foolishadj.n.

Brit.

/ˈfuːlɪʃ/, U.S.

/ˈfulɪʃ/

Forms: Middle English foles, Middle English folliss, Middle English follysch, Middle English folych, Middle English folys, Middle English folyssch, Middle English foolych, Middle English foolyssche, Middle English–1500s folessh, Middle English–1500s folisshe, Middle English–1500s folysh, Middle English–1500s folyssh, Middle English–1500s foolisshe, Middle English–1500s foolyssh, Middle English–1500s foolysshe, Middle English–1600s folisch, Middle English–1600s folish, Middle English–1600s folishe, Middle English–1600s folyshe, Middle English–1600s folysshe, Middle English–1600s foolissh, Middle English– foolish, 1500s folesshe, 1500s foulishe, 1500s foulysh, 1500s foulyshe, 1500s foulysse, 1500s foulysshe, 1500s volish, 1500s–1600s follysh, 1500s–1600s follyshe, 1500s–1600s foolisch, 1500s–1600s foolishe, 1500s–1600s foolysh, 1500s–1600s foolyshe, 1600s fowlies; Scottish pre-1700 folesche, pre-1700 folische, pre-1700 folish, pre-1700 foolisch, pre-1700 foulish, pre-1700 foulishe, pre-1700 fulesch, pre-1700 fulisch, pre-1700 fulische, pre-1700 fulish, pre-1700 fulysche, pre-1700 fwillysche, pre-1700 fwlische, 1700s– foolish. N.E.D. (1897) also records a form Middle English foulysse. See also foolage adj.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: fool n.¹, -ish suffix¹.

Etymology: < fool n.¹ + -ish suffix¹. Compare earlier folly adj., fool adj.

A. adj.

a. Of a person, person's heart, etc.: lacking good sense or judgement; unwise. Later also in weakened sense: silly, ridiculous.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > misjudgement > [adjective]

foolisha1382

misadvisedc1390

unwise1390

indiscreet1413

misdeeming?1471

indigested1587

misjudging1598

unjudicial1599

unjudicious1611

unjudging1612

unjudiciallya1628

injudicious1649

ill-judginga1684

miscalculating1827

foot-shooting1984

the mind > mental capacity > lack of understanding > foolishness, folly > giddiness, empty-headedness > [adjective]

idlec825

giddyc1000

volage?a1366

apec1370

foolisha1382

vain1390

idleful1483

volageous1487

glaikit1488

cock-brained1530

apish1532

empty1550

sillyc1555

frivolous?1563

tickle-headed1583

light-braineda1593

frothy1593

owlish1596

bird-witted1605

empty-headed1614

idle-headed1614

empty-pateda1628

marmosetical1630

grollish1637

feather-headed1647

nonsense1647

whirl-crowned1648

feather-brained1649

swimmering1650

soft-pated1651

weather-headeda1652

shuttlecock1660

drum-headed1664

chicken-brained1678

halokit1724

desipient1727

shatter-pated1727

scattered-brained1747

light-thoughted1777

scatter-brained1804

shandy-pated1806

hellicat1815

feather-pated1819

inane1819

weather-brained1826

bubble-headed1827

tomfoolish1838

bird-brained1892

tottle1894

fluffy1898

scatty1911

wandery1912

scattery1924

twitterpated1943

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Ecclus. xv. 7 Men foolis [L. homines stulti] shul not take it.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 14802 Þe folk es foles, þat es wel sene.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 151 Thou woldist seie y were..vnwijs and folisch.

a1500 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (BL Add.) (1975) 891 (MED) The trew be folyshe, the witty be fals; That one hurt me sore & that other als.

1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 330 I was so foolish, and inconsiderat as to foster vp as it were in my bosome this my domesticall and neglected enemie.

1653 Z. Bogan Medit. Mirth Christian Life 189 His feares of being counted foolish, or childish, or clownish.

1744 Let. 4 Dec. in D. Garrick Private Corr. (1831) I. 27 A part over-acted even makes the actor look foolish.

1748 S. Richardson Clarissa V. xxv. 215 Why then should this enervating pity unsteel my foolish heart?

1866 ‘G. Eliot’ Felix Holt I. i. 37 I was foolish to expect anything else.

1898 Argosy Nov. 671 I felt foolish enough when I handed it to the cashier.

1915 J. Buchan Salute to Adventurers xi. 149 They are foolish, hot-headed lads.

2013 N.Y. Times 19 July (Late ed.) c28/3 Who would be foolish enough to build a boat out of cardboard?

b. Resulting from or indicative of poor judgement.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > lack of understanding > foolishness, folly > [adjective] > of things, actions, etc.

unwittyc1200

nicea1393

foolisha1413

kimeta1450

peevish1519

silly1566

senseless1579

untoward1658

bright1830

spoony1834

fool-fool1868

noodly1870

twitty1967

twittish1969

a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1881) i. l. 793 Þyn ire and folessh wilfulnesse.

