saddenv.

Brit.

/ˈsadn/, U.S.

/ˈsæd(ə)n/

Forms: late Middle English– sadden, 1600s sadn- (inflected form).

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: sad adj., -en suffix⁵.

Etymology: < sad adj. + -en suffix⁵. Compare earlier sad v., sade v.With sense 3 compare earlier saddening n. and sad v. 1b.

†a. transitive. To harden; to make steadfast in faith, etc. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > adhere constantly or steadfastly to [verb (transitive)]

to stand in ——a1382

abidea1393

saddena1500

to bide bya1513

to stick to ——?1531

to stout out1568

to make good1606

winter1608

buckle1793

maintain1819

a1500 (?a1400) Stanzaic Life of Christ (Harl. 2250) (1926) 10255 (MED) Softe þing he saddens securly be strengthe of kynd.

a1500 (?a1400) Stanzaic Life of Christ (Harl. 2250) (1926) 10067 (MED) God þo Holy Gost doun sent to sadden hom fully in þo fay, to drede no dethe ne tourment.

b. transitive. To make solid or firm; to press or beat down into a compact mass; to compress, make cohesive. Now Scottish and English regional.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > make dense or solid [verb (transitive)]

congealc1384

sadc1384

resolvea1398

thightc1440

condense1477

constipate1546

condensate1555

engross1561

indense1576

sadden1600

settle1611

densate1613

solidate1640

corporify1644

conspissate1647

consolidate1653

conglaciate1660

solidify1799

densify1820

1600 G. Plat in J. Worlidge Syst. Agric. (1669) 44 Also the roots of the Corn will spread better..if the ground be saddned a little in the bottom of every hole.

a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 80 Hee woulde have the water sattle away and the grownde somewhat saddened.

1649 W. Blith Eng. Improver xvii. 102 For your Lime after it is once Slacked, and Melted, it is of a very cold Nature; for it will sadden your Land exceedingly.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 73/1 Treading it [sc. Hay] is to sadden it down either in the Mow or Rick, &c.

1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry (1721) I. 94 If Marle sadden Land, or make it stiff or binding, you must dung it well.

1785 T. Dwight Conquest of Canäan ii. 41 O'er plains, and hills, the chilling frost congeal'd; The snow tempestuous sadden'd all the field.

1813 T. Batchelor Gen. View Agric. Bedford. 342 (E.D.D.) The soil below will, instead of being brought up, be trampled and saddened.

1854 W. Gaskell Lect. Lancs. Dial. 9 People say of a mixture for a pudding, ‘sadden’ it a bit.

1904 J. P. Kirk in Eng. Dial. Dict. V. 198/2 [S. Nottingham] On light land if the soil een't sad enough, a should sadden it with a Croskill roll.

1928 in Sc. National Dict. (1971) VIII. 4/2 The bag's fu' noo' we'll sadden't.

1995 J. M. Sims-Kimbrey Wodds & Doggerybaw: Lincs. Dial. Dict. 253/1 Yon storm we 'ed a Thursda saddened all them fields uv stuff.

c. intransitive. To become stiff or solid. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > become (more) dense or solid [verb (intransitive)]

thicka1000

starkOE

congealc1400

starken?a1513

concrease1578

thicken1598

knit1605

condensate1607

fix1626

saddena1642

concretea1676

incrassate1733

solidify1837

consolidate1885

a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 80 If there bee any winds aloft without raine, the grownd will sadden and the fields waxe dry.

1764 Museum Rusticum 1 xcii. 407 After which the ground began to sadden.

1764 E. Moxon Eng. Housewifery (new ed.) 117 Then take them off the fire and let them stand a little to sadden.

1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. 107/1 Sadden,..to become firm and solid.

2. (The principal use.)

a. transitive. To cause to feel sorrow; to make unhappy. Also: to give a sad appearance to.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > make dejected [verb (transitive)]

drearya1300

discomfortc1325

batec1380

to cast downa1382

to throw downa1382

dullc1386

faintc1386

discomfita1425

discourage1436

sinkc1440

mischeera1450

discheerc1454

amatea1500

bedowa1522

damp1548

quail1548

dash1550

exanimate1552

afflict1561

dank1565

disanimate1565

sadden1565

languish1566

deject1581

dumpc1585

unheart1593

mope1596

chill1597

sour1600

disgallant1601

disheart1603

dishearten1606

fainten1620

depress1624

sullen1628

tristitiate1628

disliven1631

dampen1633

weigh1640

out-spirit1643

dispirit1647

flat1649

funeralize1654

hearta1658

disencourage1659

attrist1680

flatten1683

dismalizec1735

blue-devil1812

out-heart1845

downweigh1851

to get down1861

frigidize1868

languor1891

downcast1914

neg1987

the mind > emotion > suffering > sorrow or grief > be sorry or grieved at [verb (transitive)] > sadden or grieve

