endurev.
/ᵻnˈdjʊə/, /ɛnˈdjʊə/, /ᵻnˈdʒʊə/, /ɛnˈdʒʊə/, /ᵻnˈdjɔː/, /ɛnˈdjɔː/, /ᵻnˈdʒɔː/, /ɛnˈdʒɔː/, U.S. /ᵻnˈd(j)ʊ(ə)r/, /ɛnˈd(j)ʊ(ə)r/ 1. To indurate, harden. Hence figurative to make callous or indifferent. Also in good sense: to make sturdy or robust, to strengthen. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > make emotionally unfeeling [verb (transitive)] > make hard or callous
hardc1325
hardenc1350
engrege1382
endurec1384
indurec1450
indurate1538
obduratea1540
brawn1571
hard heart1581
sear1582
cauterize1587
myrmidonize1593
obdure1598
Gorgonize1609
stonea1616
petrifya1631
petrificate1647
roborate1652
case-harden1687
ossify1803
hard-boil1929
the mind > emotion > courage > encouragement > encourage or embolden [verb (transitive)]
hearteOE
bieldc897
hardenc1175
elnea1225
hardyc1225
boldc1275
hardishc1325
endurec1384
assurec1386
emboldc1400
recomfortc1405
enharda1450
support1479
enhardy1483
animatec1487
encourage1490
emboldishc1503
hearten1524
bolden1526
spright1531
raise1533
accourage1534
enheart1545
to hearten on1555
hearten?1556
alacriate1560
bespirit1574
bebrave1576
to put in heart1579
to hearten up1580
embolden1583
bravea1593
enhearten1610
inspiritc1610
rehearten1611
blood1622
mana1625
valiant1628
flush1633
firm1639
buoy1645
embrave1648
reinhearten1652
reanimate1655
reinspirit1660
to give mettle to1689
warm1697
to lift (up) a person's spirits1711
reman1715
to make a man of1722
respirit1725
elate1726
to cocker up1762
enharden1779
nerve1799
boost1815
brace1816
high-mettle1831
braven1865
brazen1884
the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > strengthening > make strong [verb (transitive)] > make robust
harden?1532
induratec1575
toughen1582
endure1596
stouten1834
α.
β. 1588 A. King tr. P. Canisius Cathechisme or Schort Instr. 146 That suithlie, quhilk maks the mynde of man stubbornlie indured agains gud admonition.a1600 in J. G. Dalyell Scotish Poems 16th Cent. (1801) II. 183 Priests, curse no more, And not your heartes indure.c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Deeds xix. 9 Summe weren endurid, or maad hard.
1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 128/3 And she endured and enformed all the other in prayer.
15.. New Not-broune Mayd, Passion Cryste 388 in W. C. Hazlitt Remains Early Pop. Poetry Eng. III. 16 So endured With synne and vyce is he.
1530 Thorpe's Examinacion sig. B.iiii O thyne harte is full harde endured as was ye harte of Pharoa.
1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene iv. viii. sig. H2 And manly limbs endur'd with litle care Against all hard mishaps and fortunelesse misfare. View more context for this quotation
II. To last; to suffer continuously.† 5. Of things: To permit of, be compatible with. archaic.
2. † b. To keep up with. Obsolete. rare.† c. To be continued through space; to extend from one point to another. Obsolete. rare.† d. quasi-transitive with out: To last out, persist during the continuance of (an event or action).
a. intransitive. To last, continue in existence. Also, to persist, ‘hold out’ in any action, etc. †Formerly also, to continue in a certain state or condition, remain in a certain place (with complement expressing the state or place).
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > duration > have duration [verb (intransitive)] > endure, remain, persist, or continue
bidec893
lastOE
through-wonOE
ylasta1000
standOE
runOE
lastlOE
beleavec1200
abidec1275
cleavec1275
durec1275
dwell13..
endurec1386
perseverec1390
continuec1400
contunec1400
tarrya1450
remainc1455
perdure?a1475
rest1474
permanec1485
succeed1486
perpetuate1530
persist1531
demur1547
perduratea1558
weara1568
to hold it out1585
to hold out1585
abye1590
contain1592
live1592
perennate1623
to draw overa1700
exist1754
linger1764
to hang it out1939
α.
