alternativeadj.n.

Brit.

/ɔːlˈtəːnətɪv/,

/ɒlˈtəːnətɪv/, U.S.

/ɔlˈtərnədɪv/,

/ɑlˈtərnədɪv/

Forms: 1500s alternatiwe (Scottish), 1500s–1600s alternatiue, 1500s– alternative.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Perhaps also a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French alternatif; Latin alternativus.

Etymology: < Middle French alternatif (French alternatif ) alternating, occurring in turns (1375), changeable, variable, exhibiting variation (late 15th cent.) and perhaps also < its etymon post-classical Latin alternativus (14th cent.) < classical Latin alternāt- , past participial stem of alternāre (see alternate v.) + -īvus -ive suffix. Compare Spanish alternativo (a1444), Portuguese alternativo (1647), Italian alternativo (a1555), all earliest in sense ‘alternating‘. With use as noun compare Middle French, French alternative alternation, succession by turns (1401 in par alternatifve alternately), attribution of an ecclesiastic benefice to two or more people in turn (early 15th cent. in legal use), choice between two possible courses of action (1680), and also post-classical Latin alternativa (1527), Spanish alternativa (end of the 15th cent.), Portuguese alternativa (1609, earliest in sense ‘alternation’), Italian alternativa (a1527 denoting a proposition or statement containing or offering two or more mutually exclusive things, a1580 in sense ‘alteration’).With sense A. 1 compare slightly earlier alternate adj.; use in this sense is sometimes criticized in usage guides or by other commentators. With sense B. 4 compare earlier alternation n.

A. adj.

1. Characterized by alternation; alternating, alternate.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > alternation > [adjective]

every other1389

alternatea1535

alternative1540

alternal1576

altern1636

1540 in D. H. Fleming Registrum Secreti Sigilli Regum Scotorum (1921) II. 511 [The] archibischop of Sanctandrois, and..Williame, bischop of Abirdene, patronis alternative of the said personage.

1594 R. Ashley tr. L. le Roy Interchangeable Course sig. A3 In the whole worke therfore are represented, the successiue, or rather alternatiue changes of the whole world, aswell in the higher or superiour, as lower and inferiour part thereof.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. ii. 3 He [sc. the Sun] ordereth the seasons in their alternative course.

1682 London Gaz. mdclxxxviii/3 Churches where the Collation is alternative between the Bishops and the Chapters.

1716 H. Prideaux Old & New Test. Connected I. v. 358 A direction both to the Reader and to the Interpreter where to make their stop at every alternative reading and interpreting.

1753 London Monthly Mercury Oct. 428 He..regulates the Duration of Days and Nights, and the constant alternative Course of the Seasons.

1840 Preston Chron. & Lancs. Advertiser 19 Sept. The men and women bathe on alternative days.

1880 A. Gray Bot. Text-bk. (ed. 6) 395 Alternative, in æstivation, with an inner whorl alternating with an outer one.

1911 Amer. Naturalist 45 156 The merely phenotypical phenomena of alternative variability first pointed out by De Vries, e.g. the alternation of decussated and contorted stems of Dipsacus.

1987 V. Wood Barmy (1988) 127 And we'll do alternative Sundays, because I like to worship on that day.

2002 S. Ison et al. Environmental Issues & Policies ix. 234 Cars with odd and even registration number plates are allowed into the city on alternative days.

a. Of a statement, question, or proposition: consisting of statements separated by or; that expresses or offers one of two or more things; disjunctive.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > types of choice > [adjective] > stating or offering two choices

alternative1590

1590 H. Swinburne Briefe Treat. Test. & Willes vii. f. 252^v The alternatiue or disiunctiue speech of the testator..I make A. or B. my executors.

1696 T. Ellwood Answer G. Keith's Narr. 177 Did he ever know or taken for and, in an Alternative Proposition or Sentence, as this was, by any that pretended to understand Words?

1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. An alternative, or disjunctive proposition is true, if one side or part of it be true.

1834 A. Crombie Gymnasium (ed. 5) II. 104 Or when it introduces an alternative question, is expressed by an.

1865 S. H. Emmens Treat. Logic iii. 29 There is yet another form which our judgments may assume, this being the statement of some alternative, such as, ‘Either Tyndall is wrong, or mechanical force produces heat’;—which, accordingly, is known as a disjunctive or alternative proposition.

1918 Mind 27 134 ‘Some one of the twelve chosen disciples was a traitor’ yields the alternative proposition ‘Peter or John or James or..was a traitor’.

1999 C. Bartels Intonation Eng. Statements & Questions iv. 83 Questions are standardly classified as either wh-questions, yes/no-questions, or alternative questions.

b. Characterized by alternativeness or disjunction; indicative or constitutive of a choice between two or more things.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > types of choice > [adjective] > stating or offering two choices > containing two alternatives

alternative1681

1681 R. McWard Banders Disbanded 20 Alternative promise (or engadgement) is, when..both (to wit the Alternative parts) are in the obligation, although by performance of either, the whole obligation ceaseth.

1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Alternative promise is where two or more are engaged to do a thing..though if either of them discharge it, both are acquitted.

1818 H. T. Colebrooke Treat. Obligations & Contracts 107 To constitute an alternative obligation, two or more acts or things must be promised disjunctively.

1863 A. Bain Eng. Gram. 65 The alternative conjunctions are either—or, whether—or, neither—nor.

1922 Mind 31 502 Thus p-or-q and r-or-s are two constructs out of r and s, p and q, respectively. And both exemplify the alternative construction.

1998 D. N. S. Bhat in J. H. Hill et al. Life Lang. 375 The pronouns under consideration..occur with the alternative particle o: ‘or’ or the focusing (additive) particle u: ‘also’.

a. Of one thing or set of things: available in place of another or others.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > types of choice > [adjective] > stating or offering two choices > of two things of which one may be chosen

alternativec1659

alternate1766

c1659 Let. in R. Boyle Corr. (2001) I. 307 Wee sometime finde Syrup of Violets, sometimes a gentle infusion of Roses, sometime sennes, sometime Rhewbarbs, sometimes Aloes, sometimes Zallop, sometimes an alternative potion or decoction only of some pearles produce such sad symptomes.

1824 H. J. Stephen Treat. Princ. Pleading i. 62 If the defendant does not demur, his only alternative method of defence, is, to oppose or answer the declaration by matter of fact.

1842 T. De Quincey Mod. Greece in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. July 120/2 The alternative supposition presumed him..the merchant.

1877 A. W. Kinglake Invasion of Crimea (ed. 6) IV. iv. 50 Who had ready an alternative plan.

1903 G. B. Shaw Man & Superman 196 We have been driven to Proletarian Democracy by the failure of all the alternative systems.

1948 R. M. Pearl Pop. Gemol. iii. 160 Kyanite... An alternative name is disthene, meaning ‘double strength’.

1999 Campus News (National Univ. Singapore) May 2/2 An alternative scheme allows students to take a particular module by taking a compressed two-week programme in a university overseas.

b. Of or characterizing any of various (hypothetical or imagined) realities, worlds, or realms of existence, differing from our own in trivial or fundamental ways (esp. in the context of science fiction and computer games). Cf. alternate adj. 8.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of imagination > mental image, idea, or fancy > [adjective] > only in imagination or unreal

imaginary?1510

imaginative1517

rational1530

fantastical1531

fantasied1561

airy1565

fancied1568

legendary1570

dreamed1597

fabled1606

ideal1611

fictive1612

affectual1614

insubstantiala1616

imaginatorya1618

supposititious1620

fictitious1621

utopian1624

utopic1624

notional1629

affective1633

fictiousa1644

notionary1646

figmental1655

suppositious1655

fict1677

visionary1725

metaphysical1728

unrealized1767

fancy1801

nice-spun1801

subjective1815

aerial1829

transcendental1835

cardboardy1863

mythical1870

cardboard1879

fictionary1882

figmentary1887

alternative1939

alternate1944

fantasized1964

ideate1966

fanciful-

fantastic-

1939 C. L. Moore in Astounding Sci. Fiction July 144/2 He was not even thinking as he opened his eyes and looked into the cube... Ashley had been right. There was an alternative future.

1956 A. Cogan in Galaxy Sci. Fiction June 128/2 Maybe it was some sort of alternative world we saw.

1969 A. B. Chandler Catch Star Winds xiv. 119 So in this alternative Universe of yours,..the Rim Worlds never got colonized.

1980 Dragon May 3/2 Designers create their own reality with such games, and a better test is how true the designer has been to the alternative reality set forth in his game.

1994 P. Anderson Stars are also Fire 97 In some hypothetical quantum-mechanical alternative reality.

4. Of two things: such that one or the other may be chosen, the choice of either typically involving the rejection of the other. Also frequently of more than two things.

ΚΠ

1687 A. Shields Hind let Loose 480 If these Bonds were Alternative, it should be in the binders choise, whether to Answer the Court, go to Church, to separate Meetings; Or pay so much money.

1773 Information for John Miller against James Montgomery 8 It was doubly incumbent upon the jury to determine..which of the two alternative charges of the libel they meant to find proved against either the one or the other of the pannels.

1790 Rep. Secretary of State on Weights, Meas. & Coins U.S. 18 The Secretary of State thinks it his duty to submit alternative plans, that the House may, at their will, adopt either the one or the other.

1810 H. Binney Rep. Supreme Court Pennsylvania 2 149 The remedies given by the deed are not cumulative as is argued, but they are alternative.

1861 A. Beresford-Hope Eng. Cathedral of 19th Cent. I feel bound..to recapitulate the alternative possibilities.

1876 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. App. 746 I accept the statements as alternative statements.

1903 Psychol. Rev. 10 635 All cognitive consciousness, including even sensation, must be in some sense a process of reflection—a balancing of alternative possibilities.

1944 Jrnl. Egyptian Archaeol. 30 27 It has been customary to assume that Per-nu and Per-nezer were alternative names for one and the same building.

2002 Prevention's Ultimate Guide to Women's Health & Wellness xi. 150/2 Whatever the issue is, plan ahead for it by identifying at least three alternative ways to approach it.

5. Of or relating to activities that represent an unorthodox style or approach; of a kind purported to be preferable to or as acceptable as those in general use or sanctioned by the establishment. Cf. fringe n. 2b, underground adj. 4d.alternative comedy, alternative energy, alternative medicine, etc.: see Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > order > disorder > irregularity > unconformity > [adjective] > deviating from rule or standard

exorbitant1534

unorthodox1629

aberrant1778

aberrated1786

divergent1801

radical1869

nonstandard1870

non-regular1896

non-regulation1953

non-conformant1960

alternative1962

sideways1969

alternate1970

marginala1988

alt1988

1962 Phi Delta Kappan May 363/1 A false dilemma is presented [to the] teacher, who is urged to choose between..communism as an ‘alternative economic philosophy’ or a ‘system of tyranny’.

1973 Times 18 May 4/5 An ‘alternative’ prospectus produced by a group of students at Cambridge University has led to a demand by Professor Alec Deer, the vice-chancellor, that it should be withdrawn.

1978 Peace News 1 Dec. 4/3 The Lucas workers have produced an ‘Alternative Corporate Plan’ demanding the right to work on socially useful products as an alternative to redundancy and to the production of armaments.

1984 Listener 14 June 31/4 The demand for ‘alternative’ radio, an alternative to the services offered by the BBC and IBA contractors, has been clearly demonstrated by the persistence of pirate stations.

