especialadj.

/ɪˈspɛʃəl/

Forms: Middle English especiale, Middle English–1600s especiall(e, Middle English–1500s especyal(l, (Middle English asspeciall, Middle English–1500s asp-, espesyal(l, 1500s esspecial, 1500s–1600s aspeciall, 1600s especil, espeshal, espetial(l), Middle English– especial.

Etymology: < Old French especial (modern French spécial , assimilated to the Latin form), < Latin speciālis (see special adj., adv., and n.) belonging to or concerned with a particular species, special as opposed to general (in medieval Latin current in legal and philosophical use), < species species n. Compare Provençal especial, Spanish especial, Italian speziale. (Latin words with initial sp, st, sc, adopted into French before 15th cent. usually assumed a euphonic e.) In Old French the word had developed the secondary sense ‘pre-eminent, important’ (for the transition compare particular). In English the two forms especial and special differ materially in use; the latter (owing perhaps to its closer relation to the Latin etymon) is preferred in applications arising proximately from the primary sense, while the former is chiefly confined to the derivative sense. The distinction is still more marked in the adverbs especially, specially.

1. In senses now commonly expressed by special adj.:

a. Special as opposed to general (archaic); also in Law †especial pleading, especial tail.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or restricted in application > [adjective]

specialc1230

particulara1387

especialc1400

appropriated1619

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or extraordinary > [adjective]

speciala1387

especialc1400

principal1417

peculiarc1449

extraordinaryc1460

enspeciala1533

individual1646

different1856

speciality1879

speshul1900

c1400 Rom. Rose 6717 Lo heere the caas especial.

1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. xlii^v By especyall pleadynge he may be barred of the accyon that he sueth.

1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. 26 In this case the husband hath an estate in especiall taile.

1824 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto XV xxv. 17 And rend'ring general that which is especial.

†b. Particular, individual, ‘specific’. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1614 G. Markham Cheape & Good Husbandry (1668) i. xi. 49 Spoyling an especial member by some strange contraction.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) iv. ii. 225 There is especiall command come from Venice.

†c. Provided for a particular purpose. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1753 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison I. xxvi. 189 I..shall dispatch what I shall farther write..by an especial messenger.

2. Pre-eminent, exceptionally distinguished. Formerly often in phrase (my) especial friend (cf. 3). Now chiefly of feelings, qualities, or attributes: Exceptional in degree. (Obsolete in predicative use.)In examples of 2 and 3 special may commonly be substituted with little change of meaning.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > surpassing excellence > [adjective]

sunderlyOE

noblec1330

precellentc1384

passantc1385

especialc1386

passinga1387

surmountingc1407

superlative?a1430

precelling?1435

pre-eminenta1460

outrepassed1477

divine1488

pre-excellenta1500

superexcellent1508

transcending1528

pre-ordinate1543

exceeding1552

superexcelling1554

exquisite1578

surpassingc1580

summary1587

paragon1593

transcendent1598

overmatchful1609

termless1609

overtoppinga1615

paramounta1626

overtowering1639

surpassant1654

transcendental1701

superior1711

towery1731

prize1739

supernala1817

tiptopsome1819

tip-topping1826

par excellence1839

superfine1850

towering1894

c1386 G. Chaucer Melibeus ⁋200 First schul ye clepe to youre counseil a fewe of youre frendes that ben especial.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. xxx. f. xii He had hym in shorte whyle in especiall fauoure.

1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie i. x. 74 Causeth them to haue especiall respect in making lawes.

1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes Ep. Ded. My most especiall friend Sir Peter Manwood knight.

a1640 T. Risdon Chorogr. Surv. Devon (1811) (modernized text) §28 34 It is one of the especialest fisher towns of this shire.

1841 E. W. Lane tr. Thousand & One Nights I. 95 And among my books is one of the most especial value.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. xxviii. 397 One fact of especial importance is to be borne in mind.

