electro-comb. form

1960 Chinese Med. Jrnl. 80 97 (title) Electroacupuncture anesthesia in oral surgery: a preliminary report.

1981 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 19 Sept. 747/1 A group of patients with recurrent pain received low-frequency electroacupuncture.

2005 Sci. Amer. Aug. 18/1 Electroacupuncture—the electrical stimulation of tissues through acupuncture needles—increases the effectiveness of analgesic (pain-relieving) acupuncture by as much as 100 per-cent over traditional acupuncture.

1895 G. M'Gowan tr. W. Ostwald Sci. Found. Analyt. Chem. i. iv. 93 Only a limited application of these various possibilities is made in electro-analysis.

1922 T. M. Lowry Inorg. Chem. xxxix. 751 Uranium..can also be deposited (like manganese and lead) as a peroxide at the anode in electro-analysis, and converted to U₃O₈ by ignition.

2002 New Scientist 30 Mar. 78/1 (advt.) The project aims..to attempt three novel experiments in the areas of electrosynthesis and electroanalysis.

1898 Jrnl. Physical Chem. 2 452 On the electroanalytic precipitation of silver from nitric acid solution and the separation from copper.

1930 C. Grabo Newton among Poets vii. 104 Yet he [sc. Humphrey Davy] is indisputably the discoverer of several new elements and one of the successful adapters, if not the sole discoverer, of the electro-analytic method in chemical research.

2006 Chem. Physics Lett. 418 526/2 Potential window is one of the most important factors for an electroanalytic electrode.

1902 Science 28 Mar. 513/1 The electrolysis proceeded as smoothly and regularly as in the ordinary electro-analytical precipitation of a metal.

1964 Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. 2 112 The modern electro-analytical techniques.

2000 New Scientist 1 July 104/2 (advt.) The project involves the use of modern recombinant DNA techniques as well as electroanalytical methodologies to develop probes for the detection of specific sequences of DNA.

1866 S. V. Benét Electro-ballistic Machines 10 The construction of the Electro-Ballistic apparatus by Captain Navez, dates back to the year 1849.

1890 Capt. Noble in Nature 18 Sept. 502/2 In 1860..I carried on for the Government the first electro-ballistic experiments made in this country.

2000 S. H. Mauskopf in F. L. Holmes & T. H. Levere Instruments & Exper. Hist. Chem. xiii. 336 The most straightforward [means for measuring ballistic force] was incorporated in a variety of instruments developed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: mortar-eprouvettes, ballistic pendulums, and electroballistic chronographs.

1873 J. Althaus Treat. Med. Electr. (ed. 3) iv. 466 In newly-born infants, again, who do not give signs of life, ‘electro-bioscopy’ would be of utmost value.

1891 G. M. Beard & A. D. Rockwell On Med. & Surg. Uses Electr. (ed. 8) vi. 289 He [sc. Crimotel] suggested the term electro-bioscopy, and recommended that those who were apparently dead from drowning, syncope, apoplexy, freezing, hysteria, and the inhalation of poisonous gases, should, before burial, be tested.

1852 G. Dodd Curiosities of Industry vi. 14 Electro-blasting... Submarine blasting, and blasting at a distance from the operators, are..among the industrial applications of electrical powers.

1859 Abridgm. Specif. Electr. & Magnetism (Patent Office) p. lxxxiii 1842... Mr. Cubitt planned the destruction of the Round Down Cliff by electro-blasting. This event took place, January 26, 1843.

1876 G. Dodd Dict. Manuf., Mining, Machinery 107/1 Electro-blasting took its place permanently as an aid in engineering.

1982 Jrnl. Immunol. Methods 52 190 Several high molecular weight glutenins were not electro-blotted from the separation gel.

1993 B. J. Blacklock & R. O. Ryan in D. W. Stanley-Samuelson & D. R. Nelson Insect Lipids ii. 33 LTP apoproteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, electroblotted onto nitrocellulose and incubated in a DAG exchange assay.

1981 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78 4744/1 Other transfers from 1.5% agarose gels and all transfers from acrylamide gels were by electroblotting.

1992 L. C. Lane in K. Maramorosch Plant Dis. Viral, Viroid, Mycoplasma, & Uncertain Etiol. i. 26 Nucleic acids were transferred after electrophoresis to the positively charged Biodyne B membrane..by electroblotting.

1855 Chemist 2 194 When the zinc goods are electro-brassed, they are to be rinsed in hot water, and should then be placed in hot sawdust.

1991 Evening Chron. (Nexis) 6 June 21 Although the cheaper versions can look good initially, because they are plated or ‘electro-brassed’ they have a thin coating and are prone to tarnishing.

1927 Dict. Occup. Terms §278. 108/3 Electro-brasser..effects electrolytic deposition of brass on better types of finished screws.

2000 Standard Occup. Classif. 2000 (Office for National Statistics) II. 65/1 Electro-brasser (screws).

1890 Times 12 Apr. 8/6 I had the choice of three ways of electrogating. In the Subway ran the electrotrain; at the corner of the road stood the electrobus of the London Electrogation Company; [etc.].

1906 Westm. Gaz. 4 Dec. 6/3 About January..the first of the electrobuses will be placed in regular running.

1978 Sat. Night (Toronto) Dec. 40/3 The buses were electrobuses, smooth and non-polluting, running on Québec's sole source of energy, hydro power from James Bay.

1869 Nature 2 Dec. 147/2 Becquerel communicated an eighth memoir upon electro-capillary phenomena... These currents the author denominated electro-capillary.

1925 Chem. Abstr. 19 770 An equation is derived expressing the theories of polarization-capacity, of the electro-capillary curve, and of the electro-kinetic potential.

2006 Jrnl. Colloid & Interface Sci. 303 517/1 It has been known for a long time that it is possible to reduce the capillary forces at a liquid interface by applying an electric field... This phenomenon, known as electrocapillary behavior, was first formalized by Lippmann in 1875.

1860 A. C. Garratt Electro-physiol. & Electro-therapeutics x. 662 Dr. Paget had recourse to the electro-cautery. The case is one of very great interest, because it shows the adaptation and beautiful application of localized and concentrated electricity in surgery.

1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 27 Aug. 650/4 His view that electro~cautery..affords permanent relief.

1995 Amer. Health July–Aug. 17/2 Electrocautery, which burns off blemishes with an electronic needle, can remove brown spots and broken capillaries.

2003 Rosacea Rev. Summer 4/1 The CO₂ laser..is more precise than the electrocautery, a burning device that also may be used to resculpt the nose.

1956 U.S. Patent 2,760,846 1 A titanium dioxide suitable for the production of metallic titanium or electroceramics.

1962 U.S. Patent 3,218,607 5 A varying potential..excites the electroceramic transducer 35 to produce an output in the order of 40 acoustic milliwatts.

1999 Materials World July 461/2 (advt.) Research..covers a wide range of subjects from structural ceramics, glasses and advanced carbon materials, to photonics and electroceramic materials.

2001 R. W. Cahn Coming of Materials Sci. vii. 273 Minute dopant levels were to be crucial in the development of electroceramics.

1951 Analyt. Chem. 23 27/2 (caption) Arrangement for formation of electrochromatogram in paper strip, P, between glass plates.

2006 Jrnl. Chromatogr. B 841 85/2 (caption) Capillary electrochromatograms illustrating the separation of tryptic digest of cytochrome c..obtained at 25 and 55°C.

1950 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 72 2947/1 It seems best for the time being to regard the separations described as ionophoretic or electrophoretic rather than ‘electrochromatographic’.

2005 Jrnl. Chromatogr. A 1074 90/1 It is worth understanding separation mechanisms of large molecules in electrochromatographic mode.

1948 Chem. Abstr. 42 6703 A new analytical technique, electrochromatography, in which the adsorption is effected with the aid of an e.m.f., is described.

1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. (rev. ed.) III. 97/2 Electrochromatography is especially useful for the examination of ionized substances such as acids, bases, and salts.

1997 Trends Analyt. Chem. 16 549/1 Micellar electrochromatography has also been used to separate and detect estrogenic compounds.

1961 J. R. Platt in Jrnl. Chem. Physics 34 862/1 Electrochromic effects are expected in conjugated organic dyes of the dipolar linear-chain type.

