ecologyn.

Brit.

/ᵻˈkɒlədʒi/, U.S.

/iˈkɑlədʒi/,

/əˈkɑlədʒi/

Forms: 1800s oekology, 1800s– ecology, 1800s– oecology (now rare).

Origin: A borrowing from German. Etymon: German Oecologie.

Etymology: < German Oecologie ( E. Haeckel Generelle Morphologie (1866) II. 286; now Ökologie ) < ancient Greek οἶκος house, dwelling (see oecist n.) + German -logie -logy comb. form. Compare French écologie (c1874).A supposed use of ecology in a letter by Thoreau dated 1858 represents a misreading of geology : see Science (1965) 13 Aug. 707 and Bull. Thoreau Soc. (1973) No. 123. 6. On the spelling with e- rather than oe- see discussion at O n.¹

a. The branch of biology that deals with the relationships between living organisms and their environment. Also: the relationships themselves, esp. those of a specified organism. See also bioecology n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > study > [noun] > ecology

ecology1875

hexiology1880

bionomics1888

human ecology1907

autecology1910

synecology1910

bioecology1923

genecology1923

socioecology1952

radioecology1956

deep ecology1972

1875 Academy 18 Sept. 309 Seeing that the scope of Botany differs from that of Zoology only in the fact that the one deals with plants, the other with animals, we might expect that physiology, morphology, oecology, and taxonomy in each would have assumed about the same relative importance to one another.

1893 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 16 Sept. 613/1 Œcology, which uses all the knowledge it can obtain from the other two [sc. physiology and morphology], but chiefly rests on the exploration of the endless varied phenomena of animal and plant life as they manifest themselves under natural conditions.

1896 Appletons' Pop. Sci. Monthly Dec. 185 Botany..especially with reference to the physiology and ecology of plants.

1904 C. L. Laurie Flowering Plants 6 The study of plants that grow together, forming plant associations, in some respects the most interesting part of Ecology.

1916 F. E. Clements Plant Succession 73 It is one of the most important tasks of ecology to determine the root and shoot relations of communal plants.

1931 H. G. Wells Work, Wealth & Happiness Mankind (1932) i. 29 Economics..is spoken of in the Science of Life as a branch of ecology; it is the ecology of the human species.

1941 W. H. Auden New Year Let. i. 23 And grasped in its complexity The Catholic ecology.

1967 Listener 6 Apr. 459/3 In different ecologies territorial systems will vary or even be absent altogether.

1980 Arch. Oral Biol. 26 735/2 It was our desire to determine if and how the pH fluctuation in the oral environment could influence oral ecology by exerting differential effects on bacterial adhesion.

2004 F. Lawrence Not on Label ii. 57 Intensive farming in England has also polluted groundwater, damaging the ecology of streams, rivers and lakes and ruining coastal waters.

b. Chiefly Sociology. The study of the relationships between people, social groups, and their environment; (also) the system of such relationships in an area of human settlement. Frequently with modifying word, as cultural ecology, social ecology, urban ecology.Recorded earliest in human ecology n. at human adj. and n. Compounds 1b.

ΚΠ

1908 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 14 395 Human ecology, a study of the geographic conditions of human culture.

1923 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 29 356 Among the research projects presented were..the ecology of the city in relation to politics.

1926 Social Forces 5 251/1 The growth, organization, problems, and prospects of cities and their inhabitants. Including the social psychology, social processes, and social ecology in city life.

1959 A. Inkeles in L. Broom et al. Sociol. Today xi. 274 Ecology, population statistics, and crime rates are all sociology.

1976 I. M. Lewis Social Anthropol. in Perspective vi. 164 [They] are not as simple-minded as some anthropologists of the cultural ecology school; they recognize that fighting and feud are not restricted to the dry seasons.

1991 K. P. Wilkinson Community in Rural Amer. i. 23 While characteristics of the local ecology certainly can influence interaction, it is the social interaction that first delineates and then maintains the local ecology as a unit.

2004 Contemp. Sociol. 33 330/1 [He] frames his study using urban ecology theories to show how unusual faith communities emerged in Four Corners as a result of in- and out-migration.

c. In extended use: the interrelationship between any system and its environment; the product of this.Cf. also clinical ecology n. at clinical adj. Additions 4.

ΚΠ

1976 Language 52 27 It violates 21 in two ways: it alters the NP-ecology of the configuration it leaves, and it alters that of the one it moves into.

1980 Daily Tel. 11 Mar. 18 A weak BBC television would be disastrous for the ecology of British television.

1989 C. Stoll Cuckoo's Egg iii. 15 Livermore usually has to write their own operating systems, forming a bizarre software ecology.

2006 J. Leigh & D. Woodhouse Cricket Lexicon 199 Rough: a notable element in the ecology of the longer game, in which the secondary purpose of the fast men is to leave something for the left-arm spinner in particular to exploit.