3. Belonging pre-eminently to a particular person or thing; pertaining chiefly to one particular case.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or restricted in application > [adjective] > belonging to a particular thing or person

specialc1230

proper1340

peculiara1475

specifical?a1475

singular?a1513

private1526

privy1560

personed1565

individual1570

particular1582

idiotical1655

specific1665

sacred1667

specific1667

specifiala1670

idiomatic1771

idiomatical1774

appropriate1796

exclusive1804

propriate1820

especial1854

dedicated1969

1854 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity I. iii. vii. 470 Every passion, every vice, had its especial demon.

1868 M. Pattison (title) Suggestions on academical organization, with especial reference to Oxford.

1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues I. 223 One thing..I must repeat one thing for your especial benefit.

4. in especial, also rarely by especial: in particular; especially; particularly. Obsolete exc. archaic. (Occasionally written as one word; cf. inespecially adv.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or extraordinary > especially or particularly [phrase]

hure and hurea1175

in special1389

in especialc1390

in speciallyc1450

with (also by, in, of) specialtyc1450

in particular1502

in speciality1543

in peculiar1607

of (also with) a specialty1686

c1390 G. Chaucer Truth 25 And in especial Drawe unto hym and pray in general.

c1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode (1869) i. xxi. 15 Þilke he wolde bi especial weren ministres and serueres to him.

14.. Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1866) 49 At thys parlament most in Asspeciall.

1475 Bk. Noblesse 20 In divers regions, and inespecialle in Fraunce and Normandie.

1477 W. Caxton in Earl Rivers tr. Dictes or Sayengis Philosophhres (1877) lf. 74 He wold haue reserued them inespeciall in his sayd dictes.

1541 M. Coverdale tr. H. Bullinger Olde Fayth sig. Avij I wil now speake of euery worde in especiall.

1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth vi, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. III. 131 His word, which he addressed to me in especial.

1832 J. P. Kennedy Swallow Barn I. Introd. Epist. 2 In especial, I had fallen into some unseemly prejudices.

1881 S. Colvin Life Landor 187 Whether it was of these four dramas and of Count Julian in especial, or of all Landor's dramatic..writings together, that, etc.

†5. quasi-n. An especial point, a ‘particular’.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > the quality of being specific > [noun] > quality of being specific or detailed > a detail or particular

circumstances?c1225

parcela1325

partya1393

specialc1405

particular?a1425

partc1425

specialityc1443

specialty1449

especialityc1460

particularity1528

respect1533

severals1606

especial1633

particularment1642

retail1644

instance1649

circumstantiality1854

1633 D. Rogers Treat. Two Sacraments Gospell i. 173 In this conceive these sixe especialls..breefely. 1. The excellencie of the gift..6. The manner of exhibiting.

†6. quasi-adv.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or extraordinary > [adverb]