2006 Guardian 5 July (Guide Suppl.) 46/1 (advt.) Attract fit M, 40, into old fashioned glamour/manners, new burlesque, Bettie Page, alternative clubbing, dancing, the arts.

B. n.

1. A proposition containing two or more mutually exclusive statements separated by or; a statement or offer of two or more mutually exclusive things; a choice between two or more courses.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > types of choice > [noun] > choosing between alternatives > a choice of alternatives > statement or offer of

alternative1609

1609 H. Leech & R. Parsons Dutifull Consider. Proofe Relig. v. 208 The alternatiue allowed vnto them by Protestants, which is eyther to belieue them, or to be humbly silent without condemning them.

1624 W. Bedell Copies Certaine Lett. iii. 71 A long compasse of a sentence..with I know not how many ampliations and alternatiues.

1721 E. Young Revenge ii. i. 18 My Lord, you know the sad Alternative, Is Leonora worth one Pang, or not?

1794 W. Godwin Caleb Williams II. iv. 51 I could not endure to think..of that side of the alternative as true.

1817 J. Mill Hist. Brit. India II. iv. iii. 107 In the opinion of Clive, there was but one alternative: that of embracing the neutrality, or instantly attacking Chandernagor.

1852 J. S. Mill Princ. Polit. Econ. (ed. 3) I. ii. x. 396 The alternative seemed to be either death, or to be permanently supported by other people, or a radical change in the economical arrangements.

1852 H. Rogers Eclipse of Faith 422 The brief, simple alternative of Mohamet, Death or the Koran.

1919 W. Lewis Caliph's Design iv. i. 63 There is..the alternative of the Receptive attitude or the Active and Changing one.

1949 Social Forces Oct. 59/1 The Association poses the alternative of ‘self-contained towns’ versus ‘suburban sprawl’.

1998 E. Wyschogrod Saints & Postmodernism viii. 255 A child is offered the alternative of buying a book or a toy.

a. Either of the two components of an alternative proposition; one of two possibilities.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > types of choice > [noun] > choosing between alternatives > a choice of alternatives > one or other of two alternatives

snick or snee1675

alternative1685

choice1795

1685 P. Rycaut Continuation 334 in tr. Platina Lives Popes The Duke proposed two Alternatives, the one was totally excluded, and the other admitted of so many exceptions.

1710 R. L. Lloyd Serm. Preach’d at St. Paul’s 6 As if there were no other alternative but Rebellion or Slavery.

a1754 H. Fielding Jrnl. Voy. Lisbon (1755) 143 Forced to take the other alternative.

a1817 J. Austen Lady Susan xxxviii, in Wks. (1954) VI. 307 It is impossible to submit to such an extremity while any other alternative remains.

1858 J. Buchanan Message to Congr. 6 Dec. in Wks. (1910) X. 276 I could make no better arrangement, and there was no other alternative.

1864 J. H. Newman Apologia 329 There are but two alternatives, the way to Rome, and the way to Atheism.

1915 Jrnl. Philos., Psychol. & Sci. Methods 12 302 Neither alternative appears to be possible.

1970 C. Hampton Philanthropist (1976) iii. 28 There's only two alternatives, keep it or give it all away.

2002 Sci. Amer. May 28/2 Players..must choose one of two alternatives at each step of the game—for instance, whether to buy or sell commodity.

b. Any one of more than two different options which may be taken.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > [noun] > ability to be chosen > that which or one who may be chosen

option1549

alternative1712

eligibilities1790

choice1806

possibility1902

otherwise1982

1712 Hist. Treaty Utrecht 88 They propos'd several Alternatives.

1798 Earl of Carlisle Earnest & Serious Refl. Urgency Present Crisis 4 No third alternative can possibly have place.

1803 M. Hays Female Biogr. V. 155 Three alternatives presented themselves.

1879 W. E. Gladstone Gleanings Past Years VII. iv. 192 When in doubt among several alternatives of conduct, we are bound to choose that which has the greatest likelihood of being right.

1908 Practitioner 81 383 I must quote a case of dermatitis artefacta... The alternatives for diagnosis..were (1) Some local pyodermic infection. (2) A trophic lesion (?). (3) An ‘artefact’.

1972 G. Jones Kings, Beasts, & Heroes i. i. 8 An elaborate and complicated type of folktale..tolerating a considerable choice of alternatives by the story-teller without losing its story line.

2000 Econ. & Philos. 16 166 Most people most of the time cannot rank many alternatives open to them.

3. The other or remaining course; an alternative option; a thing available in place of another.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > types of choice > [noun] > choosing between alternatives > a choice of alternatives > remaining alternative when one is ruled out

alternative1705

alternate1717

1705 J. Law Money & Trade Considered viii. 113 The Landed Man, by having engadged his Person and Estate for the Payment of a Species, which is not in his power to perform; and having no Alternative: By the Law his Person is at the mercy of the Creditor.

1767 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy IX. ii. 11 There was no alternative in my uncle Toby's wardrobe.

1836 J. Gilbert Christian Atonem. i. 26 Yet law was never so repealed but that it still remained as the alternative.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. §2. 19 We had therefore no alternative but to pack up.

1867 Buckle's Hist. Civilisation Eng. (new ed.) III. iii. 146 A fate compared to which death would have been a joyful alternative.

1910 L. D. Brandeis in N.Y. Times 22 Nov. 8/2 As an alternative to the practice of combining to raise rates and hence to increase prices, we offer cooperation to reduce costs.

1965 W. Trevor Boarding-house v. 52 The alternative would be to stand, for there were no other empty seats.

1999 Odds On Feb. 38/1 There are two ways to lock-in a profit. The first is simply to close out... The alternative is to use a technique..called a stop-loss.

4. Alternating course, alternation; an instance of this. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > alternation > [noun]

interchangingc1374

alternationc1443

alternement1483

interchange1559

intercourse1571

reciprocation1586

circulation1597

counterchange1602

interchangeableness1606

subalternation1616

vicissitude1624

alternity1646

alternacy1650

alternative1732

variegation1781

fluctuation1802

alternance1826

up and down1855

intermittence1860

1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. ii. xvi. 111 The actual enjoyment is very short, and the alternative of Appetite and Disgust long.

1783 J. Wedgwood in Philos. Trans. 1782 (Royal Soc.) 72 317 They bear sudden alternatives of heat and cold.

1807 O. Gregory tr. R. J. Haüy Elem. Treat. Nat. Philos. I. iii. i. 158 Timely alternatives of serene and rainy days.

1866 J. Davis Nature & Bible in Agreement with Protestant Faith 89 A power that would of itself have..deprived the moon also of her ruling power for describing the various seasons consequent upon the alternative of day and night.

1910 N. C. Macnamara Evol. Living Purposive Matter i. i. 29 We have, in fact, what seems to be a habit built into the living protoplasm by the alternative of night and day.

5. A person who or thing which represents an unorthodox style or approach; esp. a fan or performer of alternative music; (also) alternative music as a genre. Cf. sense A. 5, alternative music n. at Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > a standard of conduct > [noun] > deviation from normal standards of behaviour > one who

erratic1623

exorbitant1627

inconformable1633

non-conformant1654

original1675

nonconformista1677

eccentric1832

originalist1835

Bohemian1843

oddball1943

antisocial1945

left fielder1953

boho1958

alternative1982

the world > relative properties > order > disorder > irregularity > unconformity > [noun] > deviation from rule or standard > one who or that which

exception1483

heteroclite1605

alternative1982

1982 New Musical Express 25 Sept. 38 The main music scene opened its arms ostentatiously to the Alternatives so the ranks of the charts were filled with bewildered souls stunned by commercial success.

1984 Times 31 July 10/3 The soft punks and the new romantics and the alternatives and the posers..are massaged by music which depends for its impact as much upon producer as upon the artist.

1990 Health Guardian Nov. 1/1 This was not an alternatives versus the medics debate.

1992 Buffalo (N.Y.) News 23 Aug. g5/1 Alternative includes the gothic sound of Peter Murphy, the humour of the Barenaked Ladies and everything in between.

2002 J. Harrington Sonic Cool 496 Dinosaur made a unique impression during that whole transitional era between Hard-Core and ‘alternative’.

Compounds

alternative birth n. originally U.S. childbirth in which intrusive technology is avoided and the delivery occurs at home or in a similar natural environment (frequently attributive); a birth that occurs in such a setting.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [adjective] > giving birth > relating to manner of

Lamaze1959

alternative birth1976

Leboyer1976

1976 Times (San Mateo, Calif.) 19 May 11/4 Perhaps the most important feature of the alternative birth center is that labor, delivery and recovery all occur in a single room.

1987 Los Angeles Times 14 Sept. v. 2/1 The alternative birth movement of a decade ago forced hospitals to expand delivery departments to include birthing centers.

1995 M. D. Good Amer. Med. (1998) iii. 71 The state's response to the popular demand for alternative births through the introduction of certified training progams and licensure in midwifery.

2006 News Let. (Belfast) (Nexis) 6 May 4 The maternity team are taking facilities, including a birthing pool, across the west to satisfy curiosity about alternative births in the area.

alternative birthing n. originally U.S. the practice or fact of alternative births; cf. alternative birth n.

ΚΠ

1976 Argus (Fremont–Newark, Calif.) 10 June 4/2 A bill..requesting a state committee be set up to study alternative birthing methods.]

1977 Modesto (Calif.) Bee 19 Oct. f3/3 Alternative birthing isn't foolproof. Of the first 300 deliveries which begain in the alternative birth center, 90 wound up in the hospital's regular delivery room.

2005 R. K. Reed Birthing Fathers iv. 128 Physicians who sought to integrate aspects of holistic birthing into conventional delivery first promoted alternative birthing.

alternative comedian n. a person who performs alternative comedy.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > performance of jester or comedian > [noun] > jester or comedian

jugglerc1175

foolc1300

jangler1303

fool sagec1330

ribald1340

ape-ward1362

japer1377

sage fool1377

harlotc1390

disporter?a1475

jocular?a1475

joculatora1500

jester?1518

idiot1526

scoffer1530

sporter1531

dizzardc1540

vice1552

antic1564

bauble-bearer1568

scoggin1579

buffoon1584

pleasant1595

zany1596

baladine1599

clown1600

fiddle1600

mimic1601

ape-carrier1615

mime1616

mime-man1631

merry man1648

tomfool1650

pickle-herring1656

badine1670

puddingc1675

merry-andrew1677

mimical1688

Tom Tram1688

Monaghan1689

pickled herring1711

ethologist1727

court-foola1797

Tom1817

mimer1819

fun-maker1835

funny man1839

mimester1846

comic1857

comedian1860

jokesman1882

comique1886

Joey1896

tummler1938

alternative comedian1981

Andrew-

1981 Sunday Times 13 Sept. 32/5 Throughout, Alexei Sayle, the alternative comedian, had sat in the aisle spurning the bourgeois comfort of a seat.