1978 Govt. Data Syst. July–Aug. 24/3 The displays of the future may well be electrochromic, cathodochromic, PLZT, gas plasma, flat-screen liquid crystals, or electroluminescent.

2005 Car & Driver Aug. 97/2 The glass has sheets of electrochromic film layered in it that alter their transparency according to the amount of electrical current running through them.

1961 J. R. Platt in Jrnl. Chem. Physics 34 862/1 Theoretical considerations suggest that the absorption and emission spectra of certain dyes may be shifted by hundreds of angstroms upon application of a strong electric field. This effect could be called ‘electrochromism’, in analogy to ‘thermochromism’ and ‘photochromism’.

1996 Nature 17 Oct. p. v/1 Materials that change colour..in response to an electrically induced change in oxidation state (electrochromism) are being investigated for applications ranging from displays to ‘smart windows’.

2003 S. Greenfield Tomorrow's People (2004) ii. 18 The glass darkens with the technology of electrochromism that will, when the world itself darkens outside or on the word of command, convert the transparent glass panes to opaque hues.

1849 J. Locke in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 8 231 I propose first to give some brief definitions of the Electro-chronograph.

1878 S. Newcomb Pop. Astron. ii. ii. 157 When the observer makes a telegraph record of the moment of transit of a star by striking a key..it is evident that the electro-chronograph on which his taps are recorded may be at any distance to which the electric current can carry his signal.

2001 Brit. Jrnl. Hist. Sci. 34 176 The new electro-chronograph (also known as the American method) was slowly replacing the old eye-and-ear method for measuring stellar transits involved in longitude and time determinations.

1875 Electr. News 15 Nov. 223/2 (heading) The electro-conductivity of bodies of medium conducting power.

1966 R. Webster Pract. Gemmol. (ed. 4) ix. 96 Certain stones will conduct electricity when inserted into a suitable electrical circuit... It is only in the case of blue diamond that this electroconductivity is used as a test.

2002 Biol. Applic. 12 763/1 We collected soil samples..which were analyzed in the laboratory for electroconductivity (i.e., salinity).

1880 C. Sleeman Torpedoes iv. 63 The inertia circuit closer is employed in connection with electro contact mines.

1903 Daily Chron. 25 June 4/3 The relative merits of electro-contact and observation mines.

2001 C. Jones in D. Stevens & J. Reeve Southern Trident xi. 163 [At the beginning of the twentieth cent.] there were two basic kinds of mine, electro-contact (EC) and electroobservation (EO) mines, the latter usually the larger.

1844 C. V. Walker in D. Lardner Man. Electr., Magn., & Meteorol. II. 372 The whole is made conductive, and an electro-copper plate is formed on it.

1895 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 34 67 The leaves were prepared by depositing a thin film of gold on a highly polished and extremely thin electro-copper deposit.

1941 Econ. Jrnl. 51 26 Among wholesale prices, hops, beer,..electro-copper, tin,..and steel tubes show heavy increases.

1998 S. Lawrence in A. B. Knapp et al. Social Approaches to Industr. Past iii. 53 It has an ornate moulded floral design and was probably gilded or ‘electro-copper bronzed’ for a French ormolu affect.

1843 A. Smee Elements Electro-metall. (ed. 2) iii. 222 The wood-cut exhibits a bunch of Portugal grapes submitted to the action of the fluid to be electro-coppered.

1873 E. Spon Workshop Receipts 1st Ser. 212/2 Steel, iron, zinc, lead, and tin which have been previously electro-coppered.

1921 J. N. Pring Electr. Furnace iii. 29 A carbon rod can be heated through its electrical resistance..by electro-coppering the ends and soldering in water-cooled metal holders.

1930 U.S. Patent 1,778,126 2/1 The shell..can be made from copper being applied to the nozzle body by electrocoppering the nozzle body.

1843 A. Smee Elements Electro-metall. (ed. 2) iii. 222 The beauty of electro-coppered leaves, branches, and similar objects is surprising.

1881 Proc. Royal Soc. 1880–1 31 297 The electrodes were electrocoppered metallic capsules.

1961 Fresno (Calif.) Bee 5 May a12 (advt.) High quality electro-coppered mirrors at big savings.

1841 A. Smee Elements Electro-metall. iii. 97 (heading) Electro coppering.

1924 Trans. Optical Soc. 25 237 Under no circumstances must this electro-coppering be done in an ordinary cyanide or acid copper sulphate bath.

2006 U.S. Patent 2006/0150412 3/1 Known methods of glazing include..gold plating, electrocoppering, rhodanizing, chromium plating, [etc.].

1940 Jrnl. Exper. Psychol. 27 658 In the second group of experiments electrocortical potentials were recorded and changes subsequent to drug injections were noted.

1980 Science Oct. 80/2 The electrocortical events occurring during the perception of sensory stimuli are closely associated with both detection and recognition of these stimuli by the nervous system.

2004 S. R. McDaniel in L. J. Shrum Psychol. Entertainment Media xviii. 327 Subjects who were highly identified with a particular sports team exhibited significantly different physiological (i.e., heart rate and electrocortical) responses to photos of their favorite team compared with their responses to photos of a team that they didn't follow.

1937 E. A. Spiegel in Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. 118 569 For the sake of brevity, the potentials of the optic thalamus may be called the electrothalamogram..; those of the cerebral cortex the electrocortigram.., and those of the cerebellum electrocerebellogram.

1974 V. B. Mountcastle et al. Med. Physiol. (ed. 13) I. vii. 240/1 The records are termed, respectively, the electroencephalogram (EEG) and the electrocorticogram.

2006 Clin. Neurophysiol. 117 505/2 As part of their treatment, these patients at times require electrodes to be implanted either subdurally or directly into the parenchyma of the brain... Electrophysiological recordings made from these implants are known as electrocorticograms.

1845 Brit. Cultivator & Agric. Rev. Mar. 73/2 Mr. Gordon,..with the hope of seconding the disinterested views of Mr. Forster, and making them more extensively known, liberally offered to give a prize of £30..for the best Essay on Electro-culture.

1853 H. Stephens Farmer's Guide Sci. & Pract. Agric. II. 444/2 No one has as yet been able to reap similar advantages from similar experiments as Dr Forster obtained from his; and it is doubtful..that electro-culture will be prosecuted further for a time.

1917 Electr. Rev. 6 July 21/1 Though only just beginning to attract public attention, electro-culture is by no means a new idea.

1995 New Scientist 7 Oct. 69/1 Corona ionisation from high-voltage overhead wires formed the basis of ‘electroculture’: a technique for enhancing the growth of crops, studied in several countries in the early years of this century.

1858 Lancet 18 Sept. 315/1 Electro-dentistry. The proverbial torture of the toothache..points with a lively interest the American suggestion for inducing electric anæsthesia in extraction.

1896 Dental Cosmos 38 992 Dr. Morton..[took] it upon himself to call it electro-medicamental diffusion... We could..slightly change this title, and bring it closer into contact..with the dental art by calling it electro-medicodental diffusion, or..‘electromedicodental osmosis’. Other terms might be applied, such as electro-dentistry, and electrodental anesthesia.

1914 Edison Monthly Apr. 439/2 But dentists are alert to the needs of their profession and it is only the unprogressive who scoff at the possibilities of electro-dentistry.

1935 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 47 682 The following characteristics are desirable in devices used for measuring changes in the electrodermal response, or the so-called ‘psychogalvanic reflex’.

1984 Nature 30 Aug. 718/2 Dr Reinhold Voll,..the inventor of ‘electrodermal diagnosis’ (EDD).

2002 R. Carter Consciousness viii. 264 More recently, the prior identity of one woman was established by giving her electrodermal (lie detector) tests while asking her things like ‘Is your name Ann?’, ‘Barbara?’, ‘Claire?’, and so on.

1919 W. L. Clark in Amer. Jrnl. Electrotherapeutics & Radiol. 37 211 (title) The treatment of some lesions of the skin and mucous membranes by electrodesiccation.

1962 Southern Med. Jrnl. 55 391/1 Postoperative bleeding was controlled by electrodesiccation under halothane anesthesia.

