effectorn.adj.

Brit.

/ᵻˈfɛktə/, U.S.

/əˈfɛktər/,

/iˈfɛktər/

Forms: 1500s– effector, 1600s effectour.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin effector.

Etymology: < classical Latin effector person who creates or causes, author, originator < effect- , past participial stem of efficere effect v. + -or -or suffix. Compare effecter n.With use in biology compare receptor n.

A. n.

I. General uses.

1. = effecter n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > [noun] > agent or person who causes

causec1374

authora1382

workerc1384

causerc1386

begetterc1390

causac1420

workera1425

upraiserc1440

inspirerc1450

procurer1451

occasioner?c1452

procurator1486

purchaser1548

authorera1556

wielder1570

agent1571

effector1586

effecter1591

authoress1592

effectress1601

effectrix1611

performer1616

inducera1631

causeress1631

causatrix1649

father-in-law1650

pregnatress1651

matter1686

energizer1804

establisher1812

bringer1866

1586 J. Norden Mirror for Multitude iii. 88 But with the swoorde of their authoritye endeuor to cut off both the causers and effectors.

1591 R. Hill tr. W. Perkins Golden Chaine sig. B4 God is not onelye a bare permissiue agent in an euill worke, but a powerfull effector of the same.

1601 J. Deacon & J. Walker Dialogicall Disc. Spirits & Diuels 202 The howerly effectours of many admirable actions.

1713 W. Derham Physico-theol. vi. 475 Blessing the Seventh Day, was..appropriating it to Holy Uses and Purposes, namely, the Commemoration of that great Work of the Creation, and paying Homage and Worship to that infinite Being who was the Effector of it.

1776 Remarks on Pamphlet entitled Princ. Revol. Vindic. 4 If these were the Principles of the Revolution, they must have been received by the effectors of it.

1800 J. Lawrence Descr. Work Divine Grace vi. 152 I ascribe it all to divine mercy and matchless grace, as the cause; and to the Divine Spirit's energy, as the effector of the work.

1833 E. B. Barrett tr. Æschylus Prometheus Bound in Prometheus & Misc. Poems 29 Yea; and I devised Numbers—high art!—and letters' composition, And memory, effector of all things, And mother of the Muses.

1974 D. M. Jones Sleeping Lord (1995) 107 The Sanctifier and bright Lord who is glorious in operation, the dispositioner, the effector of all trans-substantiations.

†2. A maker, creator. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] > creator

forgerc1380

authora1382

feigner1382

formerc1386

founderc1390

makera1450

plasmatoura1500

constitutor1531

framer1534

creator1548

fashioner1548

opificer1548

essentiator1561

creatress1590

effecter1591

compactor1593

moulder1594

creatrix1595

mouldress1599

effector1635

composer1644

plastic1644

opifex1649

fabricator1650

formator1656

efformer1662

essentializer1669

constituenta1676

crafter1907

1635 T. Heywood Hierarchie Blessed Angells ii. 67 One Monarch of the world the great Effector.

1677 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. 242 The omnipotent Effector and Productor of al things.

II. In biological senses.

3. A cell or organ, esp. a muscle or a gland, that performs a function in response to a neural or (later) hormonal stimulus.

ΚΠ

1906 C. S. Sherrington Integrative Action Nerv. Syst. ix. 309 The conductor mediating between receptor and effector.

1927 S. W. Ranson Anat. Nerv. Syst. (ed. 3) 18 A sensitive mechanism for receiving stimuli and conducting them to the appropriate organs of response. These organs..are known as effectors.

1962 Gray's Anat. (ed. 33) 943 Specialized receptors are differentiated at the surface of the body for the receipt of the stimulus and specialised effectors, either muscle or secretory cells, are differentiated for the response.

1975 Nature 24 Jan. 268/2 The adenohypophysis and prothoracic gland are comparable as endocrine effectors of neurohormones.

1995 N. Negroponte Being Digital (1996) vii. 94 Interface designers..have taken their lead from the field called ‘human factors’ in the United States and ‘ergonomics’ in Europe, which is about how the human body uses its sensors and effectors to work with tools in its immediate surroundings.

