I. xxviii. 317 Our forced strawberries are just ready.

†6. Fortified, made strong against attack. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > [adjective]

stithc1000

strongOE

fastenedOE

warneda1300

strengtheda1382

unpregnable1387

embattledc1400

enbanedc1400

warrayable14..

impregnable1430

inexpugnable1490

strengthy1513

bulwarkeda1533

unexpugnable1533

fortified1538

well-fortified1538

unwinnablec1540

forced1548

forted1566

unbatterable1576

fencible?1579

unforcible1611

impregnate1632

untakable1652

of (good) force1697

casemated1740

well-girt1756

embattled1765

strongish1821

unbreachable1866

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry V f. lix^v And beside that chayne he sette vp a new forced bridge.

1602 W. Warner Epitome Hist. Eng. in Albions Eng. (rev. ed.) 356 Seuerus his forced vallie, with other strong..fabrications.

7. Of a draught: produced artificially; so forced-air, forced ventilation; forced (feed) lubrication, force-feed lubrication (see force-feed n.).

ΚΠ

1864 Webster's Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. at Draught Forced draught, the draft produced by a blower, as by compressing the air beneath a fire.

1885 Marine Engineer 7 39/1 (heading) On the Application of moderate forced draught to the furnaces of small steam vessels.

1887 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 496/2 Where forced draught has been substituted for chimney draught.

1898 Westm. Gaz. 18 May 2/3 In our service we are satisfied with a forced draught trial of four hours as a rule.

1901 Feilden's Mag. 4 441/2 The forced-air draught fans... Forced-air draught is preferable to steam blast.

1907 J. G. Horner Henley's Encycl. Pract. Engin. V. 40/2 It is hardly possible to overrate the importance of forced lubrication in modern practice.

1907 Westm. Gaz. 19 Nov. 4/2 Forced feed lubrication.

1909 Westm. Gaz. 12 Aug. 4/2 Designing an engine on the forced-induction principle.

1930 Engineering 28 Feb. 280/3 Forced lubrication is employed for the main engine and for the turbo-blower.

1960 Farmer & Stockbreeder 19 Jan. 108/1 The forced-draught cabinet incubators.

1971 Sci. Amer. May 73/3 In a forced-draft [cooling] tower the fan is at the bottom and pushes the air up through the tower.

Draft additions June 2017

forced error n. Sport a mistake in play which is attributed to the skill or effort of one's opponent rather than to one's own misjudgement; now chiefly spec. (Tennis) an error (error n. Additions) made on a shot regarded as unplayable or difficult to play; cf. unforced error n. at unforced adj. Additions.

ΚΠ

1919 Hutchinson (Kansas) News 14 July 3/3 In the sixth hill got on by another forced error on the part of the shortstop and registered on another shortstop error.

1919 N.Y. Times 28 Dec. ix. 1/2 Anderson came back with two tremendous aces, and a couple of forced errors.

1937 Referee (Sydney) 23 Dec. 13/3 The young Australian was always ready with a severe shot for the open spaces that resulted in many points for him through forced errors.

1971 Times 22 Nov. 15 /5 Cambridge's try..was the result of a forced error by the Newport scrum half.

2003 J. Dinoffer Tennis Pract. Games cxv. 170 Defining an unforced error can be challenging or even confusing. For example, is it an unforced or a forced error when your opponent hits a tough first serve and you miss the return?

