duressn.

Brit.

/djʊˈrɛs/,

/dʒʊˈrɛs/,

/ˈdjʊərɪs/, U.S.

/d(j)əˈrɛs/

Forms: Middle English–1800s duresse, Middle English duresce, (Middle English dwresse, dewresse), Middle English–1600s dures, 1600s– duress.

Etymology: < obsolete French duresse, -esce, -ece, hardness, oppression, constraint < Latin dūritia (= dūritiēs), noun of quality < dūrus hard.

†1. Hardness; roughness, violence, severity; hardiness of endurance, resistance, etc.; firmness.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > severity > [noun]

tartnessc1000

asperity?c1225

hardship?c1225

smartness1340

duressc1400

straitnessc1460

hardlaikc1540

severeness1579

sorenessa1586

grievousness1611

severity1835

sting1860

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [noun]

rethenesseOE

grimness971

sternhead1297

sharpnessa1325

reddoura1375

sternness1382

fiercenessc1384

sturdinessc1384

duressc1400

fellnessc1410

austeritya1425

harshnessc1480

roughness1530

severity1530

durity1543

ungentleness1548

severeness1579

ruggedness1638

atrocity1641

austereness1646

piquancya1677

Draconianism1819

astringency1823

Draconism1832

starkness1884

the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > [noun] > capacity for moral effort or endurance

thildc950

strengthOE

dureec1330

rankc1400

tolerance1412

adamant1445

toleration1531

validity1578

durance1579

bent1604

strongness1650

duress1651

strength1667

durableness1740

stamina1803

willpower1842

backbone1843

thewness1860

sand1867

upbearing1885

wiriness1892

gut1893

sisu1926

c1400 Test. Love i. i By duresse of sorowe.

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 135/2 Dwresse, or hardenesse, duricies.

c1460 R. Roos tr. Belle Dame sans Mercy 463 in Polit. Relig. & Love Poems (1866) 67 An herte of suche duresse..ye wynne al this diffame by cruelte.

1651 N. Bacon Contin. Hist. Disc. Govt. 22 What he did was done by duress of minde.

†2. Harsh or severe treatment, infliction of hardship; oppression, cruelty; harm, injury; affliction.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > oppression > [noun]

threat971

duressc1320

defoulc1330

tyrantry1340

tyrannyc1368

oppressinga1382

overleadinga1382

tyrandisea1382

overlayingc1384

oppression1387

oversettinga1398

thronga1400

overpressingc1450

impressionc1470

tyrantshipc1470

tyrannesse?a1475

aggravation1481

defouling1483

supprissiona1500

oppressmentc1537

conculcation1547

iron hand?1570

thrall1578

tyrannizing1589

tyranting1596

ingrating1599

pressure1616

regrate1621

overpressure1644

slavishness1684

iron heel1798

1292 Britton v. iii. §1 Sauntz duresce fere.]

c1320 Seuyn Sag. (W.) 2189 Ac yif thou do thi sone duresse.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1074 Þe duresse þat he wrouȝt.

c1430 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1840) 118 The wolfe in fieldis the shepe doth grete duresse.

1508 W. Dunbar Goldyn Targe (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems (1998) I. 189 Thair scharp assayes mycht do no dures To me.

1673 in Jackson's Wks. (1844) IX. 271 Taught to hunt counter for pleasure, and seek delights in difficulties and duresses.

a. Forcible restraint or restriction; confinement, imprisonment; = durance n. 5.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > confinement > [noun]

prisonOE

bonda1225

beclosing?c1225

narrowth?c1225

holdc1330

banda1400

festinance1426

duressc1430

enclosingc1440

closeness1530

durancea1535

closure1592

reclusedness1613

confinement1646

immurement1736

immuration1895

hack1899

prisonment1900

lockdown1973

c1430 Life St. Kath. (1884) 13 She wyl..put me in duresse as þouȝ I were a faytour.

c1470 J. Hardyng Chron. (Prose add. Harl.) cxcvi. 353 Kynge Richarde vnder dures of prison in the Toure of London.