2004 Times Lit. Suppl. 16 Apr. 33/3 The post-Thatcher era has wrested comedy from the grip of the politicized alternative comedians and, via Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer, allowed it once more to be silly.

alternative comedy n. a style of comedy which rejects certain established (esp. racist or sexist) comic stereotypes, and is typically characterized by a left-wing political stance.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > drama > [noun] > comedy > specific

low comedy1608

farce1676

light comedy1698

high comedy1707

comedy of manners1822

comedietta1823

Adelphi screamer1830

commedia dell'arte1877

musical comedy1903

comédie noire1958

alternative comedy1980

1980 Time Out 17 Oct. 30/5 Alternative comedy has come of age and you have nothing to use but your chains.

2006 Time Out N.Y. 7 Sept. 167/2 Kurt Braunholer and Kristen Schaal host darlings of the alternative-comedy scene in their extra-roomy whirlpool.

alternative country n. originally U.S. country music with an unorthodox style, often incorporating elements of rock.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > folk music > [noun] > country and western

country music1942

country-western1949

bluegrass1955

country and western1960

Nashville1963

country1969

newgrass1972

alternative country1990

alt-country1993

1985 Los Angeles Times 13 Oct. (Calendar) 58/3 The Men made their concert debut at an event called the Alternative Country Festival that year.]

1990 Chicago Tribune 20 May xiii. 30/4 On a lot of dates, Triad has begun teaming Southern Pacific with Restless Heart... ‘This is a perfect evening of entertainment, because it's alternative-country that complements really nicely.’

2001 Observer 21 Oct. (Review section) 14/2 It's been called Americana, neo-country, and alternative country, and it was born—depending on who you ask—when the American grunge movement died, when the angelic country soul singer Gram Parsons declared his vision of ‘Cosmic American Music’ in the late Sixties, or when Hank Williams first strapped on his two-dollar guitar.

alternative dispute resolution n. chiefly North American the use of methods such as mediation or arbitration to resolve a dispute without resort to litigation.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > dissent > absence of dissension or peace > bringing about concord or peace > [noun] > settling quarrels or disputes

reckoning1488

composing1574

compounding1601

atonement1605

composure1640

compositiona1654

sopiting1659

resolution1890

alternative dispute resolution1980

1980 N.Y. Times 1 Jan. 22/5 The new rules ‘governing alternative dispute resolution by arbitration’ became formally effective Wednesday.

2004 T. Rosenbaum Myth Moral Justice xiii. 242 Alternative dispute resolution, known as ADR, offers an alternative to traditional civil litigation.

alternative energy n. [perhaps originally shortened < alternative energy sources and similar phrases, rather than a simple qualification of energy n.] energy obtained from a source other than conventional or fossil fuels (usually excluding nuclear energy); spec. energy obtained in a way that does not deplete the earth's resources or otherwise harm the environment, such as wind, solar, or tidal energy.

ΚΠ

1956 Geogr. Rev. 46 281 A chapter on natural gas is followed by two chapters devoted to alternative energy sources—coal hydrogenation products, shale oil, water power, and..nuclear and solar energy.]

1975 Sunday Times 30 Nov. (Mag.) 75/4 There are all the signs of Alternative Energy burgeoning into a big business.

1980 N.Y. Times 27 Sept. ii. 32/2 Wheelabrator-Frye will be uniquely capable of providing engineering and technical expertise as the world moves toward alternative energy and synfuels.

1995 Sci. News 6 May 274/3 A community in Vermont that will save more than $1 million by converting to a wood chip heating system in its local high school and a large-scale wind project in Iowa are just 2 of the 75 active alternative energy scenarios profiled in this guide.

2003 AMC Outdoors Mag. Oct. 23/1 A buzzword in alternative-energy circles, ‘biomass’ refers to vegetation and products that come from it.

alternative fuel n. a fuel that is an alternative to that usually used, esp. a fuel for motor vehicles other than the usual ones of petrol and diesel; (in later use) spec. such a fuel that reduces the emission of pollutants or the use of fossil-fuel resources.Alternative fuels include natural gas, electricity, and biofuels.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > [noun]

tindera700

foodOE

eletc1200

firec1300

fuela1398

eldinga1400

firingc1487

betting1521

pabulum1675

fire block1834

fire mixture1855

alternative fuel1906

1906 Horseless Age 6 June 859/2 The effect of the free alcohol bill, which will go into effect at the beginning of 1907, will ultimately be to furnish the motorist with an alternative fuel.

1924 Nature 14 June 866/2 Excluding benzol..alternative fuels of greatest promise include ‘tetralin’ (tetrahydronaphthalene), which, mixed with benzol and alcohol, was used considerably by the Germans during the war.

1960 Biogr. Mem. Fellows Royal Soc. 6 48 The use of liquefied methane as an alternative fuel to petrol.

1991 Impact (UNESCO) 41 98 Alternative fuels such as ethanol and methanol have gained ground in California as part of a strategy to achieve air quality standards.

2006 Observer 21 May (Business section) 5/4 The real opportunity of bioethanol is that it represents the first realistic alternative fuel that will pave the way for other technologies.

alternative fuel vehicle n. a motor vehicle designed to run on a fuel other than petrol or diesel, such as natural gas, methanol, or electricity, esp. with the aim of reducing the emission of pollutants or the use of fossil-fuel resources; abbreviated AFV.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > [noun] > motor vehicle > with specific type of engine

one-lunger1908

straight eight1926

V-eight1930

hybrid1967

alternative fuel vehicle1979

AFV1982

1977 Christian Sci. Monitor 3 June 1/3 It's the third annual Mt. Washington hill climb for alternative-fueled vehicles to be run this year, June 23–25. From steam, electric, and flywheel engines—to a diesel that runs on waste cooking fats.]

1979 Establishment Public Transportation Trust Fund Program (Hearings before U.S. Congr. House Public Works & Transportation Comm.) 77 Newark, New Jersey... Research is being conducted into alternative fuel vehicles (propane, electric, gasohol).

2000 N.Y. Times Mag. 16 July 3 (advt.) A team of designers created the look that is turning heads in the U.S. and overseas, for Toyota's breakthrough alternative fuel vehicle, the Prius.

2005 C. D. Anderson & J. Anderson Electr. & Hybrid Cars v. 157 The most commonly reported problem in the acceptance of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in fleet use is the lack of infrastructure, including a lack of fueling stations.

Alternative Investment Market n. Stock Market a subsidiary market of the London Stock Exchange, on which the shares of small growing companies can be traded without the expense of a full market listing; abbreviated AIM.The Alternative Investment Market replaced the unlisted securities market (see Unlisted Securities Market n. at unlisted adj. 2) in 1995.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > [noun] > stock exchange > specific

Britain's Burse1570

Exchange Alley1706

house1814

board1837

bourse1845

Throgmorton Street1891

Amex1953

LME1957

LIFFE1982

Nikkei exchange1987

Alternative Investment Market1994

1994 Daily Tel. 2 Sept. 25/1 Called the Alternative Investment Market, it should have as its crest caveat emptor, since it appears to fill the gap between investing in a buy-and-forget blue chip and putting the money on the 3.30pm at Kempton Park [Racecourse].

2007 Independent 29 Nov. (Extra section) 10/1 This month, the company announced that it plans to float on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) just a year after taking its first order.

alternative lifestyle n. a way of life that departs from traditional norms.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > way of life > [noun] > specific

sheltered life1888

douceur de vivre1907

lifestyle1915

Lebensform1925

douceur de la vie1941

good life1954

alternative lifestyle1968

slow lane1972

champagne lifestyle1973

1968 N.Y. Times 16 Feb. 20 A loose coalition of antiwar, antidraft and radical left groups that profess their goal to be ‘to build a new kind of America’ by setting up ‘alternative life styles’ to the present ones.

1982 I. Gordon in N.Z. Listener 29 May 67 There is another non-rigid non-school with what in today's language we could call an alternative life-style.

2005 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 3 Apr. i. 22/5 Joe Solmonese, president of the Human Rights Campaign, said..that describing sexual orientation as an ‘alternative lifestyle’ is outdated.

alternative medicine n. medical practice encompassing various techniques regarded as unorthodox or scientifically untested by practitioners of conventional Western medicine; cf. complementary adj. and n. Additions g.Such techniques are of varying age, provenance, and demonstrable efficacy, and include acupuncture, chiropractic, herbalism, homeopathy, hypnotherapy, osteopathy, and reflexology (some of which have been accepted by conventional medicine).

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > art or science of medicine > [noun] > alternative medicine

botanism1668

herbal medicine1848

rhizotomy1872

fringe medicine1960

alternative medicine1974

1974 H. Kruger (title) Other healers, other cures: a guide to alternative medicine.

1975 Annistion (Alabama) Star 24 Apr. b1/1 Homeopathy does have a basis in the writings of Hippocrates... It is also a form of alternative medicine revived to vigorous life in the tide of dissatisfaction with orthodox faiths and practices.

1983 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 30 July 307/1 One of the few growth industries in contemporary Britain is alternative medicine.

1990 N.Y. Woman Apr. 14/2 Don't miss this month's..amazing selection of women practicing alternative medicine and finding healing power in acupuncture, reflexology and various ‘postural reeducation’ techniques.

2004 Daily Tel. 21 Sept. 18/2 Complementary and alternative medicine, or CAM, is now used by 25 per cent of the adult population in Britain.

alternative minimum tax n. U.S. a federal tax introduced in 1969 and intended to prevent wealthy individuals or companies from avoiding the payment of income tax through deductions and credits; abbreviated AMT.

ΚΠ

1969 Casa Grande (Arizona) Disp. 14 July 4/5 The National Federation of Independent Business, in its poll, found that 54 percent of the respondents object to..an alternative minimum tax for persons with substantial income.

2003 D. L. Scott Wall St. Words (ed. 3) 287 Except for nonprofit college and hospital bonds, interest from tax-exempt private activity bonds is subject to the alternative minimum tax.

alternative music n. originally U.S. popular music which is considered to be unorthodox or outside of the mainstream; spec. = alternative rock n..

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > pop music > [noun] > other pop music

a cappella1905

soundclash1925

marabi1933

doo-wop1958

filk1959

folk-rock1963

Liverpool sound1963

Mersey beat1963

Mersey sound1963

surf music1963

malombo1964

mbaqanga1964

easy listening1965

disco music1966

Motown1966

boogaloo1967

power pop1967

psychedelia1967

yé-yé1967

agitpop1968

bubblegum1968

Tamla Motown1968

Tex-Mex1968

downtempo1969

taarab1969

thrash1969

world music1969

funk1970

MOR1970

tropicalism1970

Afrobeat1971

electro-pop1971

post-rock1971

techno-pop1971

Tropicalia1971

tropicalismo1971

disco1972

Krautrock1972

schlager1973

Afropop1974

punk funk1974

disco funk1975

Europop1976

mgqashiyo1976

P-funk1976

funkadelia1977

karaoke music1977

alternative music1978

hardcore1978

psychobilly1978

punkabilly1978

R&B1978

cowpunk1979

dangdut1979

hip-hop1979

Northern Soul1979

rap1979

rapping1979

jit1980

trance1980

benga1981

New Romanticism1981

post-punk1981

rap music1981

scratch1982

scratch-music1982

synth-pop1982

electro1983

garage1983

Latin1983

Philly1983

New Age1984

New Age music1985

ambient1986

Britpop1986

gangster rap1986

house1986

house music1986

mbalax1986

rai1986

trot1986

zouk1986

bhangra1987

garage1987

hip-house1987

new school1987

old school1987

thrashcore1987

acid1988

acid house1988

acid jazz1988

ambience1988

Cantopop1988

dance1988

deep house1988

industrial1988

swingbeat1988

techno1988

dream pop1989

gangsta rap1989

multiculti1989

new jack swing1989

noise-pop1989

rave1989

Tejano1989

breakbeat1990

chill-out music1990

indie1990

new jack1990

new jill swing1990

noisecore1990

baggy1991

drum and bass1991

gangsta1991

handbag house1991

hip-pop1991

loungecore1991

psychedelic trance1991

shoegazing1991

slowcore1991

techno-house1991

gabba1992

jungle1992

sadcore1992

UK garage1992

darkcore1993

dark side1993

electronica1993

G-funk1993

sampladelia1994

trip hop1994

break1996

psy-trance1996

nu skool1997

folktronica1999

dubstep2002

Bongo Flava2003

grime2003

Bongo2004

singeli2015

1978 N.Y. Times 21 May ii. 37/8 Jazz. In concert. Alternative Music Ensemble.]

1978 Washington Post 15 Oct. l2 He played the Rogue and Jar and the One Step Down before heading north to the Zu Manifestival of alternative music in New York.