2007 Jrnl. Amer. Acad. Dermatol. 56 904/2 Simple scissor excision, electrodesiccation, and cryotherapy are successful therapeutic options [for acrochordons].

1860 A. C. Garratt Electro-physiol. & Electro-therapeutics Pref. 1 I have prepared this work on Electro-therapeutics, including Electro-physiology, Electro-pathology, and Electro-diagnosis.

1882 A. H. Bennett (title) A practical treatise on electro-diagnosis in diseases of the nervous system.

1972 McGraw-Hill Yearbk. Sci. & Technol. 1971 193/2 Since the electrocardiogram was the first major signal selected for automation, it can be used as a model for the field of electrodiagnosis.

2004 N.Y. Mag. 16 Feb. 123 (advt.) The latest diagnostics & treatment including:..Spinal Manipulation. Massage. Electrodiagnosis & X-rays.

1871 W. B. Neftel Galvano-therapeutics 18 Those who reverse the current-direction by merely changing the respective electrodes on the surface of the intercalated body, cannot possibly observe some of the most interesting phenomena so valuable for electro-diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

1955 R. W. Stacy et al. Essent. Biol. & Med. Physics xxxvii. 475 There is some pain associated with the passage of electrodiagnostic currents through the skin.

1993 Dog World June 22/3 This is our electrodiagnostic room... There they do electro-retinagrams, nerve conduction, and electromyograms.

1902 A. Baudry U.S. Patent 711,375 1/1 I..have invented a new and useful Process for the Purification of Sugar-Juice by means of Electrodialysis.

1959 Observer 7 June 10/6 With brackish water it is cheaper to remove the salt from the water. The most promising method of doing this is electro~dialysis.

2000 M. de Villiers Water (new ed.) iv. xvi. 289 A number of different techniques have been developed, including reverse osmosis (RO), distillation, electrodialysis, and vacuum freezing.

1953 Jrnl. Agric. Sci. 43 131/1 In the present investigation, use has been made of the electro-ejaculation method, developed by Thibault, Laplaud & Ortavant.

1976 Nature 8 Apr. 544/2 Ejaculates were obtained from men, the great apes and various monkeys and domestic and laboratory animals, either by electroejaculation, masturbation, or the use of an artificial vagina.

1999 N.Y. Times Mag. 28 Mar. 64 The comatose men at the Midwest hospital had no wills stating they wanted to have children via electro-ejaculation.

1848 J. H. Pring Acct. Method Etching or Engraving 4 The one process may be designated as electro-engraving, viâ humidâ, whilst the other..may with propriety be styled electro-engraving or etching, viâ siccâ.

1879 Scribner's Monthly Sept. 796/1 (heading) Electro-engraving machine.

1993 E. Holder tr. Wks. Daniel Lagache 338 After the recording, the father and mother are presented in the form of two linked discs that have been subjected to electro-engraving.

1882 W. Thomson in Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1881 554 (heading) On an Electro-Ergometer.

1910 S. P. Thomson Life W. Thomson II. xix. 773 He also read a paper on an electro-ergometer, only to find that his proposal was the same as the wattmeter, shown to the section by Ayrton and Perry the same day.

1841 C. V. Walker Electrotype Manip. iii. 28 This opens to our view, in connection with electro-etching, another most important application of this..art.

1890 W. G. McMillan Treat. Electro-metallurgy i. 2 The electro-metallurgist may be called upon..to dissolve metals, either to remove an existing coat of one metal from the surface of another, or to effect the complete or partial solution of a homogeneous body superficially, as in the case of electro-etching.

1987 W. Kern & G. L. Schnable in S. J. Moss & A. Ledwith Chem. Semiconductor Industry xi. 236 Electrochemical etching is termed electrolytic etching or electro-etching if it involves the application of a controlled external electrode potential where the semiconductor or metal substrate is made the anode of an electrolytic cell.

1998 Leonardo 31 137/2 In many respects, electro-etching may be the safest and best plate-etching method currently available.

1890 W. G. McMillan Treat. Electro-metallurgy 281 Processes of electro-extraction, refining and plating.

1937 School Sci. Rev. 19 202 Such diverse operations as, for example, the electrolytic manufacture of white lead and the electro-extraction or electro-refining of metals are branches of the electrodeposition industry.

1990 F. C. F. Earney Marine Mineral Resources v. 101 From this point on, hydrometallurgy (pressure sulphuric acid leaching, solvent extraction, and electro-extraction) processes remove the base metals of cobalt, copper, and nickel.

1926 Electro-farming Mar. 294/2 Outside his cheery comfy house, The electro-farmer stands.

1962 Sci., Technol. & Devel. 1 61 An electro-farmer is shown how electricity can help achieve his stated goals.

1922 R. B. Matthews in Jrnl. Inst. Electr. Engineers 60 725/2 This use of the term ‘electro-farming’ must be interpreted in its broadest sense, i.e. whether the electrical medium provides merely mechanical methods..or whether the methods are exclusively electrical.

1926 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz. 24 Aug. 11/4 Electric lights makes [sic] hens work more profitable, but no harder, it was brought out at the electro-farming conference here.

1990 Sunday Tasmanian (Nexis) 29 July As the technology of agriculture becomes more sophisticated the role of electro-farming is becoming more important, particularly in Tasmania.

2005 Inside Fuels & Vehicles (Nexis) 30 June A Senate source familiar with the bill said this would be part of an ‘electro-farming concept’, where farmers would become energy independent, using fuel cell-powered equipment running on hydrogen produced from ethanol or other biofuels.

1956 Canad. Fish Culturist No. 19. 2 Every foot of the stream bed was thoroughly electro-fished.

1979 Angling July 55/1 A section of the Kennet..had been electro-fished during the close Season with the removal of many of the pike.

2006 Dunoon Observer & Argyllshire Standard 7 July 10/1 The River Ruel water bailiff..watched as the Argyll Fisheries Trust biologists, using specialised equipment, electro-fished the burn.

1950 Canad. Fish Culturist No. 9. 5 Electrofishing resembles seining in that it is dependent on the use of nets.

1978 Nature 3 Aug. 470/1 Bass were collected primarily by angling or electrofishing.

1999 R. Deakin Waterlog (2000) iii. 34 Trout fisheries also persecute the pike, culling coarse fish by electro-fishing.

1967 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 147 441 The reaction rate was constant for 2 h (Fig. 1) for both the crude enzyme and the various fractions after electro-focusing.

1976 Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 30 93 The complexity of the structure of the Neurospora G6P dehydrogenase is also indicated from electrophoretic and electrofocusing experiments.

2004 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 10 11804/2 HPLC-purified APF was fractionated by high-speed electrofocusing in a pH 2-10 sucrose density gradient.

1926 U.S. Patent 1,599,349 1/1 My invention relates to electrolytically formed hollow metal articles,..and particularly includes the manufacturing of said articles by electro-forming them on a fusible core.

1953 Science 23 Oct. 485/2 The most difficult of the manufacturing problems was the production of the precise ellipsoidal glass blank to be used as the pattern about which the reflecting surface is electroformed.

1997 Dentistry Today Sept. 103 (advt.) GES restorations are electroformed of pure gold.

1954 Electronic Engin. 26 325/3 Copper is the metal most commonly deposited, but electroforms can be produced with an initial deposit of ·003/·005 in. silver.

1968 Metrop. Mus. Art Bull. 27 79 The copper electroforms were reinforced by the addition of lead and returned to our workroom.

2003 Jrnl. Amer. Inst. Conservation 42 201/2 An electrotype or electroform of one of the silver Heterpheres bracelets..has itself become an accessioned object.

1926 U.S. Patent 1,599,349 1/1 I am the first to provide an electro-formed hollow metal article having a hollow substantially radial integral neck.

1950 Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. 165 245/1 The bending fatigue properties were determined for electroformed sheets of iron-nickel.

2003 National Art Coll. Fund Rev. 2002 80/2 The electroformed pleated vessel forms..have a strong, timeless, sculptural presence that refers to ancient Greece as well as to contemporary couture.

1919 U.S. Patent 1,310,970 1/2 The short hose sections..serve as insulations to prevent the electro-forming tube..from being ground through the engine.

1926 U.S. Patent 1,589,564 2/1 In the electro-forming of articles of copper and other similar metals in which the deposited layer is removed from the cathode.