1490 Caxton's Blanchardyn & Eglantine (1962) xliii. 170 The rewarde of his folyshe loue.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection i. sig. Ci Here parauenture the carnall & beestly man wyll moue a folysshe question.

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xxxii. 196 Selfe-conceit, and foolish arrogance.

1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 255 To follow foolish precedents..is easier than to think.

1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth v, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. I. 120 Her foolish notions of a convent.

1859 Ld. Tennyson Enid in Idylls of King 24 Nor speak I now from foolish flattery.

1914 E. R. Burroughs Tarzan of Apes xviii It seems foolish to write you a letter that you may never see, but I simply must tell somebody of our awful experiences.

2004 A. W. Rasporich & M. Foran Harm's Way 87 Re-entering the mine would be a foolish and dangerous proposition.

a. Of an animal, species, etc.: lacking in intelligence.

ΚΠ

c1425 Edward, Duke of York Master of Game (Vesp. B.xii) (1904) 64 And in alle maner wise alauntz byn july felle and euel vndirstondyng and more foolish and more sturdy þan eny oþer maner of houndes.

1608 Wits A.B.C. sig. E2 What then is it that makes the foolish asse Without all reason thus in pride to passe?

1730 T. Boreman Descr. Three Hundred Animals ii. 143 It is accounted a foolish Bird, even to a Proverb, we calling a foolish dull Person a Dottrel.

2001 E. Berry in A. Leggatt Cambr. Compan. to Shakespearean Comedy viii. 135 The ass..is not only a simple and foolish beast but the one chosen to witness the Nativity.

b. Of a person: having limited or impaired mental faculties; that has a limited capacity to learn, understand, reason, etc.; that has an intellectual disability (now potentially offensive). Now North American regional (chiefly north-eastern).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > lack of understanding > foolishness, folly > [adjective]

dizzyc825

unwisec825

redelessOE

unwittyc1000

daftlikec1175

witlessc1175

canga1225

adoted?c1225

cangun?c1225

egedec1225

cangeda1250

foola1250

snepea1250

aerwittec1275

sotlyc1275

unslyc1275

unwitterc1275

unwilya1300

nicec1300

goosishc1374

unskilfulc1374

follyc1380

lewdc1380

mis-feelinga1382

dottlec1390

foltedc1390

peevishc1400

fona1425

fonnishc1425

foliousa1450

foolisha1450

daft?c1450

doitedc1450

dotyc1450

daffish1470

insapientc1470

gucked?a1500

wanwittya1500

furious1526

insipient1528

seelya1529

dawish?1529

foolage1545

momish1546

base-wittedc1547

stultitiousa1549

follifulc1550

senseless1565

mopish1568

fondish1579

unsensiblea1586

fondly1587

dizzardly1594

follial1596

featlessc1598

fopperly1599

gowkeda1605

inept1604

simple1604

anserine1607

foppish1608

silly ass1608

unsage1608

wisdomless1608

fool-beggeda1616

Gotham1621

noddy1645

badot1653

dosser-headed1655

infrunite1657

nonsensicalc1661

slight1663

sappy1670

datelessa1686

noddy-peaked1694

nizy1709

dottled1772

gypit1804

shay-brained1806

folly-stricken1807

fool-like1811

goosy1811

spoony1813

niddle-noddle1821

gumptionless1823

daftish1825

anserous1826

as crazy as a loon1830

spoonish1833

cheese-headed1836

dotty1860

fool-fool1868

noodly1870

dilly1873

gormless1883

daffy1884

monkey-doodle1886

mosy1887

jay1891

pithecanthropic1897

peanut-headed1906

dinlo1907

boob1911

goofy1921

ding-a-ling1935

jerky1944

jerk1947

jerkish1948

pointy-headed1950

doofus1967

twitty1967

twittish1969

nerkish1975

numpty1992

a1450 in J. Evans & M. S. Serjeantson Eng. Mediaeval Lapidaries (1933) 31 (MED) Þe maladye þat taketh a man lunatyk, whereby he failleth & is folisshe & witles longe tyme.

1571 T. Hill Contempl. Mankinde xxvii. f. 123 Such which haue the lippes formed grosse, and the vpper hanging ouer the neather lippe: are denoted..to be of a simple vnderstanding, of a dull capacitie, and foolishe.

1692 W. Salmon Medicina Practica i. xii. 60/2 If a Palsie be induced the Sick is incurable... The same also if the Patient is become foolish, or there be a very great alienation of Mind.

?1720 W. Lilly tr. ‘E. Pater’ Bk. Knowl. (new ed.) i. iv. 8 On the seventeenth Day, the Child that shall be born will be foolish..and thereby become a great Affliction to its Parents.

1781 B. Wilmer Observ. Poisonous Veg. 18 Towards morning the ravings went off, but he became foolish. He..stared and slabbered, answering foreign to questions, and seemed a perfect idiot.