1996 Music Week 27 Apr. 4/1 Just as in the US where so-called alternative music..is now the mainstream, indie music in the UK is now far too broad and popular to be shoehorned into a category defined by distribution.

2007 Clash July 117/2 The Bongos were formed back in the mists of time in Hoboken, New Jersey and, along with their peers REM, set out the template for much of the alternative music (‘college rock’) to come out of the States in the 80s.

alternative practitioner n. a person who practises alternative medicine.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > healer > alternative practitioner > [noun]

alternative practitioner1981

1981 Which? Aug. 473/3 Many alternative practitioners prefer the terms complementary or supplementary therapies for their work.

2002 J. C. Wharton Nature Cures Pref. p. xii Long before the word ‘holistic’ had been coined and glorified as a ‘new paradigm’ for healing, alternative practitioners were advocating a philosophy of healing that was nothing if not ‘holistic’.

alternative press n. originally and chiefly U.S. (usually with the) newspapers, periodicals, etc., produced independently of, and offering alternative points of view to, the popular or mainstream press.

ΚΠ

1969 Press-Telegram (Long Beach, Calif.) 18 Sept. b1/4 The chancellor's office should encourage alternative press on the campus.

1989 T. C. Boyle If River was Whiskey 4 He'd had a little paragraph in Barbed Wire , the alternative press weekly handed out on the street corners.

2003 Time Out N.Y. 12 June 14/2 Recounting his journey from conservative Sandusky, Ohio to the West Coast alternative press.

alternative right n. (in the United States) a right-wing ideological movement characterized by a rejection of mainstream politics and by the use of online media to disseminate provocative content, often expressing opposition to racial, religious, or gender equality; cf. alt-right n. 2.

ΚΠ

2008 www.takimag.com 1 Dec. (Internet Archive Wayback Machine 4 Dec. 2008) (heading) The decline and rise of the Alternative Right.

2016 Guardian (Nexis) 1 Apr. The ‘alternative right’ had a racial animus now emboldened by Trump's xenophobia, [he] said.

2017 Commentary Dec. 17/2 The most unpleasant of those forces has been the so-called alternative right, or ‘alt-right’.

alternative rock n. originally U.S. rock music characterized by an unorthodox or uncommercialized style or approach, esp. as distributed by an independent record label.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > pop music > [noun] > rock > types of

jazz-rock1915

rockabilly1956

rockaboogie1956

hard rock1959

folk-rock1963

soft rock1965

surf rock1965

acid rock1966

raga rock1966

progressive rock1968

Christian rock1969

cock rock1970

punk1970

punk rock1970

space rock1970

swamp rock1970

techno-rock1971

glitter rock1972

grunge1973

glam-rock1974

pub rock1974

alternative rock1975

dinosaur rock1975

prog rock1976

AOR1977

New Wave1977

pomp rock1978

prog1978

anarcho-punk1979

stadium rock1979

oi1981

alt-rock1982

noise1982

noise-rock1982

trash1983

mosh1985

emo-core1986

Goth1986

rawk1987

emo1988

grindcore1989

darkwave1990

queercore1991

lo-fi1993

dadrock1994

nu metal1995

1975 Billboard 16 Aug. 41 (advt.) Alternative Rock. Beautiful Music. Classical M.O.R. Choose one. Your station will make money.

1986 Los Angeles Times 19 Jan. (Calendar) 74 Listeners..loyally supported the Long Beach-based station's eclectic, alternative-rock play list.

2000 C. H. Hansen & R. D. Hansen in D. Zillmann et al. Media Entertainm. x. 181 They grouped the videos into eight types of music (rap, soul, country, heavy metal, pop, classic rock, alternative rock, and other).

alternative science n. (a) study or research that is claimed as scientific but is not generally accepted as such; a subject of this kind; = pseudoscience n. 1, 2; (b) science practised in such a way as to minimize harm to the environment and the use of natural resources; cf. alternative technology n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > systematic knowledge, science > [noun] > false or pretended science

pseudoscience1796

dogology1820

pseudology1907

alternative science1981

woo-woo1983

1981 Times 12 Oct. 9/1 The Institute of Noetic Sciences, which researches into ESP, parapsychology and alternative science.

1993 T. Szanto in T. Brante et al. Controv. Sci. ii. 256 The stop-side's science image is (as opposed to Big Science) that of an ‘alternative’ science, one less technologized,..on a more human scale, and..morally responsible.

1998 Cosmopolitan (U.K. ed.) Aug. 46/3 Alternative science explains premonitions..by comparing them to the effect of a pebble hitting water and sending out ripples. The shock..sends psychic energy ripples back into the past where some people pick them up.

2006 R. Varma Harbingers Global Change (2007) x. 171 Over 54 per cent of respondents said that following alternative science will prevent India from catching up with the developed countries.

Alternative Service Book n. (the name of) a book containing the public liturgy of the Church of England in modern English, published in 1980 for use as an alternative to the Book of Common Prayer (1662); abbreviated A.S.B. (see ASB n. at A n. Initialisms).The liturgy ceased to be authorized by the Church of England on 31 December 2000 and was replaced by Common Worship.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > book (general) > service book (general) > [noun] > containing directions for worship > Anglican > Alternative Service Book

ASB1978

Alternative Service Book1980

1979 PN Rev. 13 40/1 The General Synod of the Church..now has the power to create new liturgies and even an Alternative Services Book.]

1980 (title) Alternative Service Book.

1981 Ripon College Cuddesdon Newslet. 3 Our staple diet of daily offices and daily..eucharist..continues, but now with the Alternative Service Book providing the forms of service.

1998 Funeral Service Jrnl. July 52/1 The plans are part of a new liturgy called ‘Common Worship’ which is due to replace the Alternative Service Book in the year 2001.

alternative society n. (in early use) a society different from that which actually exists; (later) a way of life or set of people with values and habits which purport to be preferable to those of established society.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > a civilization or culture > [noun] > subculture or alternative culture

subsociety1820

subculture1914

alternative society1941

hip-hop culture1983

1941 Jrnl. Hist. Ideas 2 400 It accepted the capitalist order, without desire or ability to propose an alternative society.

1968 Winnnipeg Free Press 31 May 5/3 The New Left seeks to create an alternative society, one whose institutions would promote non-materialistic values.

1969 It 13 June 21/3 Brother Simon Tugwell is planning a 3-day talk-in on the alternative society.

1971 Times Lit. Suppl. 31 Dec. 1621/5 Sorel, like Nietzsche, preached the need for a new civilization of makers and doers, what is now called a counter-culture or an alternative society.

1975 D. Lodge Changing Places v. 164 A middle-aged parasite on the alternative society.

1998 B. Elton Blast from Past (1999) xx. 125 The whole of alternative society had been galvanized by the confrontation between Mrs Thatcher and the miners.

alternative technology n. any form of technology which (esp. in contrast to a mainstream alternative) achieves its desired aim whilst minimizing harm to the environment and the use of natural resources; such technologies collectively.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > study of work > [noun] > technology or technography > other branches

bionics1960

zygology1970

alternative technology1972

nanotechnology1974

softnomics1983

nano1987

nanotech1990

1972 Ecologist Jan. 8/2 The invention, promotion and application of alternative technologies which are energy and materials conservative.

1987 Green Cuisine Feb. 54/2 Renewable energy techniques..provide most of the power to run The Centre for Alternative Technology (CAT).

1991 Whole Earth Rev. Summer 133/3 Computers are not alternative technologies. They are energy consumptive and lock a person into the system of Earth destruction.

2008 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 1 Sept. 6 They [sc. businesses] want long-term carbon prices that are high enough to make alternative technologies profitable, not just for energy production and transmission, but also for energy efficiencies in buildings, transport, agriculture, mining and manufacturing.

alternative therapy n. = alternative medicine n.; (also) a particular therapy of this kind.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > non-scientific treatments > [noun]

bloodstone1504

alternative therapy1974

1974 Homeotherapy Oct. 4 It has a special name to distinguish it from official medicine, and is considered an alternative therapy because official medicine rejects its principles.

1992 N.Y. Times Mag. 17 May 46/1 I don't rule out alternative therapy: if you want to try other things like acupuncture or diet, feel free to explore them.

2003 S. Brett Murder in Museum xxi. 169 Though a great believer in the efficacy of alternative therapies, Jude knew when conventional medical intervention was required.

alternative verdict n. Law a verdict in which the accused party is found not guilty of an offence as specifically charged, but guilty of a lesser offence.

ΚΠ

1823 Scotsman 15 Mar. 175/3 There was no room for the alternative verdict of culpable homicide.

1938 Mod. Law Rev. 2 229 This new definition of the words ‘the child had recently been born’..appears to be made for all purposes and not merely for the purpose of an alternative verdict of concealment upon the acquittal of a woman upon an indictment for infanticide.

2011 Plymouth Herald (Nexis) 5 Dec. 9 The judge..has begun to sum up the case to the jury, offering them an alternative verdict of manslaughter if they can not agree upon the charge [of murder].

alternative vote n. a system of voting in which the voter ranks the names of the candidates in order of preference (abbreviated AV); cf. preference voting n. at preference n. Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > election of representative body by vote > right to vote at elections > [noun] > systems of voting

scrutin de liste1851

cumulative vote1853

Australian ballot1888

preference1900

alternative vote1908

list system1908

preference voting1908

scrutin d'arrondissement1921

list voting1954

AV1965

1868 Times 4 Mar. 8/5 The returning officer would proceed..to receive votes for any one candidate until his return had been secured, after which the votes of electors desirous of returning him would be transferred to the person to whom they had given the alternative vote.]

1908 Times 3 Jan. 5/3 Far preferable is the amended form [of the second ballot], called for the sake of conciseness the system of alternative vote. This system..has the added value of being a simple education in preferential voting of the easiest kind.

1910 Rep. Royal Comm. Elect. Systems (Cmd. 5163) 3 The Alternative Vote. Here the voter is invited to arrange the candidates in the order of his choice by placing the figures 1, 2, 3..against their names.

1926 C. G. Hoag & G. H. Hallett Proportional Representation x. 483 Such a preferential ballot is provided under the single transferable vote used as a majority system, known in Australia simply as ‘preferential voting’, in Great Britain and Canada as the ‘alternative vote’.