1577 R. Stanyhurst Treat. Descr. Irelande vii. f. 24/2, in R. Holinshed Chron. I He was sodenly apprehended..and kept in duresse by reason that hée was suspected to be of no sound religion.

1647 N. Bacon Hist. Disc. Govt. 188 He kept the whole Synod in duresse to have their votes for the election of his sonne to be his successor.

1857 J. Toulmin Smith Parish (new ed.) 376 Persons in prisons, workhouses, asylums, hospitals, or under any form of duress.

1880 J. McCarthy Hist. our Own Times IV. lvi. 222 Some of the missionaries had been four years in duresse.

b. Harshness or strictness of confinement (cf. senses 1, 2).

ΚΠ

1800 Duke of Wellington Dispatches (1837) I. 249 What, then, is the degree of duresse which is to constitute imprisonment?

a. Constraint, compulsion; spec. in Law, Constraint illegally exercised to force a person to perform some act.Such compulsion may be by actual imprisonment, by threat of imprisonment or of loss of life or limb, or by physical violence. A deed or contract made under duress is voidable on a plea of duress at a subsequent trial.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [noun]

needeOE

distressc1384

force1387

stressc1390

artingc1400

coactionc1400

constrainauncec1400

compulsion1462

enforcement1477

coercion1495

forcement1524

enforcing1531

strain1532

constraint1533

coercement1592

constrainment1593

duress1596

compulse1616

obligement1641

cogency1702

coercive control1827

steamrolling1879

compression1880

1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene iv. xii. sig. L7^v If he shall through pride your doome vndo, Do you by duresse him compell thereto, And in this prison put him here.

1601–2 W. Fulbecke Parallele or Conf. Law i. 3 If an infant make..a lease by dures, if the lessee enter, the infant may haue an assise.

1643 W. Prynne Soveraigne Power Parl. ii. 78 A Marriage, Bond, or deed made by Duresse or Menace, are good in Law, and not meerly void, but voidable only upon a Plea and Tryall.

1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. i. 131 The constraint a man is under in these circumstances is called in law duress, from the Latin durities, of which there are two sorts; duress of imprisonment, where a man actually loses his liberty..and duress per minas, where the hardship is only threatened and impending.

1768 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued II. iii. 166 The man was under duresse, and his act not voluntary but imposed upon him by force.

1875 K. E. Digby Introd. Hist. Law Real Prop. x. 323 Similar principles apply to conveyances by persons under duress, that is, under pressure of illegal bodily restraint, or of danger to life or limb.

1896 W. T. Stead Pref. to Keble's Christian Year 2 I made the omissions with reluctance, under duress from the inexorable printer.

b. elliptical for plea of duress.

ΚΠ

1613 H. Finch Law (1636) 10 One imprisoned till he bee content to make an obligation..being at large, yet he shall auoid it by dures of imprisonment.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

duressv.

Etymology: < duress n.Previous versions of the OED give the stress as: duˈress.

rare.

transitive. To subject to duress, constraint, or oppression.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > compel [verb (transitive)]

needeOE

straita1340

pressa1393

afforcea1400

stressa1400

coactc1400

coarctc1400

strainc1400

compulse?a1475

cohert1475

oppress1523

compel1526

forcec1540

to tie to the stake1544

urge1576

adact1615

duressa1626

coerce1659

railroad1889

to twist the tail1895

steamroll1900

steamroller1912

shanghai1919

bulldozer1945

shotguna1961

a1626 F. Bacon Elements Common Lawes (1630) 89 If the party duressed doe make any motion or offer.

1870 Congr. Globe 5 July 5197/3 I never heard of a man who was duressed into an office to hold and exercise the functions of it during a period of four years by duress.

Derivatives

† duˈressor n. Obsolete he who subjects another to duress.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [noun] > one who compels

constrainer1382

forcer1556

compellera1577

enforcer1580

duressora1626

necessitater1654

coercer1811

bulldozer1876

necessitator1904

arm-twister1915

a1626 F. Bacon Elements Common Lawes (1630) 90 If it had beene moved from the duressor, who had said [etc.].

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online June 2019).