β. a1500 (?c1450) Merlin ii. 24 Thus it indured longe tyme.a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. iii. 31 It shall begyn full sone To rayn vncessantlé..And induyr dayes fourty.1542 A. Borde Compend. Regyment Helth xxviii. sig. L.ivv As longe as the Agew doth indure.1571 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xxvii. 50 Thatt freindschip..langest will indwir.1596 T. Bell Suruey Popery i. i. ii. 5 The floud indured one whole yeere.1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique iii. xlviii. 523 If you wash them in salt brine, you shall make them white and to indure long.1677 A. Marvell Let. 13 Mar. in Poems & Lett. (1971) II. 187 The Debate upon the Nine pences..indured the whole day.1743 W. Ellis London & Country Brewer (ed. 2) II. 147 Neither Fermentation, nor Age, can ever disunite or separate such its ill Properties, while the Drink indures.c1386 G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale 655 In the castel noon so hardy was That eny while dorste therin endure.
c1400 Mandeville Voiage & Travaile (1839) v. 47 Who so stopped that watre from hem, thei myghte not endure there.
c1430 J. Lydgate Chorle & Bird (1818) 14 A wrecche never lyke to thryve But for tendure in poverte all my live.
c1450 (c1400) Sowdon of Babylon (1881) l. 1220 Thou maiste not longe endure.
1477 Earl Rivers tr. Dictes or Sayengis Philosophhres (Caxton) (1877) lf. 10v His lordship & power in this worlde may not long endure.
a1555 H. Latimer 27 Serm. (1562) ii. f. 123 So this greate kynge endured a lepre all the days of his life.
1608 E. Topsell Hist. Serpents 30 Snakes & Adders..will not endure neere those places where they heare their voyce.
1664 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense 75 in Sylva Myrtils will endure abroad neer a Moneth longer.
1711 in Colonial Rec. Pennsylvania (1852) II. 558 A free and open trade with us whilst the Sun endures.
1814 R. Southey in Q. Rev. 12 65 Such corruptions endure only for a season.
1845 S. Austin tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Reformation in Germany (ed. 2) II. 407 Such a relation was too wide a departure from the ordinary nature and course of human affairs to endure long.
1878 R. Browning La Saisiaz 35 Take the hope therein away, All we have to do is surely not endure another day.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > move at specific rate [verb (transitive)] > keep pace with
to hold a wayOE
to run with ——?c1400
coast1413
endure1588
to keep upa1633
to keep with ——1817
pace1931
1588 R. Parke tr. J. G. de Mendoza Hist. Kingdome of China 180 Men..did trauaile with the same [burdens] with so great ease and swiftnes, that the horse could not indure with them.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > extension in space > extend in space [verb (intransitive)]
bredeOE
comeOE
ylasta1175
drawc1180
areachc1225
lastc1275
tillc1290
durea1300
reachc1330
spreada1400
halec1400
reignc1400
splatec1440
extend1481
endure1523
span1535
discoursea1547
wina1578
distend1581
intend1594
sweep1789
outlie1876
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Chron. (1812) I. cccxxxvii. 527 Highe wodes and forestes, that endured to the cyte of Constances.
a1533 Ld. Berners tr. Arthur of Brytayn (?1560) lxx. sig. Riiiv Thei [sc. woundes] began at his sholdres and endured downe to his thyghes.
1588 R. Parke tr. J. G. de Mendoza Hist. Kingdome of China 229 These Ilands endured vntill they came vnto a little gulfe.