1979 Leonardo 12 129/1 The electroforming process..requires an appreciably small investment in equipment for making sculpture of the same size.

2002 G. McLaren Studio Glass 33 Her trademark technique is electroforming, a..laborious process involving building up metallic layers on the surface of the glass and often taking weeks to complete.

1810 Jrnl. Nat. Philos. Jan. 42 Under suitable circumstances, a very active electro-galvanic chain might be formed in this manner.

1837 J. S. Coyne Queer Subj. i. iii You shall see me make this subject more by the action of the Electro-Galvanic Battery.

1954 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 44 286/1 Two electrogalvanic gadgets worn on the body against rheumatism.

2004 Dis. Colon & Rectum 47 346 Because of the relatively simple, painless and effective nature of electrogalvanic stimulation, we concluded that it may represent a useful adjunct to the therapeutic armamentarium for pelvic floor dyssynergia in normal transit constipation.

1886 Telegr. Jrnl. & Electr. Rev. 20 Aug. 200/1 The patent right No. 2,557 and 4,723 of 1886,..for electro-galvanising iron goods.]

1897 Mineral Industry 5 605 Electro-galvanizing.—Three processes for the electro-deposition of zinc upon iron are now in use in Europe.

1924 A. J. Allmand & H. J. T. Ellingham Princ. Appl. Electrochem. (ed. 2) xvii. 356 These processes all have their fields of utility, but that of electro-galvanising is still notably increasing.

1998 Materials World Apr. 219/1 These [processes] include electroplating (also known as electrogalvanizing), flame sprayed coating, [etc.].

1922 W. C. Alvarez in Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 78 1161/2 (title) The electrogastrogram and what it shows.

1986 Digestive Dis. & Sci. 31 33 The surface electrogastrogram may prove to be a useful tool for the investigation of patients with suspected gastric arrhythmias.

2003 A. Sagi-Dolev in L. J. Hettinger & M. Haas Virtual & Adaptive Environments xxiii. 533 The electrogastrogram (EGG)..is a measure of changes in electrical signals emanating from the gastric area and has been used to quantify motion sickness at sea.

1986 New Scientist 31 Jan. 21/2 Scientists checking UV emissions have dubbed the phenomenon ‘electroglow’, but are at a loss to explain the mechanism behind it.

1986 A. L. Broadfoot et al. in Science 4 July 75/3 The emission is more or less uniformly distributed over the sunlit hemisphere [of Uranus]... These emissions are distinct from dayglow and aurora, and we suggest the name ‘electroglow’ for them.

2004 Planetary & Space Sci. 52 1436/1 Another source of ‘optical noise’ comes from the emissions that can be excited by particle precipitations in planetary atmospheres (aurora, day-glow, electroglow).

1929 T. T. Brown in Sci. & Invention Aug. 375/1 Every material body possesses..distinct energy levels corresponding to the gravitational influences of every other body. These levels are readily revealed as the electro-gravic impulse dies and as the total gravic content of the body is slowly released.]

1956 Interavia 11 373 An electro-gravitic field acting on all parts simultaneously.

1960 B. S. DeWitt & R. W. Brehme in Ann. Physics 9 222 A plane or spherical sharp pulse of light, when propagating in a curved 4-dimensional hyperbolic Riemannian manifold, does not, in general, remain a sharp pulse, but gradually develops a ‘tail’. It is this phenomenon which is responsible for the electro-gravitic bremsstrahlung.

1989 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 423 455 The general electrogravitic differential is the sum of an electric differential and a pure gravitic one.

1998 UFO Mag. Jan.–Feb. 21/2 The new Lockheed-Martin space shuttle (National Space Plane) and the B-2 (Stealth bomber) both have electro-gravitic systems on board.

1956 Interavia 11 374/1 The communication possibilities of electro-gravitics, as the new science is called, confound the imagination.

2003 UFO Mag. Sept. 73/3 The problem we have encountered in determining the speed of gravitational waves is going to hold back electrogravitics for some time yet.

1880 C. W. Siemens in Nature 11 Mar. 457/1 The expense of electro-horticulture depends mainly upon the cost of mechanical energy.

1907 F. W. Semper Manures (ed. 16) 27 ‘It was found,’ says Prof. L. H. Bailey in a most interesting report upon experiments in electro-horticulture.., ‘that the electric light profoundly affects many plants.’

1962 Technol. & Culture 3 149 The history of electro-culture or electro-horticulture, as it was called, remained a mass of contradictions at least until the end of World War I.

1955 E. Burgess Frontier to Space v. 99 This experiment appears to confirm that the equatorial electrojet does in fact exist..and that it occurs in the E layer.

1956 Jrnl. Brit. Interplanetary Soc. 15 276 At 100 km. is the E layer in which electrojets flow and which were detected by early Aerobee rockets penetrating into this region.

2004 J. T. Clarke et al. in F. Bagenal et al. Jupiter xxvi. 647/2 A related phenomenon is the production of the auroral electrojet, which results from ion–neutral frictional drag produced by the breakdown in corotation in the middle magnetosphere.

1873 J. C. Maxwell Treat. Electr. & Magn. 12 Lines of this kind are often called Lines of Force. It would be more correct, however, to speak of them in electrostatics and magnetics as Lines of Induction, and in electrokinematics as Lines of Flow.

1902 Amer. Math. Monthly 9 242 A full discussion is given of electrostatics and electrokinematics.

1998 K. J. Laidler To Light such Candle v. 181 The book raises a number of aspects which Maxwell himself had not been able to clarify. It consists of four parts: Electrostatics, Electrokinematics, Magnetism, and Electromagnetism.

1854 G. Robinson (title) On electro-lithotrity, or the application of the mechanical force of the electrical discharge to the disintegration of stone in the bladder.

1882 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Electrolithotrity, the breaking up of an urinary calculus by sending a galvanic current through it, in order to produce disintegration.

1889 tr. E. Wiedemann in London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 5th Ser. 28 151 According to the mode of excitation I distinguish Photo-, Electro-, Chemi-, and Tribo-luminescence.

1902 C. R. Mann & R. A. Millikan tr. P. Drude Theory of Optics iii. iii. 540 The sodium light is produced by an electric discharge in a vacuum tube. In this electro-luminescence the temperature is..lower.

1936 Times Lit. Suppl. 15 Feb. 125/3 Electroluminescence, such as is exhibited in neon signs, perhaps shows the way to greater efficiency.

1999 Pop. Sci. Mar. 40/2 The New Darling of small, flat displays is a technology called organic electroluminescence (EL), which promises displays that are thinner, lighter, and brighter than existing LCDs.

1906 Trans. Amer. Inst. Electr. Engineers 23 Nov. 811 In such an electro luminescent arc, any stable material is suitable as a positive terminal.

1956 Nature 4 Feb. 240/2 The electro~luminescent properties of some zinc sulphide phosphors have been tentatively ascribed to a partial transformation from hexagonal to cubic.

2005 Men's Health (U.K. ed.) June 30/2 Casio PRG-40-3VUR watch/compass..electro-luminescent backlight.

1881 Sci. Amer. 23 July 54/1 (caption) Dr. Butler's electro-massage instrument.

1881 Manufacturer & Builder Sept. 211/3 Dr. Butler has used his method of electro-massage with very gratifying results.

1929 Dental Cosmos 71 176/1 The solution is simply applied after electromassage.

1991 She May 111 (advt.) Well, it's more than just a facial. It's a blend of natural herb and plant extracts, combined with proven electro-massage techniques.

1851 Official Descriptive & Illustr. Catal. Great Exhib. IV. 1231 Breton Brothers, 23 Rue Dauphine, Paris—Air-pump, with rotatory motion; electro-medical apparatus.

1881 Telegr. Jrnl. & Electr. Rev. 15 Mar. 105/1 Portable battery for electro-medical uses.

1961 Engineering 2 June 753 The large number of electro~medical appliances now in use.

2002 Daily Tel. 1 May 9/1 James Lind was the mentor of Percy Bysshe Shelley when the poet was at Eton, and was probably one of the first people in England to demonstrate electro-medical experiments ‘to make dead frogs jump like living ones’.