单词	duress
释义	duressn. Brit. /djʊˈrɛs/, /dʒʊˈrɛs/, /ˈdjʊərɪs/, U.S. /d(j)əˈrɛs/ Forms: Middle English–1800s duresse, Middle English duresce, (Middle English dwresse, dewresse), Middle English–1600s dures, 1600s– duress. Etymology: < obsolete French duresse, -esce, -ece, hardness, oppression, constraint < Latin dūritia (= dūritiēs), noun of quality < dūrus hard. †1. Hardness; roughness, violence, severity; hardiness of endurance, resistance, etc.; firmness. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > severity > [noun] tartnessc1000 asperity?c1225 hardship?c1225 smartness1340 duressc1400 straitnessc1460 hardlaikc1540 severeness1579 sorenessa1586 grievousness1611 severity1835 sting1860 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [noun] rethenesseOE grimness971 sternhead1297 sharpnessa1325 reddoura1375 sternness1382 fiercenessc1384 sturdinessc1384 duressc1400 fellnessc1410 austeritya1425 harshnessc1480 roughness1530 severity1530 durity1543 ungentleness1548 severeness1579 ruggedness1638 atrocity1641 austereness1646 piquancya1677 Draconianism1819 astringency1823 Draconism1832 starkness1884 the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > [noun] > capacity for moral effort or endurance thildc950 strengthOE dureec1330 rankc1400 tolerance1412 adamant1445 toleration1531 validity1578 durance1579 bent1604 strongness1650 duress1651 strength1667 durableness1740 stamina1803 willpower1842 backbone1843 thewness1860 sand1867 upbearing1885 wiriness1892 gut1893 sisu1926 c1400 Test. Love i. i By duresse of sorowe. c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 135/2 Dwresse, or hardenesse, duricies. c1460 R. Roos tr. Belle Dame sans Mercy 463 in Polit. Relig. & Love Poems (1866) 67 An herte of suche duresse..ye wynne al this diffame by cruelte. 1651 N. Bacon Contin. Hist. Disc. Govt. 22 What he did was done by duress of minde. †2. Harsh or severe treatment, infliction of hardship; oppression, cruelty; harm, injury; affliction. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > oppression > [noun] threat971 duressc1320 defoulc1330 tyrantry1340 tyrannyc1368 oppressinga1382 overleadinga1382 tyrandisea1382 overlayingc1384 oppression1387 oversettinga1398 thronga1400 overpressingc1450 impressionc1470 tyrantshipc1470 tyrannesse?a1475 aggravation1481 defouling1483 supprissiona1500 oppressmentc1537 conculcation1547 iron hand?1570 thrall1578 tyrannizing1589 tyranting1596 ingrating1599 pressure1616 regrate1621 overpressure1644 slavishness1684 iron heel1798 1292 Britton v. iii. §1 Sauntz duresce fere.] c1320 Seuyn Sag. (W.) 2189 Ac yif thou do thi sone duresse. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1074 Þe duresse þat he wrouȝt. c1430 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1840) 118 The wolfe in fieldis the shepe doth grete duresse. 1508 W. Dunbar Goldyn Targe (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems (1998) I. 189 Thair scharp assayes mycht do no dures To me. 1673 in Jackson's Wks. (1844) IX. 271 Taught to hunt counter for pleasure, and seek delights in difficulties and duresses. 3. a. Forcible restraint or restriction; confinement, imprisonment; = durance n. 5. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > confinement > [noun] prisonOE bonda1225 beclosing?c1225 narrowth?c1225 holdc1330 banda1400 festinance1426 duressc1430 enclosingc1440 closeness1530 durancea1535 closure1592 reclusedness1613 confinement1646 immurement1736 immuration1895 hack1899 prisonment1900 lockdown1973 c1430 Life St. Kath. (1884) 13 She wyl..put me in duresse as þouȝ I were a faytour. c1470 J. Hardyng Chron. (Prose add. Harl.) cxcvi. 353 Kynge Richarde vnder dures of prison in the Toure of London. 1577 R. Stanyhurst Treat. Descr. Irelande vii. f. 24/2, in R. Holinshed Chron. I He was sodenly apprehended..and kept in duresse by reason that hée was suspected to be of no sound religion. 1647 N. Bacon Hist. Disc. Govt. 188 He kept the whole Synod in duresse to have their votes for the election of his sonne to be his successor. 