1588 R. Parke tr. J. G. de Mendoza Comm. Notable Thinges in tr. J. G. de Mendoza Hist. Kingdome of China 328 Many townes of Indians of this nation, the which indured twelue dayes iourney.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > duration > have duration [verb (transitive)] > outlast
to live out1535
outlast1570
outwear1579
outlive1582
supervive1586
outflourish1594
to stand out1600
outdure1611
outstanda1616
outsit1633
survive1633
endure1636
stay1639
outmeasure1646
superlast1648
outstaya1652
last1658
tarrya1662
superannuate1820
outrange1887
to see out1897
1636 E. Dacres tr. N. Machiavel Disc. Livy I. 133 They would sooner accept of the Kings, than endure out the warre.
3. † c. To withstand as an adversary, support, sustain. Obsolete.
a. transitive. To undergo, bear, sustain (continuous pain, opposition, hardship, or annoyance); (sometimes more narrowly) to undergo without succumbing or giving way. Also absol.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > adversity > be in adversity [verb (intransitive)]
tholec897
pinea1225
steada1300
endure1340
to well in woea1350
labourc1450
concernc1592
to have a good (bad, etc.) time (of it, formerly on it)1647
to have the wind in one's face1649
to be on (also at) the receiving end1909
to feel the draught1925
to have (one's) ass in a sling1960
to be in lumber1965
the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)]
thave835
i-dreeeOE
tholec897
abeareOE
underbearc950
adreeOE
dreeOE
driveOE
i-tholeOE
throwOE
underfoc1000
bearOE
bidec1200
suffera1250
abidec1275
drinka1340
endure1340
underfong1382
receivec1384
abyea1393
sustain1398
finda1400
undergoa1400
get?c1430
underganga1470
ponder?a1525
a dog's lifea1528
tolerate1531
to stand to ——1540
to feel the weight of?1553
enjoy1577
carry1583
abrook1594
to stand under ——a1616
to fall a victim to1764
the mind > emotion > suffering > suffer mental pain [verb (transitive)]
thave835
i-dreeeOE
tholec897
underbearc950
adreeOE
dreeOE
driveOE
i-tholeOE
throwOE
underfoc1000
bearOE
takec1175
bidec1200
suffera1250
leadc1330
drinka1340
endure1340
wielda1375
underfong1382
receivec1384
sustain1398
finda1400
undergoa1400
underganga1470
ponder?a1525
tolerate1531
to go through ——1535
to feel the weight of?1553
enjoy1577
carry1583
abrook1594
α.
β. 1594 Willobie his Auisa xliiii. f. 40v To indure the burning heate.1671 R. McWard True Non-conformist 169 Your N.C. must indeed be very simple, that he could indure such imposing.1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks II. v. 383 See how you can indure the Prospect.1782 J. Priestley Hist. Corruptions Christianity I. ii. 238 These writers had..to indure..the punishment.1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 6865 For-why na whitt of man may endure To se a devel in his propre figure.
c1400 (?c1380) Pearl l. 475 What more-hond moȝte he a-cheue Þat hade endured in worlde stronge.
1576 W. Lambarde Perambulation of Kent 130 One sort founde him more then a Pope, the other felt him more then a King, and they bothe endured him an intollerable Tyrant.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 206 To endure Exile, or ignominy, or bonds, or pain. View more context for this quotation
1796 R. Southey Joan of Arc v. 380 He can brave his cruelty, And triumph by enduring.
1876 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People (1882) ii. §8. 101 Such anarchy as England had endured under Stephen.
b. Of things: To support (a strain, pressure, wear and tear, etc.) without receiving injury; formerly also absol. Also in weaker sense, to undergo, suffer, be subjected to.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > strength > make strong or tough [verb (transitive)] > support strain, wear, etc.
endure1413
1413 J. Lydgate Pilgr. of Sowle iv. xxx Gold wylle well enduren under the hamoure enlargyng hymself withouten crasure.
1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. Pref. 1 The same endured many a storm of gaine-saying.
1658 J. Evelyn tr. N. de Bonnefons French Gardiner 70 Old trees, whose rinde being very tough can indure the wedg without splitting.