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	forced
释义	forcedadj. Brit. /fɔːst/, U.S. /fɔrst/ Etymology: < force v.¹ + -ed suffix¹. 1. Subjected to violence. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adjective] > subjected to violence forced1621 outrageda1711 1621 G. Sandys tr. Ovid First Five Bks. Metamorphosis i. 25 [She] implores the liquid Sisters aid, To change her shape and pitty a forc't Maid. 1621 G. Sandys tr. Ovid First Five Bks. Metamorphosis iii. 85 Let his forc't breath Expire in groanes. 2. a. Compelled, imposed, or exacted by force; enforced, compulsory; not spontaneous, voluntary, or optional. spec. forced labour (also as attributive phr.); †forced man: a pressed man. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [adjective] > done, produced, or obtained by compulsion threata1400 constraintc1430 compelled1541 compulsed1541 violent?1550 extorted1552 wrested1565 coacted1570 enforced1576 forced1576 compulsory1581 commandeda1586 coactive1596 infortiate1601 extortious1602 coact1610 compulsive1611 exacted1618 necessitous1632 violented1641 necessary1655 on-forced1656 commandatorya1659 extorsive1669 compellable1677 compulsatory1748 obbligato1780 coerced1877 mandatory1891 shotgun1937 society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > loss of chastity > [adjective] > characterized by rape > raped violatec1425 ravisheda1500 forced1576 abriped1623 raped1655 stuprated1727 violatedc1760 society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier by type of service > [noun] > conscript levy1611 pressman1638 forced man1748 lotman1758 conscript1798 draftee1866 draft1916 chocolate soldier1939 choco1940 selectee1940 G.I.1943 national serviceman1949 society > occupation and work > work > [noun] > forced, statute, or feudal work week-worklOE servicec1300 corvée1340 task-work1582 statute work1683 statute labour1729 statute duty1753 slave labour1820 forced labour1872 society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [noun] > compelling the fulfilment or performance of > of work or service > forced labour forced labour1872 1576 A. Fleming tr. C. Plinius Novocomensis in Panoplie Epist. 261 Wherein is declared the merite of free obedience and forced duetie. 1621 G. Sandys tr. Ovid First Five Bks. Metamorphosis ii. 32 To this alone, I giue a forc't consent. 1661 Grand Deb. Rev. & Alteration Bk. Common Prayer 77 They had many Lyturgies in one Princes Dominion, and those alterable, and not forced. 1702 J. Dennis Comical Gallant 49 A forced Marriage is but a lawful Rape. 1739 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. (ed. 2) VI. 299 A forced peace is soon followed by a war. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson i. iii. 28 Spaniards being no strangers to the dissatisfaction of their forced men. 1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall III. 110 Forced or fictitious testaments. 1798 Ld. Nelson 27 Jan. in Dispatches & Lett. (1845) III. 4 There ought to be the greatest difference made between a forced man and the man who voluntarily offers his life to preserve his country. 1812 Ld. Byron Childe Harold: Cantos I & II ii. vii. 64 There no forc'd banquet claims the sated guest. 18.. R. C. Browne Milton's Poems Introd. p. li From March 1626 to July 1627, when the system of forced loans was in full operation. 1866 A. Crump Pract. Treat. Banking vii. 145 The forced paper currency. 1872 J. Yeats Growth Commerce 35 The forced labour of slaves. 1931 Economist 17 Jan. 105/2 Some of the worst features of the report..are those relating to what is euphemistically described as the official recruitment of labour, for export, mainly to Fernando Po, and to forced labour conditions. 1941 A. Koestler Scum of Earth 276 They..were kept in the Moroccan forced-labour battalions to work in mines and quarries. 1942 Ann. Reg. 1941 175 Trials of people for kindness towards prisoners of war and foreigners doing forced labour. 1960 Guardian 15 Nov. 8/5 Lord Altrincham's call for conscription seems to be for both military service and civil jobs such as road making. The latter is ordinarily termed forced labour. b. forced move n. in a game, one rendered inevitable by the action of the adversary or the position of the piece. Cf. forced put, force-put n. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > board game > chess > [noun] > move > type of move neck1557 stroke1735 key1845 forced move1847 key-move1847 fianchetto1848 queening1860 pinning1900 mutate1922 valve1930 zwischenzug1941 1847 H. Staunton Chess-player's Handbk. i. ii. 22 When a player has only one legal move at command, it is said to be a forced move. 1890 R. F. Green Chess 31 The capture of a Pawn en passant is a forced move, if none other be possible. c. forced feeding n. = force-feeding n. at force-feed v. Derivatives. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > [noun] > feeding > methods of feeding spoonage1586 hand feeding1750 gavage1889 forced feeding1901 force-feeding1909 self-feeding1917 tube-feed1964 tube-feeding1964 1901 G. C. Watson Farm Poultry ix. 161 It is quite possible to injure the digestion of laying hens by a system of forced feeding. 