rueOE

grieve?c1225

teen1340

moana1425

contrist1490

sadden1565

sad1578

ensorrow1593

contristate1616

tristitiate1628

dolea1637

endolour1884

1565 W. Allen tr. St. Augustine in Def. & Declar. Doctr. Purgatory ii. ix. f. 203^v Thowe must not sadden her soule by teares, but by oblations commende her to oure Lorde.

1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. lviii. sig. S3^v He smarts, and pines, and sadneth his incumbred soule.

1656 A. Burgess CXLV Expository Serm. cxlv. 698 The way that the devil takes thus to deject and sadden the hearts of the godly is two-fold.

1717 A. Pope Eloisa to Abelard in Wks. 425 Her gloomy presence saddens all the scene.

1797 A. Radcliffe Italian I. i. 10 With a heart saddened by disappointment.

1824 W. Irving Tales of Traveller I. 28 Its beauty was saddened by care and anxiety.

1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Romola I. xx. 326 Her round face much paled and saddened, since he had parted from it.

1884 Graphic 4 Oct. 358/2 It saddens me to enter a Government bureau at the present day.

1920 E. Wharton Let. 12 Dec. (1988) 434 I..am saddened to see that, in addressing Harvard students and the general reader in the U.S., he gives only books that have been translated into English.

1968 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 17 Feb. 6/3 I was saddened to discover wreckers' hoardings surrounding the Royal Bank building.

2002 Cathedral Music Oct. 13/2 As a one-time traditionalist, I was initially saddened by the loss of so much of the prose of the Prayer Book.

b. intransitive. To become sad or gloomy. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > be or become dejected [verb (intransitive)]

heavyOE

fallOE

droopena1225

lourc1290

droopc1330

to abate one's countenance (also cheer)a1350

dullc1374

fainta1375

languora1375

languisha1382

afflicta1393

gloppen?a1400

weary1434

appalc1450

to have one's heart in one's boots (also shoes, heels, hose, etc.)c1450

peak1580

dumpc1585

mopea1592

sink1603

bate1607

deject1644

despond1655

alamort?1705

sadden1718

dismal1780

munge1790

mug1828

to get one's tail down1853

to have (also get) the pip1881

shadow1888

to have (one's) ass in a sling1960

1718 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad IV. xiv. 558 Troy sadden'd at the View.

1744 J. Thomson Summer in Seasons (new ed.) 95 And Mecca saddens at the long Delay.

1751 T. Smollett Peregrine Pickle I. xxi. 158 Her countenance saddened in a moment.

1796 S. T. Coleridge Effusion xxxv in Poems Var. Subj. 96 And watch the clouds, that late were rich with light, Slow sad'ning round.

1818 J. Keats What Thrush Said 12 He who saddens At thought of idleness cannot be idle.

1859 E. FitzGerald tr. Rubáiyát Omar Khayyám xxxix. 9 Better be merry with the fruitful Grape Than sadden after none, or bitter, Fruit.

1953 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 53 586 His voice saddened for a moment when he said, ‘I hope Mom doesn't feel too badly about this.’

2001 Guardian (Nexis) 7 Aug. 8 Ask about the future, however, and her face saddens.

3. transitive. Chiefly Dyeing and Calico-printing. To tone down (colours) by the application of additives. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > quality of colour > [verb (transitive)] > tone down

dilute1665

mellow1694

break1753

sadden1787

sober1843

degrade1844

disintensify1884

scumble1905

1787 J. Haigh Dyer's Assistant (new ed.) ix. 87 Soap and alkaline salts, such as ley of ashes, pot-ashes, lime, sadden reds; thus they serve to bring them to the shade required when too bright.

1791 W. Hamilton tr. C.-L. Berthollet Elements Art of Dyeing II. ii. iii. v. 196 These substances however saddened the crimson colour and gave it less lustre than alum.

1859 T. J. Gullick & J. Timbs Painting 231 In the application of paint,..to avoid unnecessarily mixing, or, as it is called, ‘troubling’, ‘saddening’, or ‘tormenting’ the tints.