1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. §3. 247 The loss [of heat] endured..through radiation into space.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (transitive)] > resist
withstandc888
withsake971
forstanda1000
to stand again ——OE
withsetc1000
again-standOE
to stand againOE
warnc1175
wiþerhaldec1175
atstandc1220
astand1250
withsitc1300
sitc1325
asitc1330
(it) may well withc1395
reversea1400
resist1417
ofstandc1425
onstandc1425
gainstand?c1450
endure1470
obsista1475
repugna1513
recountera1525
occur1531
desist1548
impugn1577
obstrigillate1623
counter-stand1648
stem1675
repique1687
to make face to1807
to fight off1833
to stick up1838
bay1848
withstay1854
buck1857
1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur x. i Yet shalle I ryght wel endure you.
1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) ii. 429 His men..war sa few yat yai na mycht Endur the fors mar off ye fycht.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin ix. 134 That noon myght his strokes endure.
1720 D. Defoe Mem. Cavalier 67 We..were obliged to endure the whole Weight of the Imperial Army.
4.
a.
(a) To suffer without resistance, submit to, tolerate; to contemplate with toleration.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > calmness > patience > endure patiently [verb (transitive)]
takec1175
dure1297
suffer1297
eata1382
to take in patiencec1385
to take awortha1387
endure1477
to go through ——1535
pocket1589
to sit down1589
hack1936
α.
β. 1607 G. Markham Cavelarice ii. 86 Your horse..will not indure their companie.a1617 S. Hieron Penance for Sinne in Wks. (1620) II. 342 God..can indure none but cheerefull Seruitors.1678 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 135 I could never indure him. View more context for this quotation1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 104 Notwithstanding he endured the malice of Zethephius..a certayn space.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) iv. ii. 81 Brutus, baite not me, Ile not indure it. View more context for this quotation
1616 B. Jonson Epicœne i. i, in Wks. I. 533 Hee cannot endure a Costard-monger. View more context for this quotation
1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxiv. 129 Commonwealths can endure no Diet.
1716 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 21 Nov. (1965) I. 283 Men endure every thing while they are in Love.
1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. ii. xxiv. 142 The tendency of your opinions is so bad, that no good Man can endure them.
1845 E. Holmes Life Mozart 136 The French gentlemen have only so far improved their taste as to be able to endure good things.
(b) Used for: To entertain the possibility of.
ΚΠ
1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. xxvii. sig. N3v St. Augustine would by no meanes indure the Antipodes: wee are now of nothing more certaine.
b. With object infinitive (with to), subordinate clause, or accusative and infinitive.
ΚΠ
α.
β. 1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. vii. 12 The world will not indure to heare that we are [etc.].1601 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Trauellers Breuiat 145 They will not indure any of the common people to come neere them.1654 J. Trapp Comm. Psalms iv. 3 Wee cannot indure to hear sweet words from a stinking breath.1660 Exact Accompt Trial Regicides 106 They ought not to indure to have their Jurisdiction so much as questioned.15.. New Not-broune Mayd (1842) 51 When your pleasure Was to endure To lye my sydes betwene.
1608 E. Topsell Hist. Serpents 312 The people of Europe in no place..can endure them to be set on their Tables.
1611 Bible (King James) Esther viii. 6 For how can I endure to see the evil that shall come unto my people? View more context for this quotation
a1627 J. Hayward Ann. Four Years Elizabeth (1840) 44 He had openlie reproched the French soldiers, for enduringe their master's enimies to lyve.
a1718 W. Penn Maxims in Wks. (1726) I. 836 Those that have employments should not be endured to leave them humourously.
1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. i. v. 21 We..cannot endure that Truth shou'd suffer through Complaisance.
1792 G. Wakefield Answer to Priestley 14 But my friends..must, and will, endure me both to speak and write of them and their opinions, etc.
1798 G. Wakefield Reply Bp. of Landaff's Addr. 5 The public ear must endure to vibrate with an incessant application of wholesome doctrine.
1871 R. Browning Prince Hohenstiel-Schwangau 90 The man endured to help, not save outright The multitude.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > possibility > allow, admit of [verb (transitive)]
suffera1400
to give leave?a1513
admita1538
endure1593
bear1597
thole1770
1593 T. Bilson Perpetual Govt. Christes Church 166 The wordes doe well endure it.
1823 W. Scott Peveril II. i. 14 I have that to say to this youth which will not endure your presence.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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