4. A molecule that binds to another molecule, esp. an enzyme or other protein, and alters its activity; (in the regulation of genetic transcription) a molecule which binds to a repressor, either facilitating or preventing its binding to an operator.

ΚΠ

1963 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 49 169 Two regulatory systems..have been postulated. Alterations of the existing state in one system are triggered by ‘effectors’ binding to products of regulatory genes; in the other system inhibitors or activators bind to allosteric sites of ‘enzyme molecules’.

1965 Science 12 Nov. 81/3 The effector typically modifies the affinity of the enzyme for its substrates and frequently also for other reaction components.

2004 Jrnl. Cell Biol. 167 23/2 Upstream stress transducers respond to perturbations in the lumen of the ER [= endoplasmic reticulum] and transmit the signal across the ER membrane to downstream effectors, culminating in changes in gene expression in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm.

5. A cell or molecule (esp. an immunoglobulin) whose specific action is the decisive or final stage of an immune response.

ΚΠ

1964 Lancet 21 Mar. 631/2 This may imply that the effectors of graft-destruction (cells or antibodies or both) were still being generated within the regional lymph-node at the time the fistula was closed.

1965 Q. Rev. Biol. 40 258/2 It would appear that there are two kinds of mitogenic effectors—cell-bound (lymphocytic) and humoral (globulin).

1979 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76 3456/2 Effectors and targets were mixed at a 20:1 ratio of viable cells to target cells.

1998 Science 10 Apr. 227/1 The outcome depends on how many essential cells are compromised by the time the protective immune cells (cytotoxic T lymphocyte effectors..) enter the site of infection.

B. adj. (attributive). Biology.

That is an effector (in any sense); relating to or characteristic of an effector.

ΚΠ

1906 C. S. Sherrington Integrative Action Nerv. Syst. i. 7 An effector organ, e.g., gland cells or muscle cells.

1920 T. P. Nunn Education 166 Connector-axons which make their way to effector-neurones entirely outside the cord.

1966 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 56 724 In the tryptophan anabolic pathway.., blocks of enzymes within the pathway may respond to the presence of one or another small effector molecule.

1973 Science 25 May 832/3 Various physiologically important activities..have been named effector functions in order to distinguish them from the antigen-binding or recognition function.

1981 R. N. Hardy Endocrine Physiol. vii. 69 External environmental changes are detected by sensory receptors which send impulses along sensory nerves to the central nervous system, from which appropriate executive commands are sent to effector tissues.

1991 Nature 24 Jan. 293/1 The domains forming the tips of the arms bind to antigen and those forming the stem are responsible for triggering effector functions that eliminate the antigen.

2002 Vet. Immunol. & Immunopathol. 87 395 Orf virus encodes a range of..genes that interfere with host anti-virus immune and inflammatory effector mechanisms.

Compounds

effector cell n. Biology (a) a cell of an effector organ (now rare); (b) any cell of the immune system that carries out the effective stage of an immune response, such as antibody production or cell killing.

ΚΠ

1911 G. T. Ladd & R. S. Woodworth Elem. Physiol. Psychol. (new ed.) i. i. 17 Every effector cell is a receptor as well.

1940 G. S. Carter Gen. Zool. Invertebr. xvi. 295 Besides the sensory and motor neurones, there are in all nervous systems many neurones which are in contact on both sides with other neurones, and not with receptor or effector cells.

1964 Lancet 21 Mar. 631/2 Circulating long-lived effector cells.

1988 A. M. Silverstein Hist. Immunol. vi. 138 In fact two different cell types were required for responses to conjugated proteins, one a ‘helper’ cell that recognizes the carrier protein and the other an effector cell that recognizes the haptenic determinant.