1966 Listener 25 Aug. 289/3 He could be freed from this bondage..through the introduction of the alternative vote.

1997 A. Barnett This Time vi. 199 If the proposal is endorsed, Londoners will then be able to vote in elections for the Mayor using a form of alternative vote.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	alternative
释义	alternativeadj.n. Brit. /ɔːlˈtəːnətɪv/, /ɒlˈtəːnətɪv/, U.S. /ɔlˈtərnədɪv/, /ɑlˈtərnədɪv/ Forms: 1500s alternatiwe (Scottish), 1500s–1600s alternatiue, 1500s– alternative. Origin: A borrowing from French. Perhaps also a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French alternatif; Latin alternativus. Etymology: < Middle French alternatif (French alternatif ) alternating, occurring in turns (1375), changeable, variable, exhibiting variation (late 15th cent.) and perhaps also < its etymon post-classical Latin alternativus (14th cent.) < classical Latin alternāt- , past participial stem of alternāre (see alternate v.) + -īvus -ive suffix. Compare Spanish alternativo (a1444), Portuguese alternativo (1647), Italian alternativo (a1555), all earliest in sense ‘alternating‘. With use as noun compare Middle French, French alternative alternation, succession by turns (1401 in par alternatifve alternately), attribution of an ecclesiastic benefice to two or more people in turn (early 15th cent. in legal use), choice between two possible courses of action (1680), and also post-classical Latin alternativa (1527), Spanish alternativa (end of the 15th cent.), Portuguese alternativa (1609, earliest in sense ‘alternation’), Italian alternativa (a1527 denoting a proposition or statement containing or offering two or more mutually exclusive things, a1580 in sense ‘alteration’).With sense A. 1 compare slightly earlier alternate adj.; use in this sense is sometimes criticized in usage guides or by other commentators. With sense B. 4 compare earlier alternation n. A. adj. 1. Characterized by alternation; alternating, alternate. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > alternation > [adjective] every other1389 alternatea1535 alternative1540 alternal1576 altern1636 1540 in D. H. Fleming Registrum Secreti Sigilli Regum Scotorum (1921) II. 511 [The] archibischop of Sanctandrois, and..Williame, bischop of Abirdene, patronis alternative of the said personage. 1594 R. Ashley tr. L. le Roy Interchangeable Course sig. A3 In the whole worke therfore are represented, the successiue, or rather alternatiue changes of the whole world, aswell in the higher or superiour, as lower and inferiour part thereof. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. ii. 3 He [sc. the Sun] ordereth the seasons in their alternative course. 1682 London Gaz. mdclxxxviii/3 Churches where the Collation is alternative between the Bishops and the Chapters. 1716 H. Prideaux Old & New Test. Connected I. v. 358 A direction both to the Reader and to the Interpreter where to make their stop at every alternative reading and interpreting. 1753 London Monthly Mercury Oct. 428 He..regulates the Duration of Days and Nights, and the constant alternative Course of the Seasons. 1840 Preston Chron. & Lancs. Advertiser 19 Sept. The men and women bathe on alternative days. 1880 A. Gray Bot. Text-bk. (ed. 6) 395 Alternative, in æstivation, with an inner whorl alternating with an outer one. 1911 Amer. Naturalist 45 156 The merely phenotypical phenomena of alternative variability first pointed out by De Vries, e.g. the alternation of decussated and contorted stems of Dipsacus. 1987 V. Wood Barmy (1988) 127 And we'll do alternative Sundays, because I like to worship on that day. 2002 S. Ison et al. Environmental Issues & Policies ix. 234 Cars with odd and even registration number plates are allowed into the city on alternative days. 2. a. Of a statement, question, or proposition: consisting of statements separated by or; that expresses or offers one of two or more things; disjunctive. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > types of choice > [adjective] > stating or offering two choices alternative1590 1590 H. Swinburne Briefe Treat. Test. & Willes vii. f. 252^v The alternatiue or disiunctiue speech of the testator..I make A. or B. my executors. 1696 T. Ellwood Answer G. Keith's Narr. 177 Did he ever know or taken for and, in an Alternative Proposition or Sentence, as this was, by any that pretended to understand Words? 1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. An alternative, or disjunctive proposition is true, if one side or part of it be true. 1834 A. Crombie Gymnasium (ed. 5) II. 104 Or when it introduces an alternative question, is expressed by an. 1865 S. H. Emmens Treat. Logic iii. 29 There is yet another form which our judgments may assume, this being the statement of some alternative, such as, ‘Either Tyndall is wrong, or mechanical force produces heat’;—which, accordingly, is known as a disjunctive or alternative proposition. 1918 Mind 27 134 ‘Some one of the twelve chosen disciples was a traitor’ yields the alternative proposition ‘Peter or John or James or..was a traitor’. 1999 C. Bartels Intonation Eng. Statements & Questions iv. 83 Questions are standardly classified as either wh-questions, yes/no-questions, or alternative questions. b. Characterized by alternativeness or disjunction; indicative or constitutive of a choice between two or more things. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > types of choice > [adjective] > stating or offering two choices > containing two alternatives alternative1681 1681 R. McWard Banders Disbanded 20 Alternative promise (or engadgement) is, when..both (to wit the Alternative parts) are in the obligation, although by performance of either, the whole obligation ceaseth. 1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Alternative promise is where two or more are engaged to do a thing..though if either of them discharge it, both are acquitted. 1818 H. T. Colebrooke Treat. Obligations & Contracts 107 To constitute an alternative obligation, two or more acts or things must be promised disjunctively. 1863 A. Bain Eng. Gram. 65 The alternative conjunctions are either—or, whether—or, neither—nor. 1922 Mind 31 502 Thus p-or-q and r-or-s are two constructs out of r and s, p and q, respectively. And both exemplify the alternative construction. 1998 D. N. S. Bhat in J. H. Hill et al. Life Lang. 375 The pronouns under consideration..occur with the alternative particle o: ‘or’ or the focusing (additive) particle u: ‘also’. 3. a. Of one thing or set of things: available in place of another or others. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > types of choice > [adjective] > stating or offering two choices > of two things of which one may be chosen alternativec1659 alternate1766 c1659 Let. in R. Boyle Corr. (2001) I. 307 Wee sometime finde Syrup of Violets, sometimes a gentle infusion of Roses, sometime sennes, sometime Rhewbarbs, sometimes Aloes, sometimes Zallop, sometimes an alternative potion or decoction only of some pearles produce such sad symptomes. 1824 H. J. Stephen Treat. Princ. Pleading i. 62 If the defendant does not demur, his only alternative method of defence, is, to oppose or answer the declaration by matter of fact. 1842 T. De Quincey Mod. Greece in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. July 120/2 The alternative supposition presumed him..the merchant. 1877 A. W. Kinglake Invasion of Crimea (ed. 6) IV. iv. 50 Who had ready an alternative plan. 1903 G. B. Shaw Man & Superman 196 We have been driven to Proletarian Democracy by the failure of all the alternative systems. 1948 R. M. Pearl Pop. Gemol. iii. 160 Kyanite... An alternative name is disthene, meaning ‘double strength’. 1999 Campus News (National Univ. Singapore) May 2/2 An alternative scheme allows students to take a particular module by taking a compressed two-week programme in a university overseas. b. Of or characterizing any of various (hypothetical or imagined) realities, worlds, or realms of existence, differing from our own in trivial or fundamental ways (esp. in the context of science fiction and computer games). Cf. alternate adj. 8. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of imagination > mental image, idea, or fancy > [adjective] > only in imagination or unreal imaginary?1510 imaginative1517 rational1530 fantastical1531 fantasied1561 airy1565 fancied1568 legendary1570 dreamed1597 fabled1606 ideal1611 fictive1612 affectual1614 insubstantiala1616 imaginatorya1618 supposititious1620 fictitious1621 utopian1624 utopic1624 notional1629 affective1633 fictiousa1644 notionary1646 figmental1655 suppositious1655 fict1677 visionary1725 metaphysical1728 unrealized1767 fancy1801 nice-spun1801 subjective1815 aerial1829 transcendental1835 cardboardy1863 mythical1870 cardboard1879 fictionary1882 figmentary1887 alternative1939 alternate1944 fantasized1964 ideate1966 fanciful- fantastic- 1939 C. L. Moore in Astounding Sci. Fiction July 144/2 He was not even thinking as he opened his eyes and looked into the cube... Ashley had been right. There was an alternative future. 1956 A. Cogan in Galaxy Sci. Fiction June 128/2 Maybe it was some sort of alternative world we saw. 1969 A. B. Chandler Catch Star Winds xiv. 119 So in this alternative Universe of yours,..the Rim Worlds never got colonized. 1980 Dragon May 3/2 Designers create their own reality with such games, and a better test is how true the designer has been to the alternative reality set forth in his game. 1994 P. Anderson Stars are also Fire 97 In some hypothetical quantum-mechanical alternative reality. 4. Of two things: such that one or the other may be chosen, the choice of either typically involving the rejection of the other. Also frequently of more than two things. ΚΠ 1687 A. Shields Hind let Loose 480 If these Bonds were Alternative, it should be in the binders choise, whether to Answer the Court, go to Church, to separate Meetings; Or pay so much money. 1773 Information for John Miller against James Montgomery 8 It was doubly incumbent upon the jury to determine..which of the two alternative charges of the libel they meant to find proved against either the one or the other of the pannels. 1790 Rep. Secretary of State on Weights, Meas. & Coins U.S. 18 The Secretary of State thinks it his duty to submit alternative plans, that the House may, at their will, adopt either the one or the other. 1810 H. Binney Rep. Supreme Court Pennsylvania 2 149 The remedies given by the deed are not cumulative as is argued, but they are alternative. 1861 A. Beresford-Hope Eng. Cathedral of 19th Cent. I feel bound..to recapitulate the alternative possibilities. 1876 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. App. 746 I accept the statements as alternative statements. 1903 Psychol. Rev. 10 635 All cognitive consciousness, including even sensation, must be in some sense a process of reflection—a balancing of alternative possibilities. 1944 Jrnl. Egyptian Archaeol. 30 27 It has been customary to assume that Per-nu and Per-nezer were alternative names for one and the same building. 2002 Prevention's Ultimate Guide to Women's Health & Wellness xi. 150/2 Whatever the issue is, plan ahead for it by identifying at least three alternative ways to approach it. 5. Of or relating to activities that represent an unorthodox style or approach; of a kind purported to be preferable to or as acceptable as those in general use or sanctioned by the establishment. Cf. fringe n. 2b, underground adj. 4d.alternative comedy, alternative energy, alternative medicine, etc.: see Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > disorder > irregularity > unconformity > [adjective] > deviating from rule or standard exorbitant1534 unorthodox1629 aberrant1778 aberrated1786 divergent1801 radical1869 nonstandard1870 non-regular1896 non-regulation1953 non-conformant1960 alternative1962 sideways1969 alternate1970 marginala1988 alt1988 1962 Phi Delta Kappan May 363/1 A false dilemma is presented [to the] teacher, who is urged to choose between..communism as an ‘alternative economic philosophy’ or a ‘system of tyranny’. 1973 Times 18 May 4/5 An ‘alternative’ prospectus produced by a group of students at Cambridge University has led to a demand by Professor Alec Deer, the vice-chancellor, that it should be withdrawn. 