defectiveadj.n.

Brit.

/dᵻˈfɛktɪv/, U.S.

/dəˈfɛktɪv/,

/diˈfɛktɪv/

Forms: Middle English defactif, Middle English defectiff, Middle English defectyff, Middle English deffectyfe, Middle English deffectyff, Middle English deffectyffe, Middle English diffectif, Middle English–1500s defectif, Middle English–1500s defectife, Middle English–1500s defectyf, Middle English–1500s defectyfe, Middle English–1500s defectyffe, Middle English–1500s defectyve, Middle English–1500s deffectyve, Middle English–1600s defectiue, Middle English–1600s defectyue, 1500s– defective, 1600s defecttive, 1600s deffectiue, 1600s deffective, 1700s deffecttive.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French defectif; Latin defectivus.

Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman and Middle French defectif, deffectif (French défectif ) having a defect, imperfect, faulty (1314 in Old French), (of a person) failing to meet one's obligations, crooked, dishonest (all late 14th cent. or earlier), that has a physical disability (first half of the 15th cent.), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin defectivus (in grammar) lacking one or more of the usual forms of declension or conjugation (3rd cent.), faulty, imperfect (5th cent. in Augustine), in breach of promise (14th cent.), at fault (15th cent. in British sources), (of an interval in music) one semitone less than the corresponding perfect interval (1650 in the passage translated in quot. 1653 at sense A. 6, or earlier) < classical Latin dēfect- , past participial stem of dēficere defect v. + -īvus -ive suffix. Compare Catalan defectiu (14th cent.), Spanish defectivo (early 15th cent.), Italian difettivo, †defettivo (beginning of the 14th cent.).Some dictionaries attribute post-classical Latin defectivus to Tertullian but this arises from a conjectural reading.

A. adj.

a. Having a defect or defects; lacking a required or necessary quality; deficient; imperfect; faulty.In quot. a1398: disfigured.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [adjective] > in specific way: defective or faulty

defaultyc1390

defectivea1398

defaultive1398

imperfectc1400

faultive1496

defectuous1550

defectious?1566

defaulted1580

defectual1582

defected1589

defectible1612

vicious1638

unfixed1643

hip-shotten1648

defectuose1677

flawy1712

off-colour1876

flawful1881

faultsome1891

trick1961

rogue1962

the mind > possession > non-possession > [adjective] > devoid of something > a quality

poor?c1225

defectivea1398

imperfectc1400

spoliate?a1500

reprimate1579

abortivatea1640

manqué1773

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. iv. iii. 140 Also drynes hastiþ elde, and makeþ þe body euel ihewed, and defactif.

c1400 Brut (Rawl. B. 171) 184 And þo lete Kyng Edward amende þe lawes of Walys þat were defectif.

1418 in J. A. Kingdon Arch. Worshipful Company of Grocers (1886) I. 120 And all othyr thyngs that longyth to the same craft, they takynge in euery schope that they fyndyn defectyue.

1472 in J. Raine Vol. Eng. Misc. N. Counties Eng. (1890) 25 The crosse in the markythe his defectyff & lyke to fall.

1495 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VII (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1495 §44. m. 27 Weightes and mesures so found defectif to be forfeit and brent.

1528 T. Paynell tr. Arnaldus de Villa Nova in Joannes de Mediolano Regimen Sanitatis Salerni sig. Xiv^v Saffron comfortethe defectiue membres, and principallye the harte.

1591 M. Sutcliffe Treat. Eccl. Discipline i. 8 As the autors of these stirres are ignorant, so their plats and models are ignarantly and absurdly defectiue.

1605 E. Sandys Relation State of Relig. sig. P For a Prince he hath beene somewhat defective heretofore.

a1661 J. Glanville Voy. Cadiz (1883) 29 A voluntary certificate from some of the officers..to prove her a defective Shipp.

1663 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders 8 Why modern and daily Buildings are so exceedingly Defective.

1703 in Jrnl. Brit. Inst. Organ Stud. (1987) 11 70 The said Bermondsey Organ hath all along been extreamely defective and never free from some disorder.

1781 W. Cowper Let. 17 Dec. (1979) I. 560 God..Sheds every hour a clearer light In aid of our defective sight.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xxiv. 171 My defective French pronunciation.

1893 Law Times Rep. 68 309/1 The defective condition of the drains.

1928 Jrnl. Sci. Instruments 5 145 Most of the instrumental troubles with recording electrographs arise from defective insulation.

1978 Dumfries Courier 13 Oct. 15/4 Clark was fined £5 and licence endorsed in two other charges—using the car without a third party risks insurance and using it while the handbrake was defective.