1843 E. Johnson Hydropathy 69 All his faculties were so disordered that he became quite foolish and unfit for society.

1973 J. D. A. Widdowson Aspects of Trad. Verbal Control 510 [He] was supposed to be foolish or mentally retarded.

†3. Of a story, sight, etc.: ridiculous; amusing. Obsolete (English regional (Gloucestershire) in later use).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > derision, ridicule, or mockery > fact or condition of being mocked or ridiculed > [adjective] > ridiculous

gamelyOE

jape-worthyc1374

foolisha1500

ridiculous1533

ludibrious1570

laughable1600

mockablea1616

laughworthy1616

ludicral1656

derisible1657

absurd1716

grotesque1747

tomfool1762

irrisible1767

ludicrous1782

deridable1804

saugrenu1876

screwy1887

derisive1896

josh1908

nutty1915

derisory1923

dingbat1935

bonkers1961

joky1964

the mind > emotion > pleasure > laughter > causing laughter > [adjective] > comical

merryc1390

pleasant1553

comical1575

mowsome1596

zany1616

burlesque1656

humoursome1656

farce-like1681

foolish1691

farcical1715

amusive1727

farciful1731

funny1739

farcic1763

quizzical1785

quizzy1785

quizzish1792

rib-tickling1809

smileable1830

cocasse1868

priceless1907

skit1914

funny-ha-ha1916

gas1955

a1500 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (BL Add.) (1975) l. 596 (MED) It were a lewde thing Such maters to shew to a kynge; But if the profe were resonable, He wold thynk it a folish fable.

?1518 A. Barclay Fyfte Eglog sig. Biij Nought is more folysshe, than suche wretches be.

1691 T. Southerne Sir Anthony Love iv, in Wks. (1721) 222 'Twill be foolish enough to observe him, when he discovers me; pray stay and laugh with me.

1718 M. Prior Alma i, in Poems Several Occasions (new ed.) 323 What could the Head perform Alone If all Their friendly Aids were gone? A foolish figure He must make; Do nothing else, but sleep and ake.

1898 J. A. Gibbs Cotswold Village iv. 90 'Tis a splendid tale; 'tis so desperate foolish.

†4. Insignificant, trifling; humble, meagre. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > smallness of quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective] > small or trifling in amount or degree

eathlyc890

littleOE

slender1530

foolish1533

triflinga1538

paltry1565

puny?1594

mean1599

minikin1617

unconsiderable1643

inconsiderable1648

punctilio1660

sneaking1703

insignificant1748

flimsy1756

peppercornish1762

peppercorn1791

microscopic1798

pindling1861

midget1879

diddly1893

scroddyc1909

chickenshit1934

1533 tr. P. Valeriano Pro Sacerdotum Barbis f. 22^v Be so ernest for so lyght causes, ye (yf I myght speake it) very foolyshe trifles.

1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet i. v. 121 We haue a trifling foolish banquet towards.

1625 T. Jackson Treat. Originall of Vnbeliefe v. iv. §5 Base Licinus hath a pompous Tombe..Wise Cato but a foolish one.

1715 J. Gay What d'ye call It Prelim. Scene 5 He would rave..about a foolish flower'd Handkerchief!—and then he would groul so manfully.

a1861 E. B. Browning Parting Lovers in Last Poems (1862) ii. 5 Thou hast not seen a hand push through A foolish flower or two.

1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer (1891) 420 A hundred miles is..no foolish ride.

B. n.

With the and plural agreement. Foolish people as a class.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > lack of understanding > stupid, foolish, or inadequate person > foolish person, fool > [noun] > collectively

redelessa1300

foolish1526

coxcombry1600

Feast of Fools1601

fooliaminy1608

ship of fools1609

noodledom1810

fooldom1843

boobery1920

booboisie1921

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke x. f. xcij^v Thou hast hyd these thynges from the wyse..and hast opened them to the folisshe.

1558 J. Knox First Blast against Monstruous Regiment Women f. 9^v The foolishe, madde and phrenetike shal gouerne the discrete.

1652 W. Brough Sacred Princ. (ed. 2) 79 When the Secure, and Foolish shall be Barr'd and Excluded the Doors of Blisse.

1734 I. Watts Reliquiæ Juveniles (1789) 18 There are both the sprightly and the stupid, the foolish and the wise.

1885 E. Arnold Secret of Death 23 Thou Scorned'st to tread the path of wealth, wherein The foolish perish.

1934 L. Charteris Boodle v. 106 In his philosophy, the weakest went to the wall: the careless, the timid, the foolish, the simple, the hesitant, paid with their misfortunes for the rewards that came naturally to those of sharper and more aggressive talents.

2000 T. A. Shippey in J. Wilcox Humour in Anglo-Saxon Lit. 48 Did he find amusement in the fate of the foolish who could not understand him?

Compounds

C1.

a. Combining with adjectives to form adjectives with the sense ‘foolishly ——’, as in foolish-bold, foolish-wise, etc.

ΚΠ

a1592 R. Greene Hist. Orlando Furioso (1594) sig. D^v The heauen of loue is but a pleasant hell, Where none but foolish wise imprisned dwell.