2006 Science 24 Mar. 1780/1 We combined an immune effector cell population (cytokine-induced killer..cells) with an oncolytic viral therapy to achieve directed delivery to..tumors in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent mouse models.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	effector
释义	effectorn.adj. Brit. /ᵻˈfɛktə/, U.S. /əˈfɛktər/, /iˈfɛktər/ Forms: 1500s– effector, 1600s effectour. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin effector. Etymology: < classical Latin effector person who creates or causes, author, originator < effect- , past participial stem of efficere effect v. + -or -or suffix. Compare effecter n.With use in biology compare receptor n. A. n. I. General uses. 1. = effecter n. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > [noun] > agent or person who causes causec1374 authora1382 workerc1384 causerc1386 begetterc1390 causac1420 workera1425 upraiserc1440 inspirerc1450 procurer1451 occasioner?c1452 procurator1486 purchaser1548 authorera1556 wielder1570 agent1571 effector1586 effecter1591 authoress1592 effectress1601 effectrix1611 performer1616 inducera1631 causeress1631 causatrix1649 father-in-law1650 pregnatress1651 matter1686 energizer1804 establisher1812 bringer1866 1586 J. Norden Mirror for Multitude iii. 88 But with the swoorde of their authoritye endeuor to cut off both the causers and effectors. 1591 R. Hill tr. W. Perkins Golden Chaine sig. B4 God is not onelye a bare permissiue agent in an euill worke, but a powerfull effector of the same. 1601 J. Deacon & J. Walker Dialogicall Disc. Spirits & Diuels 202 The howerly effectours of many admirable actions. 1713 W. Derham Physico-theol. vi. 475 Blessing the Seventh Day, was..appropriating it to Holy Uses and Purposes, namely, the Commemoration of that great Work of the Creation, and paying Homage and Worship to that infinite Being who was the Effector of it. 1776 Remarks on Pamphlet entitled Princ. Revol. Vindic. 4 If these were the Principles of the Revolution, they must have been received by the effectors of it. 1800 J. Lawrence Descr. Work Divine Grace vi. 152 I ascribe it all to divine mercy and matchless grace, as the cause; and to the Divine Spirit's energy, as the effector of the work. 1833 E. B. Barrett tr. Æschylus Prometheus Bound in Prometheus & Misc. Poems 29 Yea; and I devised Numbers—high art!—and letters' composition, And memory, effector of all things, And mother of the Muses. 1974 D. M. Jones Sleeping Lord (1995) 107 The Sanctifier and bright Lord who is glorious in operation, the dispositioner, the effector of all trans-substantiations. †2. A maker, creator. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] > creator forgerc1380 authora1382 feigner1382 formerc1386 founderc1390 makera1450 plasmatoura1500 constitutor1531 framer1534 creator1548 fashioner1548 opificer1548 essentiator1561 creatress1590 effecter1591 compactor1593 moulder1594 creatrix1595 mouldress1599 effector1635 composer1644 plastic1644 opifex1649 fabricator1650 formator1656 efformer1662 essentializer1669 constituenta1676 crafter1907 1635 T. Heywood Hierarchie Blessed Angells ii. 67 One Monarch of the world the great Effector. 1677 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. 242 The omnipotent Effector and Productor of al things. II. In biological senses. 3. A cell or organ, esp. a muscle or a gland, that performs a function in response to a neural or (later) hormonal stimulus. ΚΠ 1906 C. S. Sherrington Integrative Action Nerv. Syst. ix. 309 The conductor mediating between receptor and effector. 1927 S. W. Ranson Anat. Nerv. Syst. (ed. 3) 18 A sensitive mechanism for receiving stimuli and conducting them to the appropriate organs of response. These organs..are known as effectors. 1962 Gray's Anat. (ed. 33) 943 Specialized receptors are differentiated at the surface of the body for the receipt of the stimulus and specialised effectors, either muscle or secretory cells, are differentiated for the response. 1975 Nature 24 Jan. 268/2 The adenohypophysis and prothoracic gland are comparable as endocrine effectors of neurohormones. 1995 N. Negroponte Being Digital (1996) vii. 94 Interface designers..have taken their lead from the field called ‘human factors’ in the United States and ‘ergonomics’ in Europe, which is about how the human body uses its sensors and effectors to work with tools in its immediate surroundings. 