1875 T. Edison in J. T. Sprague Electr. 361 I then passed the strip into the electromotograph.

1910 F. L. Dyer & T. C. Martin Edison II. 837 Another notable use of the electromotograph principle was in its adaptation to the receiver in Edison's loud-speaking telephone.

1995 Sci. Amer. Oct. 140 At the invitation of his friend George Frederick Barker.., Edison had demonstrated an earlier version of the electromotograph at a meeting of the National Academy of Sciences.

1850 Lancet 7 Sept. 298/1 The author [sc. Duchenne] rejects the word ‘irritability’ adopted by authors for the muscular contractility which manifests itself by galvanic power and substitutes for it the term ‘electro-muscular contractility’.

1870 T. Holmes Syst. Surg. (ed. 2) IV. 179 When a healthy muscle is made to contract by means of electricity, it becomes the seat of a peculiar pain, which is called electro-muscular sensibility.

1919 J. R. Jacoby & G. W. Jacoby Electr. in Med. 388 The state of electromuscular sensibility is examined only with difficulty if cutaneous sensibility be normal.

2003 Daily Tel. 18 Apr. 6/2 The Taser ‘electro-muscular disruption’ gun..was not intended to replace conventional guns.

1871 Manufacturer & Builder Dec. 271/3 The inaugurators of this enterprise propose to give electro-musical entertainments.

1879 tr. T. A. L. Du Moncel Telephone 11 Before considering Bell's telephone,..it seems worth while, in order to make the reader perfectly familiar with these kinds of instruments, to study the electro-musical telephones which preceded it.

1937 Nature 6 Feb. 215/1 The author's brief treatment of the comparatively new electro-musical instruments, the Ondium Martenot, the trautonium and the Neo-Bechstein piano, is also good.

2001 New Grove Dict. Music (ed. 2) XV. 216/1 The loudspeaker is an essential component of every electro-musical system.

1907 Washington Post 16 June 14/8 From Nantes, France, is reported a series of highly successful experiments with a new form of narcosis. Prof. Stephane Leduc, who is the inventor of it, believes that it will presently supercede narcosis by drugs. He calls it electro-narcosis.

1944 Arch. Neurol. & Psychiatry 51 232/2 It has been shown that there is a fundamental difference between the mechanism of electronarcosis and that of chemical narcosis.

1992 D. Spoto Laurence Olivier xi. 249 Under general anesthetic,..up to half a dozen convulsions were triggered in the brain. Anxious to avoid possible memory loss, doctors preferred at that time to use a Shotter-Rich electronarcosis machine.

2003 Meat Sci. 64 8/1 They were slaughtered by electronarcosis and exsanguination..in the abattoir of the Meat Research Centre.

1942 Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. 137 39 (title) The relation between the physical properties of electric currents and their electronarcotic action.

1952 Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. May 92 Bernberg showed that lengthy electronarcotic treatment of young rats..impedes their later learning.

1957 Jrnl. Wildlife Managem. 21 204/1 To facilitate removal of the fish from the tank, the voltage was raised to the electronarcotic level.

1986 U.S. Patent 4,576,171 1/2 An electronarcotic current is delivered to an animal through improved probes in order to immobilize the animal.

1838 J. L. Murphy Ess. Sci. of Consciousness 6 During the more powerful electro-nervous state, resulting from the circulation, the excitements of thought and feeling are produced.

1860 A. C. Garratt Electro-physiol. & Electro-therapeutics iv. 216 Variations in temperature act more powerfully than we are apt to think upon the whole electro-nervous apparatus of our organism.

1904 F. B. Gottschalk Pract. Electro-therapeutics 235 The disappearance of electro-nervous excitability coincides with the degeneration of the nerve structure.

1991 Leonardo 24 204/3 The planetary organism sensitizes itself through the impulses of an electronervous system.

1965 Electroencephalography & Clin. Neurophysiol. 19 198/1 The electronystagmogram (ENG) supplements the EEG by showing mainly the effects of subcortical and brain-stem lesions.

1993 Clin. Electroencephalogr. 24 151/1 For many years the main clinical test of vestibular function has been the electronystagmogram.

1958 Lancet 26 July 208/2 The electronystagmograph promises to widen understanding of nystagmus as a sign of labyrinthine disease.

2000 Internat. Jrnl. Pediatric Otorhinolaryngol. 54 117/2 Positional and positioning nystagmus were documented by computerized electronystagmograph recording labyrinthine function.

1956 Ophthalmologica 132 156 (title) Electronystagmographic recording of acquired (?) monocular vertical nystagmus.

1964 Trans. Ophthalm. Soc. 83 555 Electro-nystagmographic findings.

2006 Toxicol. & Appl. Pharmacol. 215 228 By means of a caloric test coupled with electronystagmographic recordings, we found that cisplatin exposure caused a dose-dependent..vestibular dysfunction.

1967 Acta Oto-laryngologica 64 403 Galvanic pseudonystagmus. Electronystagmographically recorded nystagmus-like reaction induced by galvanic action.

2000 NeuroImage 11 s669 The patient's eye movements were recorded electronystagmographically.

1929 I. L. Meyers in Arch. Neurol. & Psychiatry (Chicago) 21 901 (title) Electronystagmography. A graphic study of the action currents in nystagmus.

1975 Year Bk. Ear, Nose & Throat 22 Eye movements were recorded by electronystagmography.

2005 Jrnl. Okla. State Med. Assoc. 98 596 All patients presented with sudden onset of severe disequilibrium and bilateral vestibular loss confirmed by electronystagmography.

1947 L. Carmichael & W. F. Dearborn Reading & Visual Fatigue viii. 266 The term electro-oculogram in this book is used to apply to the records traced in ink upon the recording paper... These records are made..by an ink-writing oscillograph which is actuated by amplified currents originating in electrodes placed about the orbits of the eyes.

1967 Brain 90 548 The electro-oculogram, which utilizes changes in the corneal-retinal potential as an index of eye position, was recorded for vertical movements from a pair of electrodes immediately above and below the eye.

2003 Geriatric Times (Nexis) 1 May 27 Tests such as electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), which traces eye movements, and electromyogram (EMG), which measures muscle tension, are also used to measure sleep patterns.

1955 Jrnl. Higher Educ. 26 442/2 After much research, an electro-oculograph was decided on as an excellent device for measuring speed of reading.

1984 Sleep 7 52 We examined the relationship between eye movement direction in REM sleep recorded by electrooculograph (EOG) and gaze direction in dream imagery.

2001 National Post (Canada) (Nexis) 7 Dec. d8 Drivers were hooked up to monitors, including an electroencephalograph (EEG) and an electro-oculograph (EOG) that tracked whether eyelids were open, drooping or closed.

1949 Rev. Educ. Res. 19 111 Carmichael and Dearborn..used electrical devices to study visual fatigue in reading. These devices enabled them to take simultaneously electrocardiographic, electroencephalographic, and electrooculographic (eye-movement) tracings.

1984 Brit. Jrnl. Ophthalmol. 68 199 The electrooculographic studies..in this family were found to be normal or reduced and did not correlate with visual acuity.

2007 Clin. Neurophysiol. 118 222/2 Electrooculographic activity was measured from an electrode placed below the orbital rim.

1958 Amer. Jrnl. Ophthalmol. 45 158/2 In 25 subjects with unilateral amblyopia there was uncertain fixation which is..electrooculographically demonstrable.

1997 Jrnl. Neurol. Sci. 150 Suppl. S127/2 Deaf-mute children and normal controls were asked to read a concrete prose silently and during the task eye movements were electrooculographically recorded.

1951 Arch. Ophthalmol. 45 184 Many optimistic predictions or suggestions have been made for the future of electro-oculography in visual research.

1977 Neurology 27 294 Eye movements were studied with electro-oculography in a patient with primary position, large amplitude, upbeat nystagmus.

2005 W. C. Dement et al. in C. A. Kushida Sleep Deprivation ii. 36 He went to bed at the U.S Naval Hospital where his sleep was continuously monitored by means of electroencephalography (EEG), electrooculography (EOG), and electromyography (EMG).

1869 Arch. Ophthalmol. & Otol. 1 i. 232 It might be supposed that a work so full of care..as that of Brenner on Electro-otiatrics, would on no side be open to serious contradiction.