1994 Daily Tel. 15 Aug. 11/4 Not one of them let out an irritated sigh or treated me as if I were mentally defective.

2007 Guardian 2 May 14/1 Children born with the defective gene are often completely blind by their 20s.

b. Of a person: having a physical or mental disability. Now historical and offensive.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > lack of understanding > weakness of intellect > [adjective]

sickc1340

dottlec1390

doting1489

dotish1509

feeble-minded1534

weak-brained1535

silly1568

fondish1579

lean-witted1597

soft1621

weaka1661

touched1697

muzzy-headed1798

defective1825

wanting1839

half-baked1842

dotty1860

knock-kneed1865

lean-minded1867

doddering1871

weak-minded1883

ninepence in the shilling1889

barmy1892

drippy1952

dipshit1968

1825 R. Poole Ess. Educ. ii. 153 The attention and pains bestowed of late years, on the education of the blind, have proved, by their success, the fitness of these defective persons, for many of the useful purposes and business in life.

1853 Freemasons' Q. Mag. 30 Sept. 560 Of defective children not one is so sunk in idiocy as to be incapable of improvement.

1899 Act 62 & 63 Vict. c. 32 §1 A school authority..may..make such arrangements..for ascertaining—(a) what children in their district, not being imbecile, and not being merely dull or backward, are defective, that is to say, what children by reason of mental or physical defect are incapable of receiving proper benefit from..instruction in the ordinary..schools.

1903 Barnard Bull. (N.Y.) 23 Mar. 1/3 Superintendents of schools for defective adults and children.

1933 L. P. Clark Amentia p. xi Though our compassion be great for the defective child, the need of understanding [etc.].

1988 Polit. Sci. Q. 103 355 The provision of care for the nation's dependent, delinquent, and so-called defective citizens.

1995 H. Friedlander Origins Nazi Genocide i. 16 He argued that the killing of defective patients would expand research opportunities, particularly brain research.

†2. Of a person: that has committed a fault or offence; guilty of error or wrongdoing; at fault. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > guilt > [adjective]

shildyOE

sakeda1300

sakfula1300

culpable1303

faulty1380

plightya1400

defective1423

criminousa1460

criminal1489

wity1530

nocent1559

delinquent1584

faultful1591

obnoxious1604

noxiousa1618

guiltful1655

society > morality > moral evil > guilt > [adjective]

guiltyc1000

sakeda1300

sakfula1300

culpable1303

faulty1380

plightfula1400

plightya1400

defective1423

criminousa1460

criminal1489

nocent1559

delinquent1584

faultful1591

obnoxious1604

noxiousa1618

guiltful1655

1423 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 134 Item William Chaundelere of grenewych defectif, for he is a freman & paieth nether lotte ne Scotte.

c1450 Jack Upland's Rejoinder (Digby) l. 377 in P. L. Heyworth Jack Upland (1968) 113 Þou puttist defaut to prestes, as erst þou didist to curates; I wot þai ben defectif, bot ȝit stondiþ Cristis religion.

1495 Statutes Ireland an. 10 Hen. VII (1621) 56 Persons so founden defectiue or trespassing in any of the said statutes.

?1504 W. Atkinson tr. Thomas à Kempis Ful Treat. Imytacyon Cryste (Pynson) iii. xv. sig. I.ii If thou fonde thy aungels defectyue & impure.

1609 F. Pulton De Pace Regis et Regni f. 52^v The Iuror that is so found defectiue in taking money, or rewards..shall suffer imprisonment without Baile or Maineprise.

1677 tr. A.-N. Amelot de La Houssaie Hist. Govt. Venice 189 When any of them is defective, he is responsible to that terrible Court.

3. Grammar. Of a word: lacking one or more of the forms, inflections, or uses normal for its part of speech.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > inflection > [adjective] > with usual mode of inflection > not

defectivec1450

anormal1530

irregular1611

heteroclitous1648

heteroclite1656

c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 27 Also fro þe rewle of coniugacyons be owtake many verbe defectiuys.

a1519 J. Colet Æditio (1527) sig. D.ij A verbe defectyue is that lacketh in mode, tyme, nombre, or persone.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement Introd. 30 Verbes parsonall be of thre sortes, parfyte, anomales, and defectyves.

1616 T. Granger Syntagma Grammaticum sig. F2^v An heteroclite, is, varying, defectiue, Redounding.

1664 A. Gordon Tyrocinium Linguæ Latinæ iv. 22 If (To) following a Verb of motion, have after it a Verb, this Verb may be put four waies, if it be not a defective Verb.

1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Tetraptotes,..such defective Nouns, as have only four Cases; as Plus, which wants the Dative and Vocative Singular.

1751 J. Harris Hermes i. vii. 126 These Inchoative Verbs are so peculiarly appropriated to the Beginnings of Time, that they are defective as to all Tenses, which denote it in its Completion.

1828 Trans. Royal Irish Acad. 15 17 He omits altogether the defective or irregular Verbs, merely observing, that they are very numerous.

1888 N.E.D. at Can v.¹ A defective verb, belonging to the small but interesting group of Teutonic preterite-present verbs.