1593 W. Shakespeare Venus & Adonis sig. Fij^v How loue is wise in follie, foolish wittie .

1613 T. Milles tr. P. Mexia et al. Treasurie Auncient & Moderne Times viii. xii. 769/2 Phlegyas..became (in the end) so ouer-weening and foolish-bold that he sacked the Temple of Apollo.

1869 Musical Times Nov. 266/2 He took a pinch of snuff, and looked immeasurably foolish-wise at his neighbour.

2017 India Today (Nexis) 23 Oct. I think fearlessness comes naturally to me. Even my parents thought I was foolish-brave.

b. With present participles, forming adjectives in which foolish expresses the complement of the underlying verb, as in foolish-looking, foolish-sounding, etc.

ΚΠ

1802 J. Sibbald Chron. Sc. Poetry IV. Gloss. Bumbaized, confounded, foolish-looking.

1819 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 23 Jan. 542 Here are no black gowns and scarlet gowns and big foolish-looking wigs.

2017 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 2 June (Late ed.) 21 It's such an improbable and foolish-sounding thing to say.

C2.

foolish fire n. (a) a phosphorescent light seen hovering or floating over marshy ground or a body of water; an ignis fatuus or will-o'-the-wisp; (b) (figurative and in figurative contexts) a guiding principle, hope, or aim that deludes or misleads.Cf. fool's fire n. at fool n.¹ and adj. Compounds 4b.

[After post-classical Latin ignis fatuus ignis fatuus n.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > light emitted under particular conditions > [noun] > phosphorescence > will-o'-the-wisp

fox-fire1483

foolish fire1563

ignis fatuus1563

fool's fire1583

Kit with the canstick or candlestick1584

going fire1596

will-o'-the-wisp1596

meteor1597

firedrake1607

wisp1618

ambulones1621

Dick-a-Tuesday1636

friar's lantern1645

gillian burnt-tail1654

Jill-burnt-tail1654

Jack-o'-lantern1658

fatuous fire1661

wildfire1663

wandering fire or light1667

Jack-a-Lent1680

fairy light1722

spunkie1727

Jill-o'-the-wisp1750

fen-fire1814

fatuus1820

marsh-light1823

feu follet1832

wisp-lighta1847

hob-lantern1847

ghost light1849

elf-fire1855

Peggy-with-her-lantern1855

fatuous light1857–8

marsh-fire1865

swamp fire1903

Min-Min1950

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > optical illusion > [noun] > an optical illusion > ignis fatuus

foolish fire1563

ignis fatuus1563

fool's fire1583

will-o'-the-wisp1596

night-fire1633

Dick-a-Tuesday1636

fatuous vapour1661

fatuus1668

draco volans1675

spunkie1727

fen-fire1814

fatuous fire1845

fatuous light1857–8

1563 W. Fulke Goodle Gallerye Causes Meteors ii. f. 11^v Ignis fatuus, foolish fyre, that hurteth not... The foulishe fyre is an Exhalation kendled by meanes of violent mouing, when by cold of the night, in the lowest region of the ayre, it is beaten downe, & then commonly, if it be light, seeketh to ascende upward, & is sent down againe, so it danseth vp & downe.

1611 G. Meriton Serm. preached at Glascoe sig. B3^v There must be illumination in the braine, light in the head, before there can be sanctification in will, true heate in the heart; and if there be no proportion betwixt heat and light, the ouerplus of heate which is in many is but ignis fatuus, a foolish fire.

1703 Athenian Oracle I. 89 His Zeal no foolish Fire that leads astray, That over Rocks and Precipices leads.

1990 M. Cliff Bodies of Water viii. 146 She had seen no ghosts, took the foolish fire over the lake for what it was.

2020 @ZeusFigueras 16 Apr. in twitter.com (accessed 19 May 2020) Racism... Is also a foolish fire of superiority which, if it is allowed to ignite, can easily lead its followers into a mire!

foolish guillemot n. now rare and chiefly historical the common guillemot, Uria aalge.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Charadriiformes > family Alcidae (auks) > [noun] > member of genus Uria (guillemot)

coot1382

murre1578

scout1596

guillem1603

willock1606

kiddaw1674

sea-hen1676

guillemot1678

loom1694

lavy1698

foolish guillemot1776

willy1780

turr1794

tinkershere1799

strany1804

spratter1863

bacalao-bird1865

tinker1880

1776 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. (ed. 4, octavo) II. 519 Foolish Guillemot... They are very simple birds; for nothwithstanding they are shot at, and see their companions killed.., they will not quit the rock.

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Foolish Guillemot, the web-footed diving-bird Uria troile, common on our coasts.