hurec893

sunderlyeOE

highlyOE

namelya1200

sunderlepesa1200

sunderlepea1225

specialc1230

specially1340

serelya1375

principallyc1390

especially?a1400

rathestc1400

singularlyc1430

selfly1503

singular1530

enspecial1534

inespecially1557

nearly1560

peculiarly1561

inespecial1569

especial1591

speciouslya1616

nominately1641

chief1645

perpendicularly1658

1591 F. Sparry tr. C. de Cattan Geomancie 123 It is especiall good to goe to dwell with great Princes and Lordes.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	especial
释义	† especialn. Etymology: Corruption of espial, due to the influence of Latin specĕre to look, or possibly to confusion with especial adj. = espial n. 1. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > secret observation, spying > [noun] spying1338 espying1340 espialc1386 espyc1386 spyc1450 especiala1500 spieryc1588 intelligence1602 worming1607 scouting1644 espionage1793 spyism1847 spydom1859 obbo1933 great game1936 spooking1977 the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > secret observation, spying > [noun] > a secret observer, spy > a spy or scout spy13.. espierc1384 espialc1386 especiala1500 espya1500 watchmanc1515 escout1560 espioun1636 emissary1663 telegraph1825 a1500 Chaucer's Friar's T. 23 [MS. Petworth especiale, MSS. Corpus, Lansd. especiaile; other MSS. have the correct reading espiaille]. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. ccviij^v His especials and explorators declared and accompted to hym, that all the Realme was vp. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde ii. ii. f. 58^v One of their coompanye standynge vppon the toppe of a hyghe rocke of especiall..beganne to crye, Lynnyn sayles. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online June 2021). especialadj. /ɪˈspɛʃəl/ Forms: Middle English especiale, Middle English–1600s especiall(e, Middle English–1500s especyal(l, (Middle English asspeciall, Middle English–1500s asp-, espesyal(l, 1500s esspecial, 1500s–1600s aspeciall, 1600s especil, espeshal, espetial(l), Middle English– especial. Etymology: < Old French especial (modern French spécial , assimilated to the Latin form), < Latin speciālis (see special adj., adv., and n.) belonging to or concerned with a particular species, special as opposed to general (in medieval Latin current in legal and philosophical use), < species species n. Compare Provençal especial, Spanish especial, Italian speziale. (Latin words with initial sp, st, sc, adopted into French before 15th cent. usually assumed a euphonic e.) In Old French the word had developed the secondary sense ‘pre-eminent, important’ (for the transition compare particular). In English the two forms especial and special differ materially in use; the latter (owing perhaps to its closer relation to the Latin etymon) is preferred in applications arising proximately from the primary sense, while the former is chiefly confined to the derivative sense. The distinction is still more marked in the adverbs especially, specially. 1. In senses now commonly expressed by special adj.: a. Special as opposed to general (archaic); also in Law †especial pleading, especial tail. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or restricted in application > [adjective] specialc1230 particulara1387 especialc1400 appropriated1619 the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or extraordinary > [adjective] speciala1387 especialc1400 principal1417 peculiarc1449 extraordinaryc1460 enspeciala1533 individual1646 different1856 speciality1879 speshul1900 c1400 Rom. Rose 6717 Lo heere the caas especial. 1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. xlii^v By especyall pleadynge he may be barred of the accyon that he sueth. 1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. 26 In this case the husband hath an estate in especiall taile. 1824 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto XV xxv. 17 And rend'ring general that which is especial. †b. Particular, individual, ‘specific’. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1614 G. Markham Cheape & Good Husbandry (1668) i. xi. 49 Spoyling an especial member by some strange contraction. a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) iv. ii. 225 There is especiall command come from Venice. View more context for this quotation †c. Provided for a particular purpose. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1753 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison I. xxvi. 189 I..shall dispatch what I shall farther write..by an especial messenger. 2. Pre-eminent, exceptionally distinguished. Formerly often in phrase (my) especial friend (cf. 3). Now chiefly of feelings, qualities, or attributes: Exceptional in degree. (Obsolete in predicative use.)In examples of 2 and 3 special may commonly be substituted with little change of meaning. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > surpassing excellence > [adjective] sunderlyOE noblec1330 precellentc1384 passantc1385 especialc1386 passinga1387 surmountingc1407 superlative?a1430 precelling?1435 pre-eminenta1460 outrepassed1477 divine1488 pre-excellenta1500 superexcellent1508 transcending1528 pre-ordinate1543 exceeding1552 superexcelling1554 exquisite1578 surpassingc1580 summary1587 paragon1593 transcendent1598 overmatchful1609 termless1609 overtoppinga1615 paramounta1626 overtowering1639 surpassant1654 transcendental1701 superior1711 towery1731 prize1739 supernala1817 tiptopsome1819 tip-topping1826 par excellence1839 superfine1850 towering1894 c1386 G. Chaucer Melibeus ⁋200 First schul ye clepe to youre counseil a fewe of youre frendes that ben especial. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. xxx. f. xii He had hym in shorte whyle in especiall fauoure. 1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie i. x. 74 Causeth them to haue especiall respect in making lawes. 1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes Ep. Ded. My most especiall friend Sir Peter Manwood knight. a1640 T. Risdon Chorogr. Surv. Devon (1811) (modernized text) §28 34 It is one of the especialest fisher towns of this shire. 1841 E. W. Lane tr. Thousand & One Nights I. 95 And among my books is one of the most especial value. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. xxviii. 397 One fact of especial importance is to be borne in mind. 3. Belonging pre-eminently to a particular person or thing; pertaining chiefly to one particular case. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or restricted in application > [adjective] > belonging to a particular thing or person specialc1230 proper1340 peculiara1475 specifical?a1475 singular?a1513 private1526 privy1560 personed1565 individual1570 particular1582 idiotical1655 specific1665 sacred1667 specific1667 specifiala1670 idiomatic1771 idiomatical1774 appropriate1796 exclusive1804 propriate1820 especial1854 dedicated1969 1854 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity I. iii. vii. 470 Every passion, every vice, had its especial demon. 1868 M. Pattison (title) Suggestions on academical organization, with especial reference to Oxford. 1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues I. 223 One thing..I must repeat one thing for your especial benefit. 4. in especial, also rarely by especial: in particular; especially; particularly. Obsolete exc. archaic. (Occasionally written as one word; cf. inespecially adv.) ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or extraordinary > especially or particularly [phrase] hure and hurea1175 in special1389 in especialc1390 in speciallyc1450 with (also by, in, of) specialtyc1450 in particular1502 in speciality1543 in peculiar1607 of (also with) a specialty1686 c1390 G. Chaucer Truth 25 And in especial Drawe unto hym and pray in general. c1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode (1869) i. xxi. 15 Þilke he wolde bi especial weren ministres and serueres to him. 14.. Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1866) 49 At thys parlament most in Asspeciall. 1475 Bk. Noblesse 20 In divers regions, and inespecialle in Fraunce and Normandie. 1477 W. Caxton in Earl Rivers tr. Dictes or Sayengis Philosophhres (1877) lf. 74 He wold haue reserued them inespeciall in his sayd dictes. 1541 M. Coverdale tr. H. Bullinger Olde Fayth sig. Avij I wil now speake of euery worde in especiall. 1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth vi, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. III. 131 His word, which he addressed to me in especial. 1832 J. P. Kennedy Swallow Barn I. Introd. Epist. 2 In especial, I had fallen into some unseemly prejudices. 1881 S. Colvin Life Landor 187 Whether it was of these four dramas and of Count Julian in especial, or of all Landor's dramatic..writings together, that, etc. †5. quasi-n. An especial point, a ‘particular’. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > the quality of being specific > [noun] > quality of being specific or detailed > a detail or particular circumstances?c1225 parcela1325 partya1393 specialc1405 particular?a1425 partc1425 specialityc1443 specialty1449 especialityc1460 particularity1528 respect1533 severals1606 especial1633 particularment1642 retail1644 instance1649 circumstantiality1854 1633 D. Rogers Treat. Two Sacraments Gospell i. 173 In this conceive these sixe especialls..breefely. 1. The excellencie of the gift..6. The manner of exhibiting. †6. quasi-adv. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or extraordinary > [adverb] hurec893 sunderlyeOE highlyOE namelya1200 sunderlepesa1200 sunderlepea1225 specialc1230 specially1340 specially1340 serelya1375 principallyc1390 especially?a1400 rathestc1400 singularlyc1430 selfly1503 singular1530 enspecial1534 inespecially1557 nearly1560 peculiarly1561 inespecial1569 especial1591 speciouslya1616 nominately1641 chief1645 perpendicularly1658 1591 F. Sparry tr. C. de Cattan Geomancie 123 It is especiall good to goe to dwell with great Princes and Lordes. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.a1500adj.c1386
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† especialn.

especialadj.