1898 W. Scheppegrell Electr. in Diagnosis & Treatm. of Dis. of Nose, Throat & Ear xxxiii. 324 The electric reaction of the auditory apparatus is attributed by most writers on electro-otiatrics to the auditory nerve only.

1849 A. Smee (title) Elements of electro-biology, or the voltaic mechanism of man; of electro-pathology, especially of the nervous system; and of electro-therapeutics.

1930 Amer. Jrnl. Polit. Sci. 1 140 Medico-Legal Institute... I met Dr. Jellinek, in charge of electropathology, and saw his museum showing various aberrant activities of electricity.

2006 Heart Rhythm 3 209/1 To better understand the electropathology of paroxysmal AF [= atrial fibrillation], we must determine whether a patient primarily has a ‘trigger problem’.

1875 Amer. Cycl. XIII. 474/1 Masson's electro-photometer has the advantage of comparing lights of different colors.

1938 Science 7 Oct. 335/1 Growth is determined after incubation for 36 hours at 37°C by turbidity measurements using the Evelyn electrophotometer.

1997 Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 8 480 IR-spectra were recorded with a Perkin-Elmer electrophotometer.

1948 Science 29 Oct. 482/1 (heading) Electrophrenic Respiration... A new type of artificial respiration has been developed which uses electrical stimulation of one or both phrenic nerves.

1954 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 54 928 When the electophrenic respirator is used..the irregular or inadequate respirations are abolished and are replaced by the regular rhythm of the machine.

2006 Current Therapeutic Res. 67 207 Diaphragmatic fatigue was induced by intermittent bilateral electrophrenic stimulation applied for 30 minutes at a frequency of 20 Hz.

1949 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 109 111 Electroplexy, used on an intensive schedule.., is qualitatively different in its therapeutic value and side-effects.

1967 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 113 631/2 The great majority of the British physicians preferred electroplexy for endogenous depression.

2003 S. Fernando Cultural Diversity, Mental Health & Psychiatry v. 189 In the present day psychiatric treatment focuses almost entirely on physical (as opposed to psychological) medical-type therapies, medication and electroplexy (ECT) being the main ones.

1855 R. M. Glover Man. Elem. Chem. 34 Its [sc. ozone's] smell is precisely similar to what is produced when a powerful electro-pneumatic machine has been long worked.

1869 Musical Times Jan. 653/2 (advt.) Electro-pneumatic organ action.

1909 Times 7 July 19/3 The signalling is operated from an electro-pneumatic power box at Central Station.

1953 H. J. Hine Farm Workshop iv. 66 An electro-pneumatic switch closes the motor circuit when the pressure of the air in the reservoir has dropped to some pre-set figure.

2002 Cathedral Music Oct. 43/3 All new organs were provided with either tubular, electro-pneumatic or electric action.

1866 H. Morton & A. R. Leeds Student's Pract. Chem. 100 Chester & Co. also manufacture another form of the same battery, under the title of ‘electropoion battery’. The important feature in this is the substitution of a mixture of sulphuric acid and solution of bichromate of potash for the nitric acid.

1882 Manufacturer & Builder Jan. 10/1 The large amount of liquid (electropoion) is merely to save the trouble of frequently recharging; a battery containing six drachms per cell gives equal power, but for a shorter period.

1910 W. J. Dugan Hand-bk. Electro-therapeutics 17 The electrolyte is a solution of sulphuric acid and bichromate of potassium in water. It is called the electropoion fluid.

1827 Lancet 17 Nov. 244/1 You have, in this instrument, what Volta was a long time in search of, namely an electropolar arrangement of extremities.

1876 Proc. Royal Soc. 1875–6 24 407 If it be assumed that a dielectric under electric induction has every element of volume of its substance in an electropolar state.

1935 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 151 384 The hydrogen atom..makes its presence felt outside this sphere, mainly by its electropolar effect.

1994 Jrnl. Catalysis 146 211/1 According to the theory of electrophilic substitutions..the position of the substitution in [an] aromatic ring depends on the electropolar nature of the group introduced.

1940 Brit. Patent 526,854 3/2 When electropolishing plain carbon steels and molybdenum steels, it is preferable to include chromic acid..in the electrolytic solution.

1990 Brit. Jrnl. Orthodontics 17 137/1 Finally, they [sc. orthodontic brackets] are electropolished for 30–40 seconds.

2006 Acta Materialia 54 4113/2 A more manageable solution was to electropolish disks where the shear band is off-center.

1943 U.S. Patent 2,330,562 3/2 A thin shell-like covering strip of electropolished metal.

1998 Agric. Res. Feb. 10/1 He asked her to include his company's electropolished steel as part of her research protocol.

1940 Brit. Patent 526,854 4/1 In the electropolishing of low carbon steels, the chromic acid may be entirely omitted.

1990 Brit. Jrnl. Orthodontics 17 137/2 The brackets were heated to 250°C and then subjected to a flash electropolishing procedure.

1994 Diabetes Forecast May 37/2 (advt.) The needles are sharper because of advanced laser technology and electropolishing.

1985 Science 16 Aug. 694/3 Electropollution Symposium at the Howard Inn, Washington, D.C... Active workers in radiofrequency/microwave radiation biology invited to submit abstracts.

1994 Inverse Probl. 10 998 There is considerable debate..concerning the safety of human exposures to electromagnetic fields associated with electric power distribution..and other electropollution.

2007 Guardian (Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island) (Nexis) 9 Feb. a7 We ask all Islanders' assistance in ridding our homes of the electropollution that will be caused by a power transmission line..to transmit wind power into the New England power grid.

1844 J. Timbs Year-bk. of Facts 50 The deposition of metals from metallic salts by the electro process.

1852 Househ. Words 22 May 227/2 Like plates multiplied by the electro-process—like the printer's ‘stereo’—like the reporter's ‘manifold’—you will find duplicates, triplicates of these forlorn beings everywhere.

1897 U.S. Patent 586,171 1/1 My invention simplifies the conditions of the electro process and furnishes means whereby the electrodeposition of metals can be carried on with great rapidity.

1936 C. Goodrich Migration & Econ. Opportunity vii. 386 Only in industries sometimes termed ‘electro-process’ industries—that is, electro-chemical and electro-metallurgical plants—is electric energy sufficiently important to be a major consideration.

1950 Amer. Sociol. Rev. 15 557/1 Important power-consuming industries such as the electro-process industries.

1957 W. H. Kerry Freehand Drawing & Pict. Illustr. for Draughtsmen i. 7 Pencil work can only be reproduced naturally by the half-tone process, which is more expensive that either the zinco or electro processes normally used for the illustration of ink drawings.

1836 C. Bell Nerv. Syst. Human Body (ed. 3) 313 Then he had recourse to the electro puncture; that is, he introduced five needles an inch deep into his cheek, and drew a current of galvanism along these.

1871 T. Holmes Syst. Surg. (ed. 2) V. 528 Electro-puncture is nothing more than the application of a galvanic current to the tissues included between two acupuncture needles.

1905 Lancet 15 Apr. 1037/1 The first [case of tumour] was in a child, aged two years, in whom four sittings for electropuncture completed a cure.

1997 Amer. Jrnl. Acupuncture 25 309 I suggest replacing awkward terminology such as ‘electroacupuncture without needles’, or ‘transcutaneous electrical stimulation at acupunture points’, or ‘acupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation’, etc., with the term ‘electropuncture’.

1868 E. Atkinson tr. A. Ganot Elem. Treat. Physics (ed. 3) x. viii. 789 Pouillet's electropyrometer consists of a gun barrel closed at one end by an iron plug. In this is fixed a platinum wire, which is..connected with a galvanometer.

1894 Physical Rev. 1 261 They [sc. the researches of Dr. Siemens] were undertaken with the object of obtaining a practically reliable scale for the electropyrometer which bears his name.

1962 Soviet Physics–Techn. Physics 7 369/2 The cathode temperature was measured with an optical electropyrometer.

1855 H. M. Noad Man. Electr. (ed. 4) I. ix. 356 The electro-reduction of the alkaline metals originally accomplished by Davy, with a battery of 100 pairs of six-inch copper and zinc plates.