1917 T. G. Pearson Birds Amer. I. 25 Murre. Uria troille troille... Other names.—Foolish Guillemot; Guillem, or Gwilym.

2009 J. A. Love Nat. Hist. St. Kilda vi. 111 Heathcote referred to the common or 'foolish' guillemot as Uria bruennichi and perhaps this name caused confusion between the two species.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	foolish
释义	foolishadj.n. Brit. /ˈfuːlɪʃ/, U.S. /ˈfulɪʃ/ Forms: Middle English foles, Middle English folliss, Middle English follysch, Middle English folych, Middle English folys, Middle English folyssch, Middle English foolych, Middle English foolyssche, Middle English–1500s folessh, Middle English–1500s folisshe, Middle English–1500s folysh, Middle English–1500s folyssh, Middle English–1500s foolisshe, Middle English–1500s foolyssh, Middle English–1500s foolysshe, Middle English–1600s folisch, Middle English–1600s folish, Middle English–1600s folishe, Middle English–1600s folyshe, Middle English–1600s folysshe, Middle English–1600s foolissh, Middle English– foolish, 1500s folesshe, 1500s foulishe, 1500s foulysh, 1500s foulyshe, 1500s foulysse, 1500s foulysshe, 1500s volish, 1500s–1600s follysh, 1500s–1600s follyshe, 1500s–1600s foolisch, 1500s–1600s foolishe, 1500s–1600s foolysh, 1500s–1600s foolyshe, 1600s fowlies; Scottish pre-1700 folesche, pre-1700 folische, pre-1700 folish, pre-1700 foolisch, pre-1700 foulish, pre-1700 foulishe, pre-1700 fulesch, pre-1700 fulisch, pre-1700 fulische, pre-1700 fulish, pre-1700 fulysche, pre-1700 fwillysche, pre-1700 fwlische, 1700s– foolish. N.E.D. (1897) also records a form Middle English foulysse. See also foolage adj. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: fool n.¹, -ish suffix¹. Etymology: < fool n.¹ + -ish suffix¹. Compare earlier folly adj., fool adj. A. adj. 1. a. Of a person, person's heart, etc.: lacking good sense or judgement; unwise. Later also in weakened sense: silly, ridiculous. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > misjudgement > [adjective] foolisha1382 misadvisedc1390 unwise1390 indiscreet1413 misdeeming?1471 indigested1587 misjudging1598 unjudicial1599 unjudicious1611 unjudging1612 unjudiciallya1628 injudicious1649 ill-judginga1684 miscalculating1827 foot-shooting1984 the mind > mental capacity > lack of understanding > foolishness, folly > giddiness, empty-headedness > [adjective] idlec825 giddyc1000 volage?a1366 apec1370 foolisha1382 vain1390 idleful1483 volageous1487 glaikit1488 cock-brained1530 apish1532 empty1550 sillyc1555 frivolous?1563 tickle-headed1583 light-braineda1593 frothy1593 owlish1596 bird-witted1605 empty-headed1614 idle-headed1614 empty-pateda1628 marmosetical1630 grollish1637 feather-headed1647 nonsense1647 whirl-crowned1648 feather-brained1649 swimmering1650 soft-pated1651 weather-headeda1652 shuttlecock1660 drum-headed1664 chicken-brained1678 halokit1724 desipient1727 shatter-pated1727 scattered-brained1747 light-thoughted1777 scatter-brained1804 shandy-pated1806 hellicat1815 feather-pated1819 inane1819 weather-brained1826 bubble-headed1827 tomfoolish1838 bird-brained1892 tottle1894 fluffy1898 scatty1911 wandery1912 scattery1924 twitterpated1943 a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Ecclus. xv. 7 Men foolis [L. homines stulti] shul not take it. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 14802 Þe folk es foles, þat es wel sene. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 151 Thou woldist seie y were..vnwijs and folisch. a1500 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (BL Add.) (1975) 891 (MED) The trew be folyshe, the witty be fals; That one hurt me sore & that other als. 1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 330 I was so foolish, and inconsiderat as to foster vp as it were in my bosome this my domesticall and neglected enemie. 1653 Z. Bogan Medit. Mirth Christian Life 189 His feares of being counted foolish, or childish, or clownish. 1744 Let. 4 Dec. in D. Garrick Private Corr. (1831) I. 27 A part over-acted even makes the actor look foolish. 1748 S. Richardson Clarissa V. xxv. 215 Why then should this enervating pity unsteel my foolish heart? 1866 ‘G. Eliot’ Felix Holt I. i. 37 I was foolish to expect anything else. 1898 Argosy Nov. 671 I felt foolish enough when I handed it to the cashier. 1915 J. Buchan Salute to Adventurers xi. 149 They are foolish, hot-headed lads. 2013 N.Y. Times 19 July (Late ed.) c28/3 Who would be foolish enough to build a boat out of cardboard? b. Resulting from or indicative of poor judgement. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > lack of understanding > foolishness, folly > [adjective] > of things, actions, etc. unwittyc1200 nicea1393 foolisha1413 kimeta1450 peevish1519 silly1566 senseless1579 untoward1658 bright1830 spoony1834 fool-fool1868 noodly1870 twitty1967 twittish1969 a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1881) i. l. 793 Þyn ire and folessh wilfulnesse. 