1978 Peace News 1 Dec. 4/3 The Lucas workers have produced an ‘Alternative Corporate Plan’ demanding the right to work on socially useful products as an alternative to redundancy and to the production of armaments. 1984 Listener 14 June 31/4 The demand for ‘alternative’ radio, an alternative to the services offered by the BBC and IBA contractors, has been clearly demonstrated by the persistence of pirate stations. 2006 Guardian 5 July (Guide Suppl.) 46/1 (advt.) Attract fit M, 40, into old fashioned glamour/manners, new burlesque, Bettie Page, alternative clubbing, dancing, the arts. B. n. 1. A proposition containing two or more mutually exclusive statements separated by or; a statement or offer of two or more mutually exclusive things; a choice between two or more courses. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > types of choice > [noun] > choosing between alternatives > a choice of alternatives > statement or offer of alternative1609 1609 H. Leech & R. Parsons Dutifull Consider. Proofe Relig. v. 208 The alternatiue allowed vnto them by Protestants, which is eyther to belieue them, or to be humbly silent without condemning them. 1624 W. Bedell Copies Certaine Lett. iii. 71 A long compasse of a sentence..with I know not how many ampliations and alternatiues. 1721 E. Young Revenge ii. i. 18 My Lord, you know the sad Alternative, Is Leonora worth one Pang, or not? 1794 W. Godwin Caleb Williams II. iv. 51 I could not endure to think..of that side of the alternative as true. 1817 J. Mill Hist. Brit. India II. iv. iii. 107 In the opinion of Clive, there was but one alternative: that of embracing the neutrality, or instantly attacking Chandernagor. 1852 J. S. Mill Princ. Polit. Econ. (ed. 3) I. ii. x. 396 The alternative seemed to be either death, or to be permanently supported by other people, or a radical change in the economical arrangements. 1852 H. Rogers Eclipse of Faith 422 The brief, simple alternative of Mohamet, Death or the Koran. 1919 W. Lewis Caliph's Design iv. i. 63 There is..the alternative of the Receptive attitude or the Active and Changing one. 1949 Social Forces Oct. 59/1 The Association poses the alternative of ‘self-contained towns’ versus ‘suburban sprawl’. 1998 E. Wyschogrod Saints & Postmodernism viii. 255 A child is offered the alternative of buying a book or a toy. 2. a. Either of the two components of an alternative proposition; one of two possibilities. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > types of choice > [noun] > choosing between alternatives > a choice of alternatives > one or other of two alternatives snick or snee1675 alternative1685 choice1795 1685 P. Rycaut Continuation 334 in tr. Platina Lives Popes The Duke proposed two Alternatives, the one was totally excluded, and the other admitted of so many exceptions. 1710 R. L. Lloyd Serm. Preach’d at St. Paul’s 6 As if there were no other alternative but Rebellion or Slavery. a1754 H. Fielding Jrnl. Voy. Lisbon (1755) 143 Forced to take the other alternative. a1817 J. Austen Lady Susan xxxviii, in Wks. (1954) VI. 307 It is impossible to submit to such an extremity while any other alternative remains. 1858 J. Buchanan Message to Congr. 6 Dec. in Wks. (1910) X. 276 I could make no better arrangement, and there was no other alternative. 1864 J. H. Newman Apologia 329 There are but two alternatives, the way to Rome, and the way to Atheism. 1915 Jrnl. Philos., Psychol. & Sci. Methods 12 302 Neither alternative appears to be possible. 1970 C. Hampton Philanthropist (1976) iii. 28 There's only two alternatives, keep it or give it all away. 2002 Sci. Amer. May 28/2 Players..must choose one of two alternatives at each step of the game—for instance, whether to buy or sell commodity. b. Any one of more than two different options which may be taken. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > [noun] > ability to be chosen > that which or one who may be chosen option1549 alternative1712 eligibilities1790 choice1806 possibility1902 otherwise1982 1712 Hist. Treaty Utrecht 88 They propos'd several Alternatives. 1798 Earl of Carlisle Earnest & Serious Refl. Urgency Present Crisis 4 No third alternative can possibly have place. 1803 M. Hays Female Biogr. V. 155 Three alternatives presented themselves. 1879 W. E. Gladstone Gleanings Past Years VII. iv. 192 When in doubt among several alternatives of conduct, we are bound to choose that which has the greatest likelihood of being right. 1908 Practitioner 81 383 I must quote a case of dermatitis artefacta... The alternatives for diagnosis..were (1) Some local pyodermic infection. (2) A trophic lesion (?). (3) An ‘artefact’. 1972 G. Jones Kings, Beasts, & Heroes i. i. 8 An elaborate and complicated type of folktale..tolerating a considerable choice of alternatives by the story-teller without losing its story line. 2000 Econ. & Philos. 16 166 Most people most of the time cannot rank many alternatives open to them. 3. The other or remaining course; an alternative option; a thing available in place of another. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > types of choice > [noun] > choosing between alternatives > a choice of alternatives > remaining alternative when one is ruled out alternative1705 alternate1717 1705 J. Law Money & Trade Considered viii. 113 The Landed Man, by having engadged his Person and Estate for the Payment of a Species, which is not in his power to perform; and having no Alternative: By the Law his Person is at the mercy of the Creditor. 1767 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy IX. ii. 11 There was no alternative in my uncle Toby's wardrobe. 1836 J. Gilbert Christian Atonem. i. 26 Yet law was never so repealed but that it still remained as the alternative. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. §2. 19 We had therefore no alternative but to pack up. 1867 Buckle's Hist. Civilisation Eng. (new ed.) III. iii. 146 A fate compared to which death would have been a joyful alternative. 1910 L. D. Brandeis in N.Y. Times 22 Nov. 8/2 As an alternative to the practice of combining to raise rates and hence to increase prices, we offer cooperation to reduce costs. 1965 W. Trevor Boarding-house v. 52 The alternative would be to stand, for there were no other empty seats. 1999 Odds On Feb. 38/1 There are two ways to lock-in a profit. The first is simply to close out... The alternative is to use a technique..called a stop-loss. 4. Alternating course, alternation; an instance of this. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > alternation > [noun] interchangingc1374 alternationc1443 alternement1483 interchange1559 intercourse1571 reciprocation1586 circulation1597 counterchange1602 interchangeableness1606 subalternation1616 vicissitude1624 alternity1646 alternacy1650 alternative1732 variegation1781 fluctuation1802 alternance1826 up and down1855 intermittence1860 1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. ii. xvi. 111 The actual enjoyment is very short, and the alternative of Appetite and Disgust long. 1783 J. Wedgwood in Philos. Trans. 1782 (Royal Soc.) 72 317 They bear sudden alternatives of heat and cold. 1807 O. Gregory tr. R. J. Haüy Elem. Treat. Nat. Philos. I. iii. i. 158 Timely alternatives of serene and rainy days. 1866 J. Davis Nature & Bible in Agreement with Protestant Faith 89 A power that would of itself have..deprived the moon also of her ruling power for describing the various seasons consequent upon the alternative of day and night. 1910 N. C. Macnamara Evol. Living Purposive Matter i. i. 29 We have, in fact, what seems to be a habit built into the living protoplasm by the alternative of night and day. 5. A person who or thing which represents an unorthodox style or approach; esp. a fan or performer of alternative music; (also) alternative music as a genre. Cf. sense A. 5, alternative music n. at Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > a standard of conduct > [noun] > deviation from normal standards of behaviour > one who erratic1623 exorbitant1627 inconformable1633 non-conformant1654 original1675 nonconformista1677 eccentric1832 originalist1835 Bohemian1843 oddball1943 antisocial1945 left fielder1953 boho1958 alternative1982 the world > relative properties > order > disorder > irregularity > unconformity > [noun] > deviation from rule or standard > one who or that which exception1483 heteroclite1605 alternative1982 1982 New Musical Express 25 Sept. 38 The main music scene opened its arms ostentatiously to the Alternatives so the ranks of the charts were filled with bewildered souls stunned by commercial success. 1984 Times 31 July 10/3 The soft punks and the new romantics and the alternatives and the posers..are massaged by music which depends for its impact as much upon producer as upon the artist. 1990 Health Guardian Nov. 1/1 This was not an alternatives versus the medics debate. 1992 Buffalo (N.Y.) News 23 Aug. g5/1 Alternative includes the gothic sound of Peter Murphy, the humour of the Barenaked Ladies and everything in between. 2002 J. Harrington Sonic Cool 496 Dinosaur made a unique impression during that whole transitional era between Hard-Core and ‘alternative’. Compounds alternative birth n. originally U.S. childbirth in which intrusive technology is avoided and the delivery occurs at home or in a similar natural environment (frequently attributive); a birth that occurs in such a setting. ΘΚΠ the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [adjective] > giving birth > relating to manner of Lamaze1959 alternative birth1976 Leboyer1976 1976 Times (San Mateo, Calif.) 19 May 11/4 Perhaps the most important feature of the alternative birth center is that labor, delivery and recovery all occur in a single room. 1987 Los Angeles Times 14 Sept. v. 2/1 The alternative birth movement of a decade ago forced hospitals to expand delivery departments to include birthing centers. 1995 M. D. Good Amer. Med. (1998) iii. 71 The state's response to the popular demand for alternative births through the introduction of certified training progams and licensure in midwifery. 2006 News Let. (Belfast) (Nexis) 6 May 4 The maternity team are taking facilities, including a birthing pool, across the west to satisfy curiosity about alternative births in the area. alternative birthing n. originally U.S. the practice or fact of alternative births; cf. alternative birth n. ΚΠ 1976 Argus (Fremont–Newark, Calif.) 10 June 4/2 A bill..requesting a state committee be set up to study alternative birthing methods.] 1977 Modesto (Calif.) Bee 19 Oct. f3/3 Alternative birthing isn't foolproof. Of the first 300 deliveries which begain in the alternative birth center, 90 wound up in the hospital's regular delivery room. 2005 R. K. Reed Birthing Fathers iv. 128 Physicians who sought to integrate aspects of holistic birthing into conventional delivery first promoted alternative birthing. alternative comedian n. a person who performs alternative comedy. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > performance of jester or comedian > [noun] > jester or comedian jugglerc1175 foolc1300 jangler1303 fool sagec1330 ribald1340 ape-ward1362 japer1377 sage fool1377 harlotc1390 disporter?a1475 jocular?a1475 joculatora1500 jester?1518 idiot1526 scoffer1530 sporter1531 dizzardc1540 vice1552 antic1564 bauble-bearer1568 scoggin1579 buffoon1584 pleasant1595 zany1596 baladine1599 clown1600 fiddle1600 mimic1601 ape-carrier1615 mime1616 mime-man1631 merry man1648 tomfool1650 pickle-herring1656 badine1670 puddingc1675 merry-andrew1677 mimical1688 Tom Tram1688 Monaghan1689 pickled herring1711 ethologist1727 court-foola1797 Tom1817 mimer1819 fun-maker1835 funny man1839 mimester1846 comic1857 comedian1860 jokesman1882 comique1886 Joey1896 tummler1938 alternative comedian1981 Andrew- 1981 Sunday Times 13 Sept. 32/5 Throughout, Alexei Sayle, the alternative comedian, had sat in the aisle spurning the bourgeois comfort of a seat. 2004 Times Lit. Suppl. 16 Apr. 33/3 The post-Thatcher era has wrested comedy from the grip of the politicized alternative comedians and, via Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer, allowed it once more to be silly. alternative comedy n. a style of comedy which rejects certain established (esp. racist or sexist) comic stereotypes, and is typically characterized by a left-wing political stance. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > drama > [noun] > comedy > specific low comedy1608 farce1676 light comedy1698 high comedy1707 comedy of manners1822 comedietta1823 Adelphi screamer1830 commedia dell'arte1877 musical comedy1903 comédie noire1958 alternative comedy1980 1980 Time Out 17 Oct. 30/5 Alternative comedy has come of age and you have nothing to use but your chains. 2006 Time Out N.Y. 7 Sept. 167/2 Kurt Braunholer and Kristen Schaal host darlings of the alternative-comedy scene in their extra-roomy whirlpool. alternative country n. originally U.S. country music with an unorthodox style, often incorporating elements of rock. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > folk music > [noun] > country and western country music1942 country-western1949 bluegrass1955 country and western1960 Nashville1963 country1969 newgrass1972 alternative country1990 alt-country1993 1985 Los Angeles Times 13 Oct. (Calendar) 58/3 The Men made their concert debut at an event called the Alternative Country Festival that year.] 1990 Chicago Tribune 20 May xiii. 30/4 On a lot of dates, Triad has begun teaming Southern Pacific with Restless Heart... ‘This is a perfect evening of entertainment, because it's alternative-country that complements really nicely.’ 2001 Observer 21 Oct. (Review section) 14/2 It's been called Americana, neo-country, and alternative country, and it was born—depending on who you ask—when the American grunge movement died, when the angelic country soul singer Gram Parsons declared his vision of ‘Cosmic American Music’ in the late Sixties, or when Hank Williams first strapped on his two-dollar guitar. alternative dispute resolution n. chiefly North American the use of methods such as mediation or arbitration to resolve a dispute without resort to litigation. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > dissent > absence of dissension or peace > bringing about concord or peace > [noun] > settling quarrels or disputes reckoning1488 composing1574 compounding1601 atonement1605 composure1640 compositiona1654 sopiting1659 resolution1890 alternative dispute resolution1980 1980 N.Y. Times 1 Jan. 22/5 The new rules ‘governing alternative dispute resolution by arbitration’ became formally effective Wednesday. 2004 T. Rosenbaum Myth Moral Justice xiii. 242 Alternative dispute resolution, known as ADR, offers an alternative to traditional civil litigation. alternative energy n. [perhaps originally shortened < alternative energy sources and similar phrases, rather than a simple qualification of energy n.] energy obtained from a source other than conventional or fossil fuels (usually excluding nuclear energy); spec. energy obtained in a way that does not deplete the earth's resources or otherwise harm the environment, such as wind, solar, or tidal energy. ΚΠ 1956 Geogr. Rev. 46 281 A chapter on natural gas is followed by two chapters devoted to alternative energy sources—coal hydrogenation products, shale oil, water power, and..nuclear and solar energy.] 1975 Sunday Times 30 Nov. (Mag.) 75/4 There are all the signs of Alternative Energy burgeoning into a big business. 1980 N.Y. Times 27 Sept. ii. 32/2 Wheelabrator-Frye will be uniquely capable of providing engineering and technical expertise as the world moves toward alternative energy and synfuels. 1995 Sci. News 6 May 274/3 A community in Vermont that will save more than $1 million by converting to a wood chip heating system in its local high school and a large-scale wind project in Iowa are just 2 of the 75 active alternative energy scenarios profiled in this guide. 2003 AMC Outdoors Mag. Oct. 23/1 A buzzword in alternative-energy circles, ‘biomass’ refers to vegetation and products that come from it. alternative fuel n. a fuel that is an alternative to that usually used, esp. a fuel for motor vehicles other than the usual ones of petrol and diesel; (in later use) spec. such a fuel that reduces the emission of pollutants or the use of fossil-fuel resources.Alternative fuels include natural gas, electricity, and biofuels. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > [noun] tindera700 foodOE eletc1200 firec1300 fuela1398 eldinga1400 firingc1487 betting1521 pabulum1675 fire block1834 fire mixture1855 alternative fuel1906 1906 Horseless Age 6 June 859/2 The effect of the free alcohol bill, which will go into effect at the beginning of 1907, will ultimately be to furnish the motorist with an alternative fuel. 1924 Nature 14 June 866/2 Excluding benzol..alternative fuels of greatest promise include ‘tetralin’ (tetrahydronaphthalene), which, mixed with benzol and alcohol, was used considerably by the Germans during the war. 1960 Biogr. Mem. Fellows Royal Soc. 6 48 The use of liquefied methane as an alternative fuel to petrol. 1991 Impact (UNESCO) 41 98 Alternative fuels such as ethanol and methanol have gained ground in California as part of a strategy to achieve air quality standards. 2006 Observer 21 May (Business section) 5/4 The real opportunity of bioethanol is that it represents the first realistic alternative fuel that will pave the way for other technologies. alternative fuel vehicle n. a motor vehicle designed to run on a fuel other than petrol or diesel, such as natural gas, methanol, or electricity, esp. with the aim of reducing the emission of pollutants or the use of fossil-fuel resources; abbreviated AFV. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > [noun] > motor vehicle > with specific type of engine one-lunger1908 straight eight1926 V-eight1930 hybrid1967 alternative fuel vehicle1979 AFV1982 1977 Christian Sci. Monitor 3 June 1/3 It's the third annual Mt. Washington hill climb for alternative-fueled vehicles to be run this year, June 23–25. From steam, electric, and flywheel engines—to a diesel that runs on waste cooking fats.] 1979 Establishment Public Transportation Trust Fund Program (Hearings before U.S. Congr. House Public Works & Transportation Comm.) 77 Newark, New Jersey... Research is being conducted into alternative fuel vehicles (propane, electric, gasohol). 2000 N.Y. Times Mag. 16 July 3 (advt.) A team of designers created the look that is turning heads in the U.S. and overseas, for Toyota's breakthrough alternative fuel vehicle, the Prius. 2005 C. D. Anderson & J. Anderson Electr. & Hybrid Cars v. 157 The most commonly reported problem in the acceptance of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in fleet use is the lack of infrastructure, including a lack of fueling stations. Alternative Investment Market n. Stock Market a subsidiary market of the London Stock Exchange, on which the shares of small growing companies can be traded without the expense of a full market listing; abbreviated AIM.The Alternative Investment Market replaced the unlisted securities market (see Unlisted Securities Market n. at unlisted adj. 2) in 1995. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > [noun] > stock exchange > specific Britain's Burse1570 Exchange Alley1706 house1814 board1837 bourse1845 Throgmorton Street1891 Amex1953 LME1957 LIFFE1982 Nikkei exchange1987 Alternative Investment Market1994 1994 Daily Tel. 2 Sept. 25/1 Called the Alternative Investment Market, it should have as its crest caveat emptor, since it appears to fill the gap between investing in a buy-and-forget blue chip and putting the money on the 3.30pm at Kempton Park [Racecourse]. 2007 Independent 29 Nov. (Extra section) 10/1 This month, the company announced that it plans to float on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) just a year after taking its first order. alternative lifestyle n. a way of life that departs from traditional norms. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > way of life > [noun] > specific sheltered life1888 douceur de vivre1907 lifestyle1915 Lebensform1925 douceur de la vie1941 good life1954 alternative lifestyle1968 slow lane1972 champagne lifestyle1973 1968 N.Y. Times 16 Feb. 20 A loose coalition of antiwar, antidraft and radical left groups that profess their goal to be ‘to build a new kind of America’ by setting up ‘alternative life styles’ to the present ones. 1982 I. Gordon in N.Z. Listener 29 May 67 There is another non-rigid non-school with what in today's language we could call an alternative life-style. 2005 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 3 Apr. i. 22/5 Joe Solmonese, president of the Human Rights Campaign, said..that describing sexual orientation as an ‘alternative lifestyle’ is outdated. alternative medicine n. medical practice encompassing various techniques regarded as unorthodox or scientifically untested by practitioners of conventional Western medicine; cf. complementary adj. and n. Additions g.Such techniques are of varying age, provenance, and demonstrable efficacy, and include acupuncture, chiropractic, herbalism, homeopathy, hypnotherapy, osteopathy, and reflexology (some of which have been accepted by conventional medicine). ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > art or science of medicine > [noun] > alternative medicine botanism1668 herbal medicine1848 rhizotomy1872 fringe medicine1960 alternative medicine1974 1974 H. Kruger (title) Other healers, other cures: a guide to alternative medicine. 1975 Annistion (Alabama) Star 24 Apr. b1/1 Homeopathy does have a basis in the writings of Hippocrates... It is also a form of alternative medicine revived to vigorous life in the tide of dissatisfaction with orthodox faiths and practices. 1983 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 30 July 307/1 One of the few growth industries in contemporary Britain is alternative medicine. 1990 N.Y. Woman Apr. 14/2 Don't miss this month's..amazing selection of women practicing alternative medicine and finding healing power in acupuncture, reflexology and various ‘postural reeducation’ techniques. 2004 Daily Tel. 21 Sept. 18/2 Complementary and alternative medicine, or CAM, is now used by 25 per cent of the adult population in Britain. alternative minimum tax n. U.S. a federal tax introduced in 1969 and intended to prevent wealthy individuals or companies from avoiding the payment of income tax through deductions and credits; abbreviated AMT. ΚΠ 1969 Casa Grande (Arizona) Disp. 14 July 4/5 The National Federation of Independent Business, in its poll, found that 54 percent of the respondents object to..an alternative minimum tax for persons with substantial income. 2003 D. L. Scott Wall St. Words (ed. 3) 287 Except for nonprofit college and hospital bonds, interest from tax-exempt private activity bonds is subject to the alternative minimum tax. alternative music n. originally U.S. popular music which is considered to be unorthodox or outside of the mainstream; spec. = alternative rock n.. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > pop music > [noun] > other pop music a cappella1905 soundclash1925 marabi1933 doo-wop1958 filk1959 folk-rock1963 Liverpool sound1963 Mersey beat1963 Mersey sound1963 surf music1963 malombo1964 mbaqanga1964 easy listening1965 disco music1966 Motown1966 boogaloo1967 power pop1967 psychedelia1967 yé-yé1967 agitpop1968 bubblegum1968 Tamla Motown1968 Tex-Mex1968 downtempo1969 taarab1969 thrash1969 world music1969 funk1970 MOR1970 tropicalism1970 Afrobeat1971 electro-pop1971 post-rock1971 techno-pop1971 Tropicalia1971 tropicalismo1971 disco1972 Krautrock1972 schlager1973 Afropop1974 punk funk1974 disco funk1975 Europop1976 mgqashiyo1976 P-funk1976 funkadelia1977 karaoke music1977 alternative music1978 hardcore1978 psychobilly1978 punkabilly1978 R&B1978 cowpunk1979 dangdut1979 hip-hop1979 Northern Soul1979 rap1979 rapping1979 jit1980 trance1980 benga1981 New Romanticism1981 post-punk1981 rap music1981 scratch1982 scratch-music1982 synth-pop1982 electro1983 garage1983 Latin1983 Philly1983 New Age1984 New Age music1985 ambient1986 Britpop1986 gangster rap1986 house1986 house music1986 mbalax1986 rai1986 trot1986 zouk1986 bhangra1987 garage1987 hip-house1987 new school1987 old school1987 thrashcore1987 acid1988 acid house1988 acid jazz1988 ambience1988 Cantopop1988 dance1988 deep house1988 industrial1988 swingbeat1988 techno1988 dream pop1989 gangsta rap1989 multiculti1989 new jack swing1989 noise-pop1989 rave1989 Tejano1989 breakbeat1990 chill-out music1990 indie1990 new jack1990 new jill swing1990 noisecore1990 baggy1991 drum and bass1991 gangsta1991 handbag house1991 hip-pop1991 loungecore1991 psychedelic trance1991 shoegazing1991 slowcore1991 techno-house1991 gabba1992 jungle1992 sadcore1992 UK garage1992 darkcore1993 dark side1993 electronica1993 G-funk1993 sampladelia1994 trip hop1994 break1996 psy-trance1996 nu skool1997 folktronica1999 dubstep2002 Bongo Flava2003 grime2003 Bongo2004 singeli2015 1978 N.Y. Times 21 May ii. 37/8 Jazz. In concert. Alternative Music Ensemble.] 