1923 H. A. Roberts Commercial Poultry Raising xv. 207 Forced feeding must not be carried to the point where it affects and impairs stamina and health. d. forced landing: the unpremeditated landing of an aircraft in an emergency; hence force-land v. intr., to make a forced landing. ΘΚΠ society > travel > air or space travel > action of flying (in) aircraft > specific flying operations or procedures > [noun] > landing > emergency forced landing1917 a wing and a prayer1943 society > travel > air or space travel > action of flying (in) aircraft > specific flying operations or procedures > [verb (intransitive)] > land > make emergency landing force-land1917 1917 ‘Contact’ Airman's Outings 8 That aerial highwayman the forced landing. 1921 Flight 13 440/2 They left Croydon..in a Goliath, which had, unfortunately, to force-land at Amiens. 1928 C. F. S. Gamble Story N. Sea Air Station i. 44 This machine was crashed as a result of a forced landing. 1936 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 40 28 An engine failure is defined as engine trouble (apart from fuel system) causing a forced landing. 1958 Oxf. Mail 21 Jan. 1/1 A United States Navy plane..force-landed about 450 miles from its destination. 1961 L. van der Post Heart of Hunter viii. 120 Some R.A.F. men..had made a forced landing in the desert. e. forced-choice adj. used attributively of a question, technique, etc., in which the participant must choose between a number of pre-arranged alternatives. ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > examination > [adjective] > type of examination > type of question forced-choice1944 open-ended1944 open-end1952 1944 Shipley & Graham Summary Res. on Personal Inventory 1 Its items..are cast in forced-choice form to promote valid answering. 1957 E. Bott Family & Social Network vi. 170 Answers to forced-choice questions need not represent the subject's attitudes. 1964 D. B. Fry in D. Abercrombie et al. Daniel Jones 62 The listener is placed in a ‘forced choice’ situation. 1967 J. F. Corso in H. Helson et al. Contemp. Approaches Psychol. vii. 304 To predict performance in a forced-choice test, an extension of the decision model is required. 1970 Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. Jan. 96 These statements were mimeographed and presented in the form of a forced-choice true and false test. 1970 Language 46 304 Despite their close agreement in the ‘forced-choice’ selections, the preceptive reaction of UK and US subjects shows them sharply polarized in the judgment test. 3. a. Produced or maintained with effort; strained. forced march n. ‘one in which the marching power of the troops is forced or exerted beyond the ordinary limit’ (Adm. Smyth). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [adjective] > produced or maintained with effort forced1598 society > armed hostility > military operations > evolution > [noun] > marching > other specific march forced march1769 route marching1788 route march1800 defile1835 road march1855 road marching1872 1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iii. i. 131 Tis like the forc't gate of a shuffling nag. View more context for this quotation 1677 A. Yarranton England's Improvem. 132 No forc't hast; but Thrashing and carrying the corn to the Granary in times wherein his servants have leisure. 1769 W. Robertson Hist. Charles V III. vii. 39 He..by a forced march got into Fertè. 1825 J. Bentham Rationale Reward 271 This being sold at a forced price, the merchant will take care not to replace it. 1840 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VII. liv. 38 Alexander..by a forced night-march, reached the Hydrastes at day-break. 1889 P. Milford Pocket Dict. Mining Forced production, to work a mine so as to make it produce a greater output than can be maintained. b. In literary usage: Strained, distorted. Cf. force v.¹ 3b. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > misinterpretation > distortion or perversion of meaning > [adjective] corruptc1386 racked1546 detorted?1550 wrested1551 writhen1551 writhed1562 forced1583 tortured1603 strained1609 distorted1641 violented1641 crook1647 extorted1652 refracted1655 madly wrested1656 wry1663 corrupted1699 non-natural1844 society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > inelegance > [adjective] > forced high-strained1565 constrained1571 forced1583 overstrained1599 strained1609 epitonic1879 smart1899 1583 W. Fulke Def. Transl. Script. i. §52. 67 Neither doth Caluine..thinke it.. a forced translation. 1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 309 The Greek Etymologies of this word, seem to be all..Violent and Forced. 1724 A. Collins Disc. Grounds Christian Relig. 173 Forc'd interpretations. 1782 J. Priestley Hist. Corruptions Christianity I. ii. 163 Without any forced Construction it may be turned against this favourite opinion. 1812 R. Woodhouse Elem. Treat. Astron. xxxvi. 360 Without any forced analogies. c. Of actions, demeanour, gestures, etc.: Affected, artificial, constrained, unnatural. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > affected behaviour or affectation > [adjective] > lacking natural ease strainedc1400 artificial1558 forced1621 unnatural1828 1621 G. Wither Motto (new ed.) sig. Bj For much I hate the forced Apish tricks, Of those our home-disdaining Politicks. 1687 J. Dryden Hind & Panther iii. 78 Her forc'd civilities, her faint embrace. 1891 C. T. C. James Romantic Rigmarole 80 In spite of her forced calmness. †4. Artificially made or prepared; as opposed to natural. Chiefly of soils. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > [adjective] > artificially prepared forceda1640 a1640 J. Fletcher et al. Beggers Bush ii. i, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Kk3^v/2 Call in your crutches,..Forc'd eyes and teeth, with your dead arms. 1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine iii. 433 The very bottome, or floor thereof (being forced ground). 