1490 Caxton's Blanchardyn & Eglantine (1962) xliii. 170 The rewarde of his folyshe loue. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection i. sig. Ci Here parauenture the carnall & beestly man wyll moue a folysshe question. 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xxxii. 196 Selfe-conceit, and foolish arrogance. 1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 255 To follow foolish precedents..is easier than to think. View more context for this quotation 1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth v, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. I. 120 Her foolish notions of a convent. 1859 Ld. Tennyson Enid in Idylls of King 24 Nor speak I now from foolish flattery. 1914 E. R. Burroughs Tarzan of Apes xviii It seems foolish to write you a letter that you may never see, but I simply must tell somebody of our awful experiences. 2004 A. W. Rasporich & M. Foran Harm's Way 87 Re-entering the mine would be a foolish and dangerous proposition. 2. a. Of an animal, species, etc.: lacking in intelligence. ΚΠ c1425 Edward, Duke of York Master of Game (Vesp. B.xii) (1904) 64 And in alle maner wise alauntz byn july felle and euel vndirstondyng and more foolish and more sturdy þan eny oþer maner of houndes. 1608 Wits A.B.C. sig. E2 What then is it that makes the foolish asse Without all reason thus in pride to passe? 1730 T. Boreman Descr. Three Hundred Animals ii. 143 It is accounted a foolish Bird, even to a Proverb, we calling a foolish dull Person a Dottrel. 2001 E. Berry in A. Leggatt Cambr. Compan. to Shakespearean Comedy viii. 135 The ass..is not only a simple and foolish beast but the one chosen to witness the Nativity. b. Of a person: having limited or impaired mental faculties; that has a limited capacity to learn, understand, reason, etc.; that has an intellectual disability (now potentially offensive). Now North American regional (chiefly north-eastern). ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > lack of understanding > foolishness, folly > [adjective] dizzyc825 unwisec825 redelessOE unwittyc1000 daftlikec1175 witlessc1175 canga1225 adoted?c1225 cangun?c1225 egedec1225 cangeda1250 foola1250 snepea1250 aerwittec1275 sotlyc1275 unslyc1275 unwitterc1275 unwilya1300 nicec1300 goosishc1374 unskilfulc1374 follyc1380 lewdc1380 mis-feelinga1382 dottlec1390 foltedc1390 peevishc1400 fona1425 fonnishc1425 foliousa1450 foolisha1450 daft?c1450 doitedc1450 dotyc1450 daffish1470 insapientc1470 gucked?a1500 wanwittya1500 furious1526 insipient1528 seelya1529 dawish?1529 foolage1545 momish1546 base-wittedc1547 stultitiousa1549 follifulc1550 senseless1565 mopish1568 fondish1579 unsensiblea1586 fondly1587 dizzardly1594 follial1596 featlessc1598 fopperly1599 gowkeda1605 inept1604 simple1604 anserine1607 foppish1608 silly ass1608 unsage1608 wisdomless1608 fool-beggeda1616 Gotham1621 noddy1645 badot1653 dosser-headed1655 infrunite1657 nonsensicalc1661 slight1663 sappy1670 datelessa1686 noddy-peaked1694 nizy1709 dottled1772 gypit1804 shay-brained1806 folly-stricken1807 fool-like1811 goosy1811 spoony1813 niddle-noddle1821 gumptionless1823 daftish1825 anserous1826 as crazy as a loon1830 spoonish1833 cheese-headed1836 dotty1860 fool-fool1868 noodly1870 dilly1873 gormless1883 daffy1884 monkey-doodle1886 mosy1887 jay1891 pithecanthropic1897 peanut-headed1906 dinlo1907 boob1911 goofy1921 ding-a-ling1935 jerky1944 jerk1947 jerkish1948 pointy-headed1950 doofus1967 twitty1967 twittish1969 nerkish1975 numpty1992 a1450 in J. Evans & M. S. Serjeantson Eng. Mediaeval Lapidaries (1933) 31 (MED) Þe maladye þat taketh a man lunatyk, whereby he failleth & is folisshe & witles longe tyme. 1571 T. Hill Contempl. Mankinde xxvii. f. 123 Such which haue the lippes formed grosse, and the vpper hanging ouer the neather lippe: are denoted..to be of a simple vnderstanding, of a dull capacitie, and foolishe. 1692 W. Salmon Medicina Practica i. xii. 60/2 If a Palsie be induced the Sick is incurable... The same also if the Patient is become foolish, or there be a very great alienation of Mind. ?1720 W. Lilly tr. ‘E. Pater’ Bk. Knowl. (new ed.) i. iv. 8 On the seventeenth Day, the Child that shall be born will be foolish..and thereby become a great Affliction to its Parents. 1781 B. Wilmer Observ. Poisonous Veg. 18 Towards morning the ravings went off, but he became foolish. He..stared and slabbered, answering foreign to questions, and seemed a perfect idiot. 1843 E. Johnson Hydropathy 69 All his faculties were so disordered that he became quite foolish and unfit for society. 