1874 W. Crookes Pract. Handbk. Dyeing 53 For saddening olives, drabs, clarets, &c.,..it [sc. copperas] has been generally discarded in favour of a nitrate of iron.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	sadden
释义	saddenv. Brit. /ˈsadn/, U.S. /ˈsæd(ə)n/ Forms: late Middle English– sadden, 1600s sadn- (inflected form). Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: sad adj., -en suffix⁵. Etymology: < sad adj. + -en suffix⁵. Compare earlier sad v., sade v.With sense 3 compare earlier saddening n. and sad v. 1b. 1. †a. transitive. To harden; to make steadfast in faith, etc. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > adhere constantly or steadfastly to [verb (transitive)] to stand in ——a1382 abidea1393 saddena1500 to bide bya1513 to stick to ——?1531 to stout out1568 to make good1606 winter1608 buckle1793 maintain1819 a1500 (?a1400) Stanzaic Life of Christ (Harl. 2250) (1926) 10255 (MED) Softe þing he saddens securly be strengthe of kynd. a1500 (?a1400) Stanzaic Life of Christ (Harl. 2250) (1926) 10067 (MED) God þo Holy Gost doun sent to sadden hom fully in þo fay, to drede no dethe ne tourment. b. transitive. To make solid or firm; to press or beat down into a compact mass; to compress, make cohesive. Now Scottish and English regional. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > make dense or solid [verb (transitive)] congealc1384 sadc1384 resolvea1398 thightc1440 condense1477 constipate1546 condensate1555 engross1561 indense1576 sadden1600 settle1611 densate1613 solidate1640 corporify1644 conspissate1647 consolidate1653 conglaciate1660 solidify1799 densify1820 1600 G. Plat in J. Worlidge Syst. Agric. (1669) 44 Also the roots of the Corn will spread better..if the ground be saddned a little in the bottom of every hole. a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 80 Hee woulde have the water sattle away and the grownde somewhat saddened. 1649 W. Blith Eng. Improver xvii. 102 For your Lime after it is once Slacked, and Melted, it is of a very cold Nature; for it will sadden your Land exceedingly. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 73/1 Treading it [sc. Hay] is to sadden it down either in the Mow or Rick, &c. 1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry (1721) I. 94 If Marle sadden Land, or make it stiff or binding, you must dung it well. 1785 T. Dwight Conquest of Canäan ii. 41 O'er plains, and hills, the chilling frost congeal'd; The snow tempestuous sadden'd all the field. 1813 T. Batchelor Gen. View Agric. Bedford. 342 (E.D.D.) The soil below will, instead of being brought up, be trampled and saddened. 1854 W. Gaskell Lect. Lancs. Dial. 9 People say of a mixture for a pudding, ‘sadden’ it a bit. 1904 J. P. Kirk in Eng. Dial. Dict. V. 198/2 [S. Nottingham] On light land if the soil een't sad enough, a should sadden it with a Croskill roll. 1928 in Sc. National Dict. (1971) VIII. 4/2 The bag's fu' noo' we'll sadden't. 1995 J. M. Sims-Kimbrey Wodds & Doggerybaw: Lincs. Dial. Dict. 253/1 Yon storm we 'ed a Thursda saddened all them fields uv stuff. c. intransitive. To become stiff or solid. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > become (more) dense or solid [verb (intransitive)] thicka1000 starkOE congealc1400 starken?a1513 concrease1578 thicken1598 knit1605 condensate1607 fix1626 saddena1642 concretea1676 incrassate1733 solidify1837 consolidate1885 a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 80 If there bee any winds aloft without raine, the grownd will sadden and the fields waxe dry. 1764 Museum Rusticum 1 xcii. 407 After which the ground began to sadden. 1764 E. Moxon Eng. Housewifery (new ed.) 117 Then take them off the fire and let them stand a little to sadden. 1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. 107/1 Sadden,..to become firm and solid. 2. (The principal use.) a. transitive. To cause to feel sorrow; to make unhappy. Also: to give a sad appearance to. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > make dejected [verb (transitive)] drearya1300 discomfortc1325 batec1380 to cast downa1382 to throw downa1382 dullc1386 faintc1386 discomfita1425 discourage1436 sinkc1440 mischeera1450 discheerc1454 amatea1500 bedowa1522 damp1548 quail1548 dash1550 exanimate1552 afflict1561 dank1565 disanimate1565 sadden1565 languish1566 deject1581 dumpc1585 unheart1593 mope1596 chill1597 sour1600 disgallant1601 disheart1603 dishearten1606 fainten1620 depress1624 sullen1628 tristitiate1628 disliven1631 dampen1633 weigh1640 out-spirit1643 dispirit1647 flat1649 funeralize1654 hearta1658 disencourage1659 attrist1680 flatten1683 dismalizec1735 blue-devil1812 out-heart1845 downweigh1851 to get down1861 frigidize1868 languor1891 downcast1914 neg1987 the mind > emotion > suffering > sorrow or grief > be sorry or grieved at [verb (transitive)] > sadden or grieve rueOE grieve?c1225 teen1340 moana1425 contrist1490 sadden1565 sad1578 ensorrow1593 contristate1616 tristitiate1628 dolea1637 endolour1884 1565 W. Allen tr. St. Augustine in Def. & Declar. Doctr. Purgatory ii. ix. f. 203^v Thowe must not sadden her soule by teares, but by oblations commende her to oure Lorde. 1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. lviii. sig. S3^v He smarts, and pines, and sadneth his incumbred soule. 1656 A. Burgess CXLV Expository Serm. cxlv. 698 The way that the devil takes thus to deject and sadden the hearts of the godly is two-fold. 1717 A. Pope Eloisa to Abelard in Wks. 425 Her gloomy presence saddens all the scene. 1797 A. Radcliffe Italian I. i. 10 With a heart saddened by disappointment. 1824 W. Irving Tales of Traveller I. 28 Its beauty was saddened by care and anxiety. 1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Romola I. xx. 326 Her round face much paled and saddened, since he had parted from it. 1884 Graphic 4 Oct. 358/2 It saddens me to enter a Government bureau at the present day. 1920 E. Wharton Let. 12 Dec. (1988) 434 I..am saddened to see that, in addressing Harvard students and the general reader in the U.S., he gives only books that have been translated into English. 1968 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 17 Feb. 6/3 I was saddened to discover wreckers' hoardings surrounding the Royal Bank building. 2002 Cathedral Music Oct. 13/2 As a one-time traditionalist, I was initially saddened by the loss of so much of the prose of the Prayer Book. b. intransitive. To become sad or gloomy. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > be or become dejected [verb (intransitive)] heavyOE fallOE droopena1225 lourc1290 droopc1330 to abate one's countenance (also cheer)a1350 dullc1374 fainta1375 languora1375 languisha1382 afflicta1393 gloppen?a1400 weary1434 appalc1450 to have one's heart in one's boots (also shoes, heels, hose, etc.)c1450 peak1580 dumpc1585 mopea1592 sink1603 bate1607 deject1644 despond1655 alamort?1705 sadden1718 dismal1780 munge1790 mug1828 to get one's tail down1853 to have (also get) the pip1881 shadow1888 to have (one's) ass in a sling1960 1718 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad IV. xiv. 558 Troy sadden'd at the View. 1744 J. Thomson Summer in Seasons (new ed.) 95 And Mecca saddens at the long Delay. 1751 T. Smollett Peregrine Pickle I. xxi. 158 Her countenance saddened in a moment. 1796 S. T. Coleridge Effusion xxxv in Poems Var. Subj. 96 And watch the clouds, that late were rich with light, Slow sad'ning round. 1818 J. Keats What Thrush Said 12 He who saddens At thought of idleness cannot be idle. 1859 E. FitzGerald tr. Rubáiyát Omar Khayyám xxxix. 9 Better be merry with the fruitful Grape Than sadden after none, or bitter, Fruit. 1953 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 53 586 His voice saddened for a moment when he said, ‘I hope Mom doesn't feel too badly about this.’ 2001 Guardian (Nexis) 7 Aug. 8 Ask about the future, however, and her face saddens. 3. transitive. Chiefly Dyeing and Calico-printing. To tone down (colours) by the application of additives. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > quality of colour > [verb (transitive)] > tone down dilute1665 mellow1694 break1753 sadden1787 sober1843 degrade1844 disintensify1884 scumble1905 1787 J. Haigh Dyer's Assistant (new ed.) ix. 87 Soap and alkaline salts, such as ley of ashes, pot-ashes, lime, sadden reds; thus they serve to bring them to the shade required when too bright. 1791 W. Hamilton tr. C.-L. Berthollet Elements Art of Dyeing II. ii. iii. v. 196 These substances however saddened the crimson colour and gave it less lustre than alum. 1859 T. J. Gullick & J. Timbs Painting 231 In the application of paint,..to avoid unnecessarily mixing, or, as it is called, ‘troubling’, ‘saddening’, or ‘tormenting’ the tints. 1874 W. Crookes Pract. Handbk. Dyeing 53 For saddening olives, drabs, clarets, &c.,..it [sc. copperas] has been generally discarded in favour of a nitrate of iron. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < v.a1500
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