2. The study of or concern for the effect of human activity on the environment; advocacy of restrictions on industrial and agricultural development as a political movement; (also) a political movement dedicated to this. Cf. deep ecology n. at deep adj. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > ecological protection (in political context)

ecology movement1969

ecology party1969

ecology1970

1963 A. Huxley (title) The politics of ecology.]

1970 Nevada State Jrnl. 18 Jan. 24 (headline) It's the top topic for everyone now—ecology.

1974 D. Rather & G. P. Gates Palace Guard i. 6 Some of the leaders wound up in jail..still others, buckling under pressure, turned their attention to less threatening issues, like ecology.

1986 New Socialist Sept. 36/1 The strongest organised hesitation before socialism is perhaps the diverse movement variously identified as ‘ecology’ or the ‘the greens’.

1990 Current Hist. Oct. 323/2 This is the ecology-oriented (or Green) movement of the Ukraine, which held its organizing congress in October, 1989, although it had already been functioning for about two years.

2002 R. Webber Younger Evangelicals ii. v. 89 Some older evangelicals have dismissed ecology as a nonissue because they believe the world and its history will soon end in the second coming.

Compounds

attributive. Of or relating to ecological issues such as industrial pollution considered in a political context; spec. applied to various political movements (esp. in western Europe) which represent the environmental or ‘green’ interest (green adj. 13). Frequently in ecology movement, ecology party.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > ecological protection (in political context)

ecology movement1969

ecology party1969

ecology1970

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [adjective] > of ecological protection (in political context)

ecology1969

ecofeminism1980

1969 Washington Post 28 Dec. b3/6 (heading) An ecology ‘party’.

1970 Nevada State Jrnl. 18 Jan. 24/8 Three University of Nevada professors, who have been interested in conservation for years, wholeheartedly agree that the ecology movement is in the hands of the nation's young.

1970 Daily Messenger (Canandaigua, N.Y.) 1 Sept. 3/1 She suggests that Ottinger use the name Ecology Party.

1970 Environmental Quality Mag. 1 i. 30/2 Write to Granny..and tell her about your ecology activities and ideas…Wear your ecology symbol [sc. a pin] to promote a better environment.

1973 Antioch Rev. 32 iii. 449 Ecologists as scientists may or may not share the perspectives of the ecology movement.

1980 J. F. Pilat Ecol. Politics 73 The United Kingdom has no significant ecological parties; the Ecology party recently had only 600 members.