1973 J. D. A. Widdowson Aspects of Trad. Verbal Control 510 [He] was supposed to be foolish or mentally retarded. †3. Of a story, sight, etc.: ridiculous; amusing. Obsolete (English regional (Gloucestershire) in later use). ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > derision, ridicule, or mockery > fact or condition of being mocked or ridiculed > [adjective] > ridiculous gamelyOE jape-worthyc1374 foolisha1500 ridiculous1533 ludibrious1570 laughable1600 mockablea1616 laughworthy1616 ludicral1656 derisible1657 absurd1716 grotesque1747 tomfool1762 irrisible1767 ludicrous1782 deridable1804 saugrenu1876 screwy1887 derisive1896 josh1908 nutty1915 derisory1923 dingbat1935 bonkers1961 joky1964 the mind > emotion > pleasure > laughter > causing laughter > [adjective] > comical merryc1390 pleasant1553 comical1575 mowsome1596 zany1616 burlesque1656 humoursome1656 farce-like1681 foolish1691 farcical1715 amusive1727 farciful1731 funny1739 farcic1763 quizzical1785 quizzy1785 quizzish1792 rib-tickling1809 smileable1830 cocasse1868 priceless1907 skit1914 funny-ha-ha1916 gas1955 a1500 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (BL Add.) (1975) l. 596 (MED) It were a lewde thing Such maters to shew to a kynge; But if the profe were resonable, He wold thynk it a folish fable. ?1518 A. Barclay Fyfte Eglog sig. Biij Nought is more folysshe, than suche wretches be. 1691 T. Southerne Sir Anthony Love iv, in Wks. (1721) 222 'Twill be foolish enough to observe him, when he discovers me; pray stay and laugh with me. 1718 M. Prior Alma i, in Poems Several Occasions (new ed.) 323 What could the Head perform Alone If all Their friendly Aids were gone? A foolish figure He must make; Do nothing else, but sleep and ake. 1898 J. A. Gibbs Cotswold Village iv. 90 'Tis a splendid tale; 'tis so desperate foolish. †4. Insignificant, trifling; humble, meagre. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > smallness of quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective] > small or trifling in amount or degree eathlyc890 littleOE slender1530 foolish1533 triflinga1538 paltry1565 puny?1594 mean1599 minikin1617 unconsiderable1643 inconsiderable1648 punctilio1660 sneaking1703 insignificant1748 flimsy1756 peppercornish1762 peppercorn1791 microscopic1798 pindling1861 midget1879 diddly1893 scroddyc1909 chickenshit1934 1533 tr. P. Valeriano Pro Sacerdotum Barbis f. 22^v Be so ernest for so lyght causes, ye (yf I myght speake it) very foolyshe trifles. 1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet i. v. 121 We haue a trifling foolish banquet towards. View more context for this quotation 1625 T. Jackson Treat. Originall of Vnbeliefe v. iv. §5 Base Licinus hath a pompous Tombe..Wise Cato but a foolish one. 1715 J. Gay What d'ye call It Prelim. Scene 5 He would rave..about a foolish flower'd Handkerchief!—and then he would groul so manfully. a1861 E. B. Browning Parting Lovers in Last Poems (1862) ii. 5 Thou hast not seen a hand push through A foolish flower or two. 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer (1891) 420 A hundred miles is..no foolish ride. B. n. With the and plural agreement. Foolish people as a class. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > lack of understanding > stupid, foolish, or inadequate person > foolish person, fool > [noun] > collectively redelessa1300 foolish1526 coxcombry1600 Feast of Fools1601 fooliaminy1608 ship of fools1609 noodledom1810 fooldom1843 boobery1920 booboisie1921 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke x. f. xcij^v Thou hast hyd these thynges from the wyse..and hast opened them to the folisshe. 1558 J. Knox First Blast against Monstruous Regiment Women f. 9^v The foolishe, madde and phrenetike shal gouerne the discrete. 1652 W. Brough Sacred Princ. (ed. 2) 79 When the Secure, and Foolish shall be Barr'd and Excluded the Doors of Blisse. 1734 I. Watts Reliquiæ Juveniles (1789) 18 There are both the sprightly and the stupid, the foolish and the wise. 1885 E. Arnold Secret of Death 23 Thou Scorned'st to tread the path of wealth, wherein The foolish perish. 1934 L. Charteris Boodle v. 106 In his philosophy, the weakest went to the wall: the careless, the timid, the foolish, the simple, the hesitant, paid with their misfortunes for the rewards that came naturally to those of sharper and more aggressive talents. 2000 T. A. Shippey in J. Wilcox Humour in Anglo-Saxon Lit. 48 Did he find amusement in the fate of the foolish who could not understand him? Compounds C1. a. Combining with adjectives to form adjectives with the sense ‘foolishly ——’, as in foolish-bold, foolish-wise, etc. ΚΠ a1592 R. Greene Hist. Orlando Furioso (1594) sig. D^v The heauen of loue is but a pleasant hell, Where none but foolish wise imprisned dwell. 