1924 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 46 1681 p-Chlorobenzyl alcohol has been prepared by the electro-reduction of p-chlorobenzaldehyde.

2007 Jrnl. Nucl. Materials 360 73/1 When performed on a reactive nickel electrode, the electroreduction of all the lanthanides..was observed with a strong depolarisation effect.

1890 W. G. McMillan Treat. Electro-metall. 285 The electro-refining or extraction of metals remained merely an interesting laboratory experiment, the practical application of which was beyond the range of economical solution until the invention and multiplication of dynamo-electric machinery.

1935 W. A. Koehler Princ. & Applic. Electrochem. II. xxiii. 170 A large part of the silver produced is obtained from the slimes which are a by-product from the electrorefining of baser metals, especially from the refining of copper, lead, nickel, and zinc.

1997 Jrnl. Nucl. Materials 247 215/2 The irradiated fuels are pyrochemically reprocessed by molten-salt electrorefining.

1931 Trans. Optical Soc. 32 179 There is good evidence to show that the electroretinogram manifests changes which are in very striking accord with most of the laws of visual phenomena.

1951 Electronic Engin. 23 170/1 An electro-retinogram is the voltage change generated by the retina in response to a flash of light falling on the eye.

2007 Seattle Times (Nexis) 29 Jan. Hamoody will have an electroretinogram prior to his surgeries to be sure that there is no functional vision remaining in the left eye.

1946 E. N. Willmer Retinal Structure & Colour Vision ii. 41 Some electroretinographic records..suggest that messages may under some conditions cease to travel along optic nerve fibres from the rods when the illumination is intense.

1957 Radiation Res. 6 119 Cibis et al. described electroretinographic changes 10 minutes after the administration of 6000 r of X-irradiation.

1999 Nature 4 Nov. 36/2 The spectral wavelength-sensitivity maxima of opsins from four lemurs from each of two species have been measured by using electroretinographic flicker photometry.

1947 R. Granit (title) Sensory mechanisms of the retina: with an appendix on electroretinography.

1948 Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Dec. 80 Experiments on the electroretinography of various animals.

1977 Science 11 Nov. 629/3 Electroretinography and occipital EP tests with flash stimuli yielded essentially normal results.

2007 Surv. Ophthalmol. 52 98/1 Electroretinography confirmed the presence of retinopathy.

1969 Polymer Sci. U.S.S.R. 11 3195 Very interesting results in connection with the use of electrorheological effects for the study of velocity distribution in flow and the mechanism of turbulence were examined.

1999 Engineering Nov. 39/3 He developed a front suspension system with damping using an electro-rheological fluid that thickened when a current was passed through it.

1959 Metalworking Production 29 May 950/1 A molten pool of highly-ionized and consequently electrically conductive slag which transfers the heat instead of the arc itself—therein lies the secret of the ‘electro-slag’ welding technique.

1966 New Scientist 7 July 6/2 Electro-slag refining..is what the steelmaker calls a secondary refining process—one, that is, which refines an ingot of steel to higher standard of purity and structural perfection.

2001 R. W. Cahn Coming of Materials Sci. ix. 351 Advanced modern methods of high-temperature chemistry, such as electroslag refining, are needed for such purification.

1986 Clin. Materials 1 180/1 For the first vessel type, How et al. used uniaxial tests of the wall material to describe the dependence of whole vessel mechanics on the manufacturing variables in their electrospinning process.

1995 Jrnl. Electrostatics 35 152 In the electrospinning process, fibers with a variety of cross sectional shapes and variations along their length may be produced.

2006 Nature 12 Oct. 609/1 [They] used a technique known as electrospinning to make fibres about 100 nanometres wide that contained two thinner threads fused together.

1946 Science 24 May 639/2 Dysentery phage is prepared in either liquid or solid form, the latter obtained by the electrospray drying method at −40° C.

1976 Science 5 Mar. 923/2 We recently employed the electrospray technique to produce thin, uniform molecular films.

2003 M. Verrokenand & D. R. Mottram in D. R. Mottram Drugs in Sport (ed. 3) xi. 337 More recent approaches for testing testosterone have investigated..the use of electrospray mass spectrometry for testosterone esters.

2007 Chem. Engin. Sci. 62 1263 (title) Electrospray of ionic precursor solutions to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles.

1837 A. Turnbull Treat. Painful & Nervous Dis. (ed. 3) 3 To avoid circumlocution, I shall use the term electro-stimulation, to express this combination of heat and tingling, or electric-like feelings.

1849 Jrnl. Psychol. Med. & Mental Pathol. 2 90 The last flickering of contraction on the electro-stimulation of a dead muscle.

1953 Confinia Neurologica 13 301 My preference as to order of therapeutic priority..is as follows: carbon dioxide therapy has first priority unless there are specific contraindications, then non-convulsive electrostimulation (E.S., nc.), then convulsive electrostimulation (E.C.T.).

2005 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 14 Aug. i. 18/3 (in figure) Shock wave therapy, acupuncture and/or electrostimulation is used to make the [horse's] throat look fuller and clearer (an indication of breathing capacity).

1878 E. J. Mills in Proc. Royal Soc. 26 505 If the bulb of an ordinary thermometer be coated chemically with silver, and then electrically with a metallic deposit, the mercury will traverse some portion of the scale... To this phenomenon I have given the name electrostriction.

1960 E. D. P. De Robertis Gen. Cytol. (ed. 3) xvi. 458 In cyclosis, waves of changes in viscosity and electrostriction take place throughout the protoplasm.

2001 R. W. Cahn Coming of Materials Sci. vii. 275 Due to their high piezoelectric response, ‘electrostriction’ in ferroelectrics, induced by an applied electric field, can be used as strain-inducing components.

1878 E. J. Mills in Proc. Royal Soc. 25 508 I have..little hesitation in accepting this result as a datum for calculating the total electrostrictive effect at much higher readings.

1953 Jrnl. Acoustical Soc. Amer. 25 294/2 Although polycrystalline barium titanate is basically an electrostrictive material, by prepolarization it assumes properties which make it very similar to piezoelectric materials.

2004 W. O'Brien & L. Soibelman in R. Zimmerman & T. Horan Digital Infrastructures ii. 25 Piezoelectric and electrostrictive materials that respond mechanically to electrical fields are presently the most popular candidates for adaptive actuator systems.

1843 W. R. Grove in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 133 96 I have been thus particular in order to explain points in the action of this battery which might seem exceptions to the law of definite electrolysis, or what perhaps we should here call electro-synthesis.

1918 Biol. Bull. 34 85 The possibility presents itself that electrosynthesis is the chief method of construction in the living system.

1996 B. Aldrin & J. Barnes Encounter with Tiber 523 They ran entirely on indigenous propellants: methanol made from water and carbon dioxide, and hydrogen peroxide made by electrosynthesis from water.

1843 W. R. Grove in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 133 104 In this and many other experiments with the gas battery I..have never been able to produce any chemical change or electro-synthetic absorption of nitrogen.

1985 Inorganica Chimica Acta 102 12/1 Coulometry and electrosynthetic experiments employed a platinum gauze working electrode.

2002 L. A. Rickels Nazi Psychoanal. III. 191 The poison plot is safely wrapped up in the rubber latex frame of one more electrosynthetic replacements for another natural resource that Germany lacks.

1843 W. R. Grove in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 133 97 Whether the gases entered into solution first, and were then electro-synthetically combined.

1977 Jrnl. Organometallic Chem. 142 102 The fact that the electrode material determines the electrode process suggests that complexes with Hg—M bonds could be prepared electrosynthetically.

1991 Jrnl. Power Sources 36 508 Electrosynthetically prepared Co(OH)₂ was obtained in bulk after prolonged (2 to 3 h) cathodic deposition.

1882 Electrician (U.S.) July 144/1 Electro-Technology will form a part of the course in future in the Stuttgart Polytechnic School, and experiments, as well as lectures will be given. All the branches of electric industry will be taught, and practically exemplified.

1925 H. C. Booth tr. F. Auerbach Mod. Magnetics (U.K. ed.) i. 8 The electro-magnet it its various forms plays an especially important part in general practice and above all in electro-technology.

1992 Etc Montréal No. 18. 67/1 How ironic that Sonnier [sc. an artist], with his highly refined surfaces and full tilt reliance on electrotechnology, is able to mediate our journey back to man's primordial confrontations with the mysteries of the universe.