1985 Observer 22 Sept. 2/8 The Ecology Party changed its name to the Green Party at is annual conference in Dover.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	ecology
释义	ecologyn. Brit. /ᵻˈkɒlədʒi/, U.S. /iˈkɑlədʒi/, /əˈkɑlədʒi/ Forms: 1800s oekology, 1800s– ecology, 1800s– oecology (now rare). Origin: A borrowing from German. Etymon: German Oecologie. Etymology: < German Oecologie ( E. Haeckel Generelle Morphologie (1866) II. 286; now Ökologie ) < ancient Greek οἶκος house, dwelling (see oecist n.) + German -logie -logy comb. form. Compare French écologie (c1874).A supposed use of ecology in a letter by Thoreau dated 1858 represents a misreading of geology : see Science (1965) 13 Aug. 707 and Bull. Thoreau Soc. (1973) No. 123. 6. On the spelling with e- rather than oe- see discussion at O n.¹ 1. a. The branch of biology that deals with the relationships between living organisms and their environment. Also: the relationships themselves, esp. those of a specified organism. See also bioecology n. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > study > [noun] > ecology ecology1875 hexiology1880 bionomics1888 human ecology1907 autecology1910 synecology1910 bioecology1923 genecology1923 socioecology1952 radioecology1956 deep ecology1972 1875 Academy 18 Sept. 309 Seeing that the scope of Botany differs from that of Zoology only in the fact that the one deals with plants, the other with animals, we might expect that physiology, morphology, oecology, and taxonomy in each would have assumed about the same relative importance to one another. 1893 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 16 Sept. 613/1 Œcology, which uses all the knowledge it can obtain from the other two [sc. physiology and morphology], but chiefly rests on the exploration of the endless varied phenomena of animal and plant life as they manifest themselves under natural conditions. 1896 Appletons' Pop. Sci. Monthly Dec. 185 Botany..especially with reference to the physiology and ecology of plants. 1904 C. L. Laurie Flowering Plants 6 The study of plants that grow together, forming plant associations, in some respects the most interesting part of Ecology. 1916 F. E. Clements Plant Succession 73 It is one of the most important tasks of ecology to determine the root and shoot relations of communal plants. 1931 H. G. Wells Work, Wealth & Happiness Mankind (1932) i. 29 Economics..is spoken of in the Science of Life as a branch of ecology; it is the ecology of the human species. 1941 W. H. Auden New Year Let. i. 23 And grasped in its complexity The Catholic ecology. 1967 Listener 6 Apr. 459/3 In different ecologies territorial systems will vary or even be absent altogether. 1980 Arch. Oral Biol. 26 735/2 It was our desire to determine if and how the pH fluctuation in the oral environment could influence oral ecology by exerting differential effects on bacterial adhesion. 2004 F. Lawrence Not on Label ii. 57 Intensive farming in England has also polluted groundwater, damaging the ecology of streams, rivers and lakes and ruining coastal waters. b. Chiefly Sociology. The study of the relationships between people, social groups, and their environment; (also) the system of such relationships in an area of human settlement. Frequently with modifying word, as cultural ecology, social ecology, urban ecology.Recorded earliest in human ecology n. at human adj. and n. Compounds 1b. ΚΠ 1908 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 14 395 Human ecology, a study of the geographic conditions of human culture. 1923 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 29 356 Among the research projects presented were..the ecology of the city in relation to politics. 1926 Social Forces 5 251/1 The growth, organization, problems, and prospects of cities and their inhabitants. Including the social psychology, social processes, and social ecology in city life. 1959 A. Inkeles in L. Broom et al. Sociol. Today xi. 274 Ecology, population statistics, and crime rates are all sociology. 1976 I. M. Lewis Social Anthropol. in Perspective vi. 164 [They] are not as simple-minded as some anthropologists of the cultural ecology school; they recognize that fighting and feud are not restricted to the dry seasons. 1991 K. P. Wilkinson Community in Rural Amer. i. 23 While characteristics of the local ecology certainly can influence interaction, it is the social interaction that first delineates and then maintains the local ecology as a unit. 2004 Contemp. Sociol. 33 330/1 [He] frames his study using urban ecology theories to show how unusual faith communities emerged in Four Corners as a result of in- and out-migration. c. In extended use: the interrelationship between any system and its environment; the product of this.Cf. also clinical ecology n. at clinical adj. Additions 4. ΚΠ 1976 Language 52 27 It violates 21 in two ways: it alters the NP-ecology of the configuration it leaves, and it alters that of the one it moves into. 1980 Daily Tel. 11 Mar. 18 A weak BBC television would be disastrous for the ecology of British television. 1989 C. Stoll Cuckoo's Egg iii. 15 Livermore usually has to write their own operating systems, forming a bizarre software ecology. 2006 J. Leigh & D. Woodhouse Cricket Lexicon 199 Rough: a notable element in the ecology of the longer game, in which the secondary purpose of the fast men is to leave something for the left-arm spinner in particular to exploit. 2. The study of or concern for the effect of human activity on the environment; advocacy of restrictions on industrial and agricultural development as a political movement; (also) a political movement dedicated to this. Cf. deep ecology n. at deep adj. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > ecological protection (in political context) ecology movement1969 ecology party1969 ecology1970 1963 A. Huxley (title) The politics of ecology.] 1970 Nevada State Jrnl. 18 Jan. 24 (headline) It's the top topic for everyone now—ecology. 1974 D. Rather & G. P. Gates Palace Guard i. 6 Some of the leaders wound up in jail..still others, buckling under pressure, turned their attention to less threatening issues, like ecology. 1986 New Socialist Sept. 36/1 The strongest organised hesitation before socialism is perhaps the diverse movement variously identified as ‘ecology’ or the ‘the greens’. 1990 Current Hist. Oct. 323/2 This is the ecology-oriented (or Green) movement of the Ukraine, which held its organizing congress in October, 1989, although it had already been functioning for about two years. 2002 R. Webber Younger Evangelicals ii. v. 89 Some older evangelicals have dismissed ecology as a nonissue because they believe the world and its history will soon end in the second coming. Compounds attributive. Of or relating to ecological issues such as industrial pollution considered in a political context; spec. applied to various political movements (esp. in western Europe) which represent the environmental or ‘green’ interest (green adj. 13). Frequently in ecology movement, ecology party. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > ecological protection (in political context) ecology movement1969 ecology party1969 ecology1970 the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [adjective] > of ecological protection (in political context) ecology1969 ecofeminism1980 1969 Washington Post 28 Dec. b3/6 (heading) An ecology ‘party’. 1970 Nevada State Jrnl. 18 Jan. 24/8 Three University of Nevada professors, who have been interested in conservation for years, wholeheartedly agree that the ecology movement is in the hands of the nation's young. 1970 Daily Messenger (Canandaigua, N.Y.) 1 Sept. 3/1 She suggests that Ottinger use the name Ecology Party. 1970 Environmental Quality Mag. 1 i. 30/2 Write to Granny..and tell her about your ecology activities and ideas…Wear your ecology symbol [sc. a pin] to promote a better environment. 1973 Antioch Rev. 32 iii. 449 Ecologists as scientists may or may not share the perspectives of the ecology movement. 1980 J. F. Pilat Ecol. Politics 73 The United Kingdom has no significant ecological parties; the Ecology party recently had only 600 members. 1985 Observer 22 Sept. 2/8 The Ecology Party changed its name to the Green Party at is annual conference in Dover. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1875
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