1593 W. Shakespeare Venus & Adonis sig. Fij^v How loue is wise in follie, foolish wittie . View more context for this quotation 1613 T. Milles tr. P. Mexia et al. Treasurie Auncient & Moderne Times viii. xii. 769/2 Phlegyas..became (in the end) so ouer-weening and foolish-bold that he sacked the Temple of Apollo. 1869 Musical Times Nov. 266/2 He took a pinch of snuff, and looked immeasurably foolish-wise at his neighbour. 2017 India Today (Nexis) 23 Oct. I think fearlessness comes naturally to me. Even my parents thought I was foolish-brave. b. With present participles, forming adjectives in which foolish expresses the complement of the underlying verb, as in foolish-looking, foolish-sounding, etc. ΚΠ 1802 J. Sibbald Chron. Sc. Poetry IV. Gloss. Bumbaized, confounded, foolish-looking. 1819 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 23 Jan. 542 Here are no black gowns and scarlet gowns and big foolish-looking wigs. 2017 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 2 June (Late ed.) 21 It's such an improbable and foolish-sounding thing to say. C2. foolish fire n. (a) a phosphorescent light seen hovering or floating over marshy ground or a body of water; an ignis fatuus or will-o'-the-wisp; (b) (figurative and in figurative contexts) a guiding principle, hope, or aim that deludes or misleads.Cf. fool's fire n. at fool n.¹ and adj. Compounds 4b. [After post-classical Latin ignis fatuus ignis fatuus n.] ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > light emitted under particular conditions > [noun] > phosphorescence > will-o'-the-wisp fox-fire1483 foolish fire1563 ignis fatuus1563 fool's fire1583 Kit with the canstick or candlestick1584 going fire1596 will-o'-the-wisp1596 meteor1597 firedrake1607 wisp1618 ambulones1621 Dick-a-Tuesday1636 friar's lantern1645 gillian burnt-tail1654 Jill-burnt-tail1654 Jack-o'-lantern1658 fatuous fire1661 wildfire1663 wandering fire or light1667 Jack-a-Lent1680 fairy light1722 spunkie1727 Jill-o'-the-wisp1750 fen-fire1814 fatuus1820 marsh-light1823 feu follet1832 wisp-lighta1847 hob-lantern1847 ghost light1849 elf-fire1855 Peggy-with-her-lantern1855 fatuous light1857–8 marsh-fire1865 swamp fire1903 Min-Min1950 the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > optical illusion > [noun] > an optical illusion > ignis fatuus foolish fire1563 ignis fatuus1563 fool's fire1583 will-o'-the-wisp1596 night-fire1633 Dick-a-Tuesday1636 fatuous vapour1661 fatuus1668 draco volans1675 spunkie1727 fen-fire1814 fatuous fire1845 fatuous light1857–8 1563 W. Fulke Goodle Gallerye Causes Meteors ii. f. 11^v Ignis fatuus, foolish fyre, that hurteth not... The foulishe fyre is an Exhalation kendled by meanes of violent mouing, when by cold of the night, in the lowest region of the ayre, it is beaten downe, & then commonly, if it be light, seeketh to ascende upward, & is sent down againe, so it danseth vp & downe. 1611 G. Meriton Serm. preached at Glascoe sig. B3^v There must be illumination in the braine, light in the head, before there can be sanctification in will, true heate in the heart; and if there be no proportion betwixt heat and light, the ouerplus of heate which is in many is but ignis fatuus, a foolish fire. 1703 Athenian Oracle I. 89 His Zeal no foolish Fire that leads astray, That over Rocks and Precipices leads. 1990 M. Cliff Bodies of Water viii. 146 She had seen no ghosts, took the foolish fire over the lake for what it was. 2020 @ZeusFigueras 16 Apr. in twitter.com (accessed 19 May 2020) Racism... Is also a foolish fire of superiority which, if it is allowed to ignite, can easily lead its followers into a mire! foolish guillemot n. now rare and chiefly historical the common guillemot, Uria aalge. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Charadriiformes > family Alcidae (auks) > [noun] > member of genus Uria (guillemot) coot1382 murre1578 scout1596 guillem1603 willock1606 kiddaw1674 sea-hen1676 guillemot1678 loom1694 lavy1698 foolish guillemot1776 willy1780 turr1794 tinkershere1799 strany1804 spratter1863 bacalao-bird1865 tinker1880 1776 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. (ed. 4, octavo) II. 519 Foolish Guillemot... They are very simple birds; for nothwithstanding they are shot at, and see their companions killed.., they will not quit the rock. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Foolish Guillemot, the web-footed diving-bird Uria troile, common on our coasts. 1917 T. G. Pearson Birds Amer. I. 25 Murre. Uria troille troille... Other names.—Foolish Guillemot; Guillem, or Gwilym. 2009 J. A. Love Nat. Hist. St. Kilda vi. 111 Heathcote referred to the common or 'foolish' guillemot as Uria bruennichi and perhaps this name caused confusion between the two species. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.a1382
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