1664 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense 65 in Sylva Pot them [Tuberoses] in natural (not forc'd) Earth. 1688 London Gaz. No. 2363/4 Lost..a light bay Gelding..6 years old, with a forced mark on the Forehead. 5. Of plants, a crop, etc.: Made to bear, or produced, out of the proper season. Cf. force v.¹ 12. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > [adjective] > forcing > forced forced1695 forwarded1800 1695 W. Congreve Love for Love v. i. 77 I'm..none of your forc'd Trees, that pretend to Blossom in the Fall; and Bud when they should bring forth Fruit. a1865 E. C. Gaskell Wives & Daughters (1866) I. xxviii. 317 Our forced strawberries are just ready. †6. Fortified, made strong against attack. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > [adjective] stithc1000 strongOE fastenedOE warneda1300 strengtheda1382 unpregnable1387 embattledc1400 enbanedc1400 warrayable14.. impregnable1430 inexpugnable1490 strengthy1513 bulwarkeda1533 unexpugnable1533 fortified1538 well-fortified1538 unwinnablec1540 forced1548 forted1566 unbatterable1576 fencible?1579 unforcible1611 impregnate1632 untakable1652 of (good) force1697 casemated1740 well-girt1756 embattled1765 strongish1821 unbreachable1866 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry V f. lix^v And beside that chayne he sette vp a new forced bridge. 1602 W. Warner Epitome Hist. Eng. in Albions Eng. (rev. ed.) 356 Seuerus his forced vallie, with other strong..fabrications. 7. Of a draught: produced artificially; so forced-air, forced ventilation; forced (feed) lubrication, force-feed lubrication (see force-feed n.). ΚΠ 1864 Webster's Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. at Draught Forced draught, the draft produced by a blower, as by compressing the air beneath a fire. 1885 Marine Engineer 7 39/1 (heading) On the Application of moderate forced draught to the furnaces of small steam vessels. 1887 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 496/2 Where forced draught has been substituted for chimney draught. 1898 Westm. Gaz. 18 May 2/3 In our service we are satisfied with a forced draught trial of four hours as a rule. 1901 Feilden's Mag. 4 441/2 The forced-air draught fans... Forced-air draught is preferable to steam blast. 1907 J. G. Horner Henley's Encycl. Pract. Engin. V. 40/2 It is hardly possible to overrate the importance of forced lubrication in modern practice. 1907 Westm. Gaz. 19 Nov. 4/2 Forced feed lubrication. 1909 Westm. Gaz. 12 Aug. 4/2 Designing an engine on the forced-induction principle. 1930 Engineering 28 Feb. 280/3 Forced lubrication is employed for the main engine and for the turbo-blower. 1960 Farmer & Stockbreeder 19 Jan. 108/1 The forced-draught cabinet incubators. 1971 Sci. Amer. May 73/3 In a forced-draft [cooling] tower the fan is at the bottom and pushes the air up through the tower. Draft additions June 2017 forced error n. Sport a mistake in play which is attributed to the skill or effort of one's opponent rather than to one's own misjudgement; now chiefly spec. (Tennis) an error (error n. Additions) made on a shot regarded as unplayable or difficult to play; cf. unforced error n. at unforced adj. Additions. ΚΠ 1919 Hutchinson (Kansas) News 14 July 3/3 In the sixth hill got on by another forced error on the part of the shortstop and registered on another shortstop error. 1919 N.Y. Times 28 Dec. ix. 1/2 Anderson came back with two tremendous aces, and a couple of forced errors. 1937 Referee (Sydney) 23 Dec. 13/3 The young Australian was always ready with a severe shot for the open spaces that resulted in many points for him through forced errors. 1971 Times 22 Nov. 15 /5 Cambridge's try..was the result of a forced error by the Newport scrum half. 2003 J. Dinoffer Tennis Pract. Games cxv. 170 Defining an unforced error can be challenging or even confusing. For example, is it an unforced or a forced error when your opponent hits a tough first serve and you miss the return? This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2022). > as lemmas ˈforced ˈforced adj. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > cutting > [adjective] > cutting off or away (with an instrument) > cut off or cut with an instrument forcedc1440 pared1440 clipped1483 well-shaven1542 chipped1562 shared1598 slit1611 snipped1611 circumcised1664 neat-cut1770 whittled1792 sliced1874 skived1875 c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 170/2 Foorcyd, as mennys beerdys..capitonsus. c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 170/2 Foorcyd, as wulle, tonsus. extracted from † forcev.² ˈforced ˈforced adj. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > stuffing > [adjective] farcedc1430 forced1538 bacon-farceda1657 marinated1659 stuffed1729 filled1843 c1390 in S. Pegge Forme of Cury (1780) 12 Grewel forced. 14.. Noble Bk. Cookery (Napier 1882) 88 Gruelle enforced.] 1538 T. Elyot Dict. Pulmentarium, potage made with fleshe or fyshe, as forced gruell. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. iii. 82/2 A Forced Leg of Mutton. 1709 J. Addison Tatler No. 148. ⁋3 High Soups, seasoned Sauces, and forced Meats. extracted from † forcev.³ < adj.1548 as lemmas
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forcedadj.

Draft additions June 2017

> as lemmas