4. A molecule that binds to another molecule, esp. an enzyme or other protein, and alters its activity; (in the regulation of genetic transcription) a molecule which binds to a repressor, either facilitating or preventing its binding to an operator. ΚΠ 1963 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 49 169 Two regulatory systems..have been postulated. Alterations of the existing state in one system are triggered by ‘effectors’ binding to products of regulatory genes; in the other system inhibitors or activators bind to allosteric sites of ‘enzyme molecules’. 1965 Science 12 Nov. 81/3 The effector typically modifies the affinity of the enzyme for its substrates and frequently also for other reaction components. 2004 Jrnl. Cell Biol. 167 23/2 Upstream stress transducers respond to perturbations in the lumen of the ER [= endoplasmic reticulum] and transmit the signal across the ER membrane to downstream effectors, culminating in changes in gene expression in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm. 5. A cell or molecule (esp. an immunoglobulin) whose specific action is the decisive or final stage of an immune response. ΚΠ 1964 Lancet 21 Mar. 631/2 This may imply that the effectors of graft-destruction (cells or antibodies or both) were still being generated within the regional lymph-node at the time the fistula was closed. 1965 Q. Rev. Biol. 40 258/2 It would appear that there are two kinds of mitogenic effectors—cell-bound (lymphocytic) and humoral (globulin). 1979 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76 3456/2 Effectors and targets were mixed at a 20:1 ratio of viable cells to target cells. 1998 Science 10 Apr. 227/1 The outcome depends on how many essential cells are compromised by the time the protective immune cells (cytotoxic T lymphocyte effectors..) enter the site of infection. B. adj. (attributive). Biology. That is an effector (in any sense); relating to or characteristic of an effector. ΚΠ 1906 C. S. Sherrington Integrative Action Nerv. Syst. i. 7 An effector organ, e.g., gland cells or muscle cells. 1920 T. P. Nunn Education 166 Connector-axons which make their way to effector-neurones entirely outside the cord. 1966 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 56 724 In the tryptophan anabolic pathway.., blocks of enzymes within the pathway may respond to the presence of one or another small effector molecule. 1973 Science 25 May 832/3 Various physiologically important activities..have been named effector functions in order to distinguish them from the antigen-binding or recognition function. 1981 R. N. Hardy Endocrine Physiol. vii. 69 External environmental changes are detected by sensory receptors which send impulses along sensory nerves to the central nervous system, from which appropriate executive commands are sent to effector tissues. 1991 Nature 24 Jan. 293/1 The domains forming the tips of the arms bind to antigen and those forming the stem are responsible for triggering effector functions that eliminate the antigen. 2002 Vet. Immunol. & Immunopathol. 87 395 Orf virus encodes a range of..genes that interfere with host anti-virus immune and inflammatory effector mechanisms. Compounds effector cell n. Biology (a) a cell of an effector organ (now rare); (b) any cell of the immune system that carries out the effective stage of an immune response, such as antibody production or cell killing. ΚΠ 1911 G. T. Ladd & R. S. Woodworth Elem. Physiol. Psychol. (new ed.) i. i. 17 Every effector cell is a receptor as well. 1940 G. S. Carter Gen. Zool. Invertebr. xvi. 295 Besides the sensory and motor neurones, there are in all nervous systems many neurones which are in contact on both sides with other neurones, and not with receptor or effector cells. 1964 Lancet 21 Mar. 631/2 Circulating long-lived effector cells. 1988 A. M. Silverstein Hist. Immunol. vi. 138 In fact two different cell types were required for responses to conjugated proteins, one a ‘helper’ cell that recognizes the carrier protein and the other an effector cell that recognizes the haptenic determinant. 2006 Science 24 Mar. 1780/1 We combined an immune effector cell population (cytokine-induced killer..cells) with an oncolytic viral therapy to achieve directed delivery to..tumors in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent mouse models. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1586
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