1842 Mechanics' Mag. 11 June 470/1 In the infancy of electro-telegraphic communication, every one has been subscribing to the absolute necessity of protecting the wires from contact with moisture.

1854 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1848–53 5 206 During the winter I devised a new mode of working the electro-telegraphic registering upon the cylinder.

1896 Geogr. Jrnl. 8 57 The operations consisted, as usual, of triangulation, topography,..electro-telegraphic determinations of longitude, [etc.].

1976 H. L. Beaver Sci. Fiction of E. A. Poe Introd. p. viii ‘The Thousand-and-Second Tale of Scheherazade’ was gaily to expound these marvels—with those of the electrotype, daguerreotype, and electrotelegraphic printer.

1844 Mechanics' Mag. 9 Nov. 320/2 Electro-telegraphy.—An electro-magnetic telegraph on Mr. Faraday's plan, has been attached to the Taunus railroad.

1908 Times Engin. Suppl. 5 Feb. 1/4 A period in the history of electro-telegraphy when a rival method has to be congratulated on remarkable development.

1994 Osiris 9 186 The most innovative character of Helmholtz's work derived from his adapting a number of interrelated technical devices employed in electrotelegraphy to the measurement of small intervals of time.

1848 H. Watts tr. L. Gmelin Hand-bk. Chem. I. 308 Poggendorff... Electro-thermal Decomposition, and two new Eudiometrical Methods.

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 123/2 A process for the electrothermal reduction of oxidized ores.

1961 Engineering 10 Nov. 611 A new non-explosive process for breaking rock has been studied by the United States General Electric Company. The process is known as electrothermal forcing.

1995 New Scientist 21 Oct. 35/1 There are three types of electric propulsion system. In the simplest, an electrothermal system, electrical energy heats an inert gas such as xenon, which then escapes through a nozzle to generate thrust.

1839 J. F. Daniell Introd. Study Chem. Philos. 472 These effects of what may, perhaps, be designated as electro-thermancy which we owe to M. Pelltier [sic], are the converse of those of thermo-electricity.

1859 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 4th Ser. 17 108 To further increase the velocity of motion, I have introduced into the apparatus the principle of action discovered by Peltier, termed electro-thermancy.

1851 Ann. Sci. Discov. 119 Electro-thermic telegraph.—Mr. W. S. Thomas, of Norwich, N.Y., has patented a new telegraph, which is an application of heat as a substitute for electricity in recording telegraphic communications.

1899 Engin. Mag. June 495/1 Electrothermic methods have been in use for a number of years in connection with the production of aluminium, sodium, [etc.].

1929 Amer. Jrnl. Surg. 6 460/2 The coagulated tissue is removed..by the electrothermic cutting current.

1959 Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. 191 197/2 Results of electro~thermic smelting tests carried out on these ores.

2005 Jrnl. Orthopaedic Res. 23 527/1 Generally, two major analytical techniques were used, electrothermic atomic absorption spectrometry..and induction coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.

1884 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Electrothermy,..the science of the electricity developed by heat. Also, the science of the heat produced by electricity.

1912 W. K. Sibley Treatm. Dis. Skin 46 Electrothermy is the most powerful method at present introduced for the production of hyperæmia.

1948 Science 20 Aug. 182/1 The Electrochemical Institute at Karaikudi (South India)... This Institute..will initially have two main divisions dealing with electrolysis and electrothermy.

1988 Computers in Industry 10 137/1 He worked..on managing the Department of metallurgy and electrothermy.

2004 Operative Techniques Neurosurg. 7 50/1 Minimally invasive procedures such as..intradiscal electrothermy and laser discectomy.

1841 E. Palmer Brit. Patent 8987 (1856) 4 The brushes recommended for this ‘surface electrotint’ are the cut brushes of different degrees of fineness.

1897 Cent. Mag. Feb. 519/1 The results obtained in printing by this process do not differ materially from what is known as the electrotint (Palmer process).

2003 Jrnl. Amer. Inst. Conservation 42 420/1 Other terms for this process were electrotint, galvanoglyphy, typographic etching, and stylography.

1926 Electro-farming Mar. 309 (title) The essentials of electro-tractor design.

1957 Electr. Times 20 June 974/2 On the type of cables suitable for electro-tractors.

1892 Bot. Gaz. 17 158 In from 3 to 6 hours the hyphæ bend away from the electric source, from which he maintains they are negatively electrotropic.

1932 K. Hickman & L. Staib U.S. Patent 1,880,449 1/1 There are..coatings which are thermotropic (heat sensitive) or electrotropic (sensitive to electricity) so that color changes are recorded where heat or the electric spark are applied.

2000 Plant, Cell & Environment 23 1275/2 To..examine the nature of the electrotropic response, high resolution image analysis was used..following the application of an exogenous electric field.

1898 H. C. Porter tr. E. Strasburger et al. Text-bk. Bot. Index 613/2 Electrotropism.

1939 R. J. Hartman Colloid Chem. xxiv. 517 Galvanotropism, or electrotropism, is the growth of organisms toward an electrical charge provided, usually, by an electrostatic field.

1993 Plant Physiol. 101 1110/2 Because the direction of root curvature was just the opposite..field strength rather than current density must be the dominating parameter in electrotropism.

1936 Chem. Abstr. 30 6621 (heading) The theory of electroviscosity.

1941 Jrnl. Physical Chem. 45 953 The electroviscosity accounts for 59 per cent of the specific viscosity in a 1 per cent calcium caseinate system.

1997 Jrnl. Cell Biol. 136 1319/2 The binding of ADF to F-actin may change the surface properties of the filaments, affecting their electroviscosity.

1935 Chem. Abstr. 29 4236 (heading) The effect of an electric field on the viscosity of colloidal solutions. I. The external electroviscous effect.

1967 New Scientist 30 Mar. 666/1 (caption) Apparent viscosity of a typical electroviscous dispersion varies directly with the strength of the applied electric field, and inversely with the shear rate.

2007 Jrnl. European Ceramic Soc. 27 2213/1 The comparison proves..that the primary electroviscous effect is not responsible for the deviation of zirconia suspension viscosity from the Einstein model.

1840 Edinb. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 53 270 Some experiments were shown..tending to show the existence of an electro-vital current in hot-blooded animals.

1875 D. Clark Newly Discovered Syst. Electr. Medication 52 This is done by the mind's action, first on the electro-vital functions, and through these..upon the bodily tissues.

1998 B. Clarke in M. Bell & P. Poellner Myth & Making of Modernity ii. 95 His attempt to get beyond Victorian thermodynamics by an electro-vital refurbishing of romantic physiology was to a large extent a doctrinal failure.

1860 G. H. Taylor Expos. Swedish Movement-cure ii. 62 The intimate relation of these fluids..has given occasion to partial and incomplete applications of mesmerism, electro-vitalism, electro-therapeutics, and, quite recently, to odic-force and tellurism.

1996 B. Clarke Dora Marsden & Early Modernism i. 31 Already in the ideas of the German romantic physiologists, the valence of electro-vitalism was masculinist.

1998 T. Armstrong Modernism, Technol. & Body i. 17 In popular electro-vitalism..electricity seemed to duplicate the body's fundamental energies.

1934 Webster's New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. Electrowin, v.

1958 U.S. Patent 2,820,748 1 Attempts to electrowin the metals of the fourth group of the periodic table..from aqueous solutions or from melts.

2005 Metal Finishing Apr. 58 The MES is capable of electrowinning many metals to under 1 ppm.

1926 Industr. & Engin. Chem. 18 1030/1 It is the excess electrical energy used in the electrowinning process that must be compared in cost with the fuel used in smelting.

1943 U.S. Patent 2,313,372 1/1 A process for the electroplating, electrorefining, electrowinning and electroforming of lead from anodes containing the same.

1987 R. L. Atkinson Copper & Copper Mining (Shire Album 201) 30/2 Pure copper is now produced in the United States by hydrometallurgy and electrowinning at about one-third of the cost of smelting.

2003 Review (Rio Tinto) June 13/1 Leaching followed by solvent extraction and electrowinning is a relatively cheap route to high purity copper.