1978 Washington Post 15 Oct. l2 He played the Rogue and Jar and the One Step Down before heading north to the Zu Manifestival of alternative music in New York. 1996 Music Week 27 Apr. 4/1 Just as in the US where so-called alternative music..is now the mainstream, indie music in the UK is now far too broad and popular to be shoehorned into a category defined by distribution. 2007 Clash July 117/2 The Bongos were formed back in the mists of time in Hoboken, New Jersey and, along with their peers REM, set out the template for much of the alternative music (‘college rock’) to come out of the States in the 80s. alternative practitioner n. a person who practises alternative medicine. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > healer > alternative practitioner > [noun] alternative practitioner1981 1981 Which? Aug. 473/3 Many alternative practitioners prefer the terms complementary or supplementary therapies for their work. 2002 J. C. Wharton Nature Cures Pref. p. xii Long before the word ‘holistic’ had been coined and glorified as a ‘new paradigm’ for healing, alternative practitioners were advocating a philosophy of healing that was nothing if not ‘holistic’. alternative press n. originally and chiefly U.S. (usually with the) newspapers, periodicals, etc., produced independently of, and offering alternative points of view to, the popular or mainstream press. ΚΠ 1969 Press-Telegram (Long Beach, Calif.) 18 Sept. b1/4 The chancellor's office should encourage alternative press on the campus. 1989 T. C. Boyle If River was Whiskey 4 He'd had a little paragraph in Barbed Wire , the alternative press weekly handed out on the street corners. 2003 Time Out N.Y. 12 June 14/2 Recounting his journey from conservative Sandusky, Ohio to the West Coast alternative press. alternative right n. (in the United States) a right-wing ideological movement characterized by a rejection of mainstream politics and by the use of online media to disseminate provocative content, often expressing opposition to racial, religious, or gender equality; cf. alt-right n. 2. ΚΠ 2008 www.takimag.com 1 Dec. (Internet Archive Wayback Machine 4 Dec. 2008) (heading) The decline and rise of the Alternative Right. 2016 Guardian (Nexis) 1 Apr. The ‘alternative right’ had a racial animus now emboldened by Trump's xenophobia, [he] said. 2017 Commentary Dec. 17/2 The most unpleasant of those forces has been the so-called alternative right, or ‘alt-right’. alternative rock n. originally U.S. rock music characterized by an unorthodox or uncommercialized style or approach, esp. as distributed by an independent record label. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > pop music > [noun] > rock > types of jazz-rock1915 rockabilly1956 rockaboogie1956 hard rock1959 folk-rock1963 soft rock1965 surf rock1965 acid rock1966 raga rock1966 progressive rock1968 Christian rock1969 cock rock1970 punk1970 punk rock1970 space rock1970 swamp rock1970 techno-rock1971 glitter rock1972 grunge1973 glam-rock1974 pub rock1974 alternative rock1975 dinosaur rock1975 prog rock1976 AOR1977 New Wave1977 pomp rock1978 prog1978 anarcho-punk1979 stadium rock1979 oi1981 alt-rock1982 noise1982 noise-rock1982 trash1983 mosh1985 emo-core1986 Goth1986 rawk1987 emo1988 grindcore1989 darkwave1990 queercore1991 lo-fi1993 dadrock1994 nu metal1995 1975 Billboard 16 Aug. 41 (advt.) Alternative Rock. Beautiful Music. Classical M.O.R. Choose one. Your station will make money. 1986 Los Angeles Times 19 Jan. (Calendar) 74 Listeners..loyally supported the Long Beach-based station's eclectic, alternative-rock play list. 2000 C. H. Hansen & R. D. Hansen in D. Zillmann et al. Media Entertainm. x. 181 They grouped the videos into eight types of music (rap, soul, country, heavy metal, pop, classic rock, alternative rock, and other). alternative science n. (a) study or research that is claimed as scientific but is not generally accepted as such; a subject of this kind; = pseudoscience n. 1, 2; (b) science practised in such a way as to minimize harm to the environment and the use of natural resources; cf. alternative technology n. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > systematic knowledge, science > [noun] > false or pretended science pseudoscience1796 dogology1820 pseudology1907 alternative science1981 woo-woo1983 1981 Times 12 Oct. 9/1 The Institute of Noetic Sciences, which researches into ESP, parapsychology and alternative science. 1993 T. Szanto in T. Brante et al. Controv. Sci. ii. 256 The stop-side's science image is (as opposed to Big Science) that of an ‘alternative’ science, one less technologized,..on a more human scale, and..morally responsible. 1998 Cosmopolitan (U.K. ed.) Aug. 46/3 Alternative science explains premonitions..by comparing them to the effect of a pebble hitting water and sending out ripples. The shock..sends psychic energy ripples back into the past where some people pick them up. 2006 R. Varma Harbingers Global Change (2007) x. 171 Over 54 per cent of respondents said that following alternative science will prevent India from catching up with the developed countries. Alternative Service Book n. (the name of) a book containing the public liturgy of the Church of England in modern English, published in 1980 for use as an alternative to the Book of Common Prayer (1662); abbreviated A.S.B. (see ASB n. at A n. Initialisms).The liturgy ceased to be authorized by the Church of England on 31 December 2000 and was replaced by Common Worship. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > book (general) > service book (general) > [noun] > containing directions for worship > Anglican > Alternative Service Book ASB1978 Alternative Service Book1980 1979 PN Rev. 13 40/1 The General Synod of the Church..now has the power to create new liturgies and even an Alternative Services Book.] 1980 (title) Alternative Service Book. 1981 Ripon College Cuddesdon Newslet. 3 Our staple diet of daily offices and daily..eucharist..continues, but now with the Alternative Service Book providing the forms of service. 1998 Funeral Service Jrnl. July 52/1 The plans are part of a new liturgy called ‘Common Worship’ which is due to replace the Alternative Service Book in the year 2001. alternative society n. (in early use) a society different from that which actually exists; (later) a way of life or set of people with values and habits which purport to be preferable to those of established society. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > a civilization or culture > [noun] > subculture or alternative culture subsociety1820 subculture1914 alternative society1941 hip-hop culture1983 1941 Jrnl. Hist. Ideas 2 400 It accepted the capitalist order, without desire or ability to propose an alternative society. 1968 Winnnipeg Free Press 31 May 5/3 The New Left seeks to create an alternative society, one whose institutions would promote non-materialistic values. 1969 It 13 June 21/3 Brother Simon Tugwell is planning a 3-day talk-in on the alternative society. 1971 Times Lit. Suppl. 31 Dec. 1621/5 Sorel, like Nietzsche, preached the need for a new civilization of makers and doers, what is now called a counter-culture or an alternative society. 1975 D. Lodge Changing Places v. 164 A middle-aged parasite on the alternative society. 1998 B. Elton Blast from Past (1999) xx. 125 The whole of alternative society had been galvanized by the confrontation between Mrs Thatcher and the miners. alternative technology n. any form of technology which (esp. in contrast to a mainstream alternative) achieves its desired aim whilst minimizing harm to the environment and the use of natural resources; such technologies collectively. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > study of work > [noun] > technology or technography > other branches bionics1960 zygology1970 alternative technology1972 nanotechnology1974 softnomics1983 nano1987 nanotech1990 1972 Ecologist Jan. 8/2 The invention, promotion and application of alternative technologies which are energy and materials conservative. 1987 Green Cuisine Feb. 54/2 Renewable energy techniques..provide most of the power to run The Centre for Alternative Technology (CAT). 1991 Whole Earth Rev. Summer 133/3 Computers are not alternative technologies. They are energy consumptive and lock a person into the system of Earth destruction. 2008 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 1 Sept. 6 They [sc. businesses] want long-term carbon prices that are high enough to make alternative technologies profitable, not just for energy production and transmission, but also for energy efficiencies in buildings, transport, agriculture, mining and manufacturing. alternative therapy n. = alternative medicine n.; (also) a particular therapy of this kind. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > non-scientific treatments > [noun] bloodstone1504 alternative therapy1974 1974 Homeotherapy Oct. 4 It has a special name to distinguish it from official medicine, and is considered an alternative therapy because official medicine rejects its principles. 1992 N.Y. Times Mag. 17 May 46/1 I don't rule out alternative therapy: if you want to try other things like acupuncture or diet, feel free to explore them. 2003 S. Brett Murder in Museum xxi. 169 Though a great believer in the efficacy of alternative therapies, Jude knew when conventional medical intervention was required. alternative verdict n. Law a verdict in which the accused party is found not guilty of an offence as specifically charged, but guilty of a lesser offence. ΚΠ 1823 Scotsman 15 Mar. 175/3 There was no room for the alternative verdict of culpable homicide. 1938 Mod. Law Rev. 2 229 This new definition of the words ‘the child had recently been born’..appears to be made for all purposes and not merely for the purpose of an alternative verdict of concealment upon the acquittal of a woman upon an indictment for infanticide. 2011 Plymouth Herald (Nexis) 5 Dec. 9 The judge..has begun to sum up the case to the jury, offering them an alternative verdict of manslaughter if they can not agree upon the charge [of murder]. alternative vote n. a system of voting in which the voter ranks the names of the candidates in order of preference (abbreviated AV); cf. preference voting n. at preference n. Compounds. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > election of representative body by vote > right to vote at elections > [noun] > systems of voting scrutin de liste1851 cumulative vote1853 Australian ballot1888 preference1900 alternative vote1908 list system1908 preference voting1908 scrutin d'arrondissement1921 list voting1954 AV1965 1868 Times 4 Mar. 8/5 The returning officer would proceed..to receive votes for any one candidate until his return had been secured, after which the votes of electors desirous of returning him would be transferred to the person to whom they had given the alternative vote.] 1908 Times 3 Jan. 5/3 Far preferable is the amended form [of the second ballot], called for the sake of conciseness the system of alternative vote. This system..has the added value of being a simple education in preferential voting of the easiest kind. 1910 Rep. Royal Comm. Elect. Systems (Cmd. 5163) 3 The Alternative Vote. Here the voter is invited to arrange the candidates in the order of his choice by placing the figures 1, 2, 3..against their names. 1926 C. G. Hoag & G. H. Hallett Proportional Representation x. 483 Such a preferential ballot is provided under the single transferable vote used as a majority system, known in Australia simply as ‘preferential voting’, in Great Britain and Canada as the ‘alternative vote’. 1966 Listener 25 Aug. 289/3 He could be freed from this bondage..through the introduction of the alternative vote. 1997 A. Barnett This Time vi. 199 If the proposal is endorsed, Londoners will then be able to vote in elections for the Mayor using a form of alternative vote. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.n.1540
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