1857 J. Toulmin Smith Parish (new ed.) 376 Persons in prisons, workhouses, asylums, hospitals, or under any form of duress. 1880 J. McCarthy Hist. our Own Times IV. lvi. 222 Some of the missionaries had been four years in duresse. b. Harshness or strictness of confinement (cf. senses 1, 2). ΚΠ 1800 Duke of Wellington Dispatches (1837) I. 249 What, then, is the degree of duresse which is to constitute imprisonment? 4. a. Constraint, compulsion; spec. in Law, Constraint illegally exercised to force a person to perform some act.Such compulsion may be by actual imprisonment, by threat of imprisonment or of loss of life or limb, or by physical violence. A deed or contract made under duress is voidable on a plea of duress at a subsequent trial. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [noun] needeOE distressc1384 force1387 stressc1390 artingc1400 coactionc1400 constrainauncec1400 compulsion1462 enforcement1477 coercion1495 forcement1524 enforcing1531 strain1532 constraint1533 coercement1592 constrainment1593 duress1596 compulse1616 obligement1641 cogency1702 coercive control1827 steamrolling1879 compression1880 1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene iv. xii. sig. L7^v If he shall through pride your doome vndo, Do you by duresse him compell thereto, And in this prison put him here. View more context for this quotation 1601–2 W. Fulbecke Parallele or Conf. Law i. 3 If an infant make..a lease by dures, if the lessee enter, the infant may haue an assise. 1643 W. Prynne Soveraigne Power Parl. ii. 78 A Marriage, Bond, or deed made by Duresse or Menace, are good in Law, and not meerly void, but voidable only upon a Plea and Tryall. 1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. i. 131 The constraint a man is under in these circumstances is called in law duress, from the Latin durities, of which there are two sorts; duress of imprisonment, where a man actually loses his liberty..and duress per minas, where the hardship is only threatened and impending. 1768 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued II. iii. 166 The man was under duresse, and his act not voluntary but imposed upon him by force. 1875 K. E. Digby Introd. Hist. Law Real Prop. x. 323 Similar principles apply to conveyances by persons under duress, that is, under pressure of illegal bodily restraint, or of danger to life or limb. 1896 W. T. Stead Pref. to Keble's Christian Year 2 I made the omissions with reluctance, under duress from the inexorable printer. b. elliptical for plea of duress. ΚΠ 1613 H. Finch Law (1636) 10 One imprisoned till he bee content to make an obligation..being at large, yet he shall auoid it by dures of imprisonment. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2022). duressv. Etymology: < duress n.Previous versions of the OED give the stress as: duˈress. rare. transitive. To subject to duress, constraint, or oppression. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > compel [verb (transitive)] needeOE straita1340 pressa1393 afforcea1400 stressa1400 coactc1400 coarctc1400 strainc1400 compulse?a1475 cohert1475 oppress1523 compel1526 forcec1540 to tie to the stake1544 urge1576 adact1615 duressa1626 coerce1659 railroad1889 to twist the tail1895 steamroll1900 steamroller1912 shanghai1919 bulldozer1945 shotguna1961 a1626 F. Bacon Elements Common Lawes (1630) 89 If the party duressed doe make any motion or offer. 1870 Congr. Globe 5 July 5197/3 I never heard of a man who was duressed into an office to hold and exercise the functions of it during a period of four years by duress. Derivatives † duˈressor n. Obsolete he who subjects another to duress. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [noun] > one who compels constrainer1382 forcer1556 compellera1577 enforcer1580 duressora1626 necessitater1654 coercer1811 bulldozer1876 necessitator1904 arm-twister1915 a1626 F. Bacon Elements Common Lawes (1630) 90 If it had beene moved from the duressor, who had said [etc.]. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online June 2019). < n.c1320v.a1626
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