1904 H. C. Nutting Adv. Lat. Composition ii. 49 Remember that nemo is defective.

1977 Jrnl. Linguistics 13 47 The be in question is defective with respect to the en-form.

2014 N. Schifano tr. R. Oniga Latin ix. 77 Note that vīs ‘strength’ is a defective noun in the singular, because it only has the accusative vim and the ablative vī, and lacks the genitive and dative forms.

4. Absent, lacking; missing. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [adjective] > deficient or wanting

wanec825

thurfec1175

lacking1480

indigent1531

defect1543

awanting1583

missed1584

wanting1592

defective1603

wanted1619

half-baked1627

deficient1632

manqué1773

1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 55 To supply that which was defective in some, or to correct what was amisse in others [Fr. pour le remplir, ou pour le corriger].

1711 J. Strype Life M. Parker iv. 537 To have written thereon what was defective.

1714 D. Manley Adventures of Rivella 68 He..did not then dream there was any thing in her Person defective to his Happiness.

1795 L. Murray Eng. Gram. App. 180 Supply defective words.

1862 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia III. xii. v. 226 I wish you had a Fortunatus Hat; it is the only thing defective in your outfit.

2010 P. Bawcutt in K. J. McGinley & N. Royan Apparelling of Truth 23 The second passage consists of two lines, with defective endings, which Gregor supplied conjecturally.

5. Philosophy and Theology. Designating a cause which is of the nature of a failure or deficiency; chiefly in defective cause. Cf. deficient adj. 3. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > [noun] > types of cause

efficient cause1393

conjunct causec1400

final causec1400

meritorious cause1526

matter1570

deficient cause1581

effectrix1583

formal cause1586

material cause1586

final cause1587

conservant cause1588

efficient1593

effective1610

defective cause1624

proximate cause1641

the world > existence and causation > causation > [adjective] > of or relating to types of cause

nigh1551

next1581

procatarctical1601

procatarctic1603

objective1620

defective1624

univocala1640

proximate1641

propinque1649

proxime1649

proegumene1650

proegumenal1656

con-causal1660

proegumenical1663

propinquate1665

proegumenous1676

synectical1697

proegumenic1711

proximous1724

proximal1828

synectic1869

monocausal1937

1624 N. De Lawne tr. P. Du Moulin Elements Logick 60 Under the Efficient cause we comprehend the cause which is called Defective [Fr. defaillante]. As the want of sight is the cause of going astray.

1678 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV 195 Albeit Gods wil be the effective and predeterminative cause of the substrate mater of sin, yet it is no way a defective or moral cause of sin.

1843 T. R. Birks First Elem. Sacred Prophecy xi. 271 Its defective cause, the unbelief of the Jews, was foreknown.

2014 T. M. Schmaltz in L. M. Jorgensen & S. Nelands New Ess. Leibniz's Theodicy vii. 150 I take Leibniz to hold that a privation requires an appeal to a defective cause, and that something actual can derive only from an actual efficient cause.

6. Music. Designating an interval that is one semitone less than the corresponding perfect interval. Chiefly in defective third, defective fourth, defective fifth, etc.Diminished, false, imperfect, and minor are alternative terms for such intervals.

ΚΠ

1653 Ld. Brouncker tr. R. Descartes Excellent Compend. Musick 45 Third minor defective... Fifth defective by one Schism.

1659 C. Simpson Division-violist i. 16 A Greater Fourth, or Defective Fifth, hath this priviledge..to be joyned, sometimes, to the Basse, without Syncope, or Binding.

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) at Semi-Diapason A Term in Musick, signifying a defective or imperfect Octave.

1730 N. Bailey et al. Dictionarium Britannicum at Semidiapente A defective Fifth, called a false Fifth.

1878 Eng. Mechanic & World of Sci. 2 Aug. 528/2 Why not do the same with the imperfect fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh? Any one of these intervals has as good a claim to adjustment as the defective third.

1908 W. L. Hubbard Musical Dict. 198/1 The result is a false fifth. Also called diminished, imperfect, flat, minor, or defective fifth.

1960 Jrnl. Music Theory 4 16 The defective third is found between the fifth and seventh of the chord (the term defective here signifies nothing whatever faulty regarding the function this third fulfills, or its position in the key system).

2004 D. Read Musica Ecclesiae I. 28/1 A defective eighth containing eleven semitones.

B. n.

†1. Something which is missing or absent. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1496 J. Alcock Mons Perfeccionis (de Worde) sig. aiij^v No defectyue to theyr comforte.

1678 V. Alsop Melius Inquirendum ii. iv. 207 It supplies, and fills up the wide chasmes of defectives, and pares of all excrescences, and prunes of superfluities.

2. Grammar. A word lacking one or more of the forms, inflections, or uses normal for the part of speech; a defective word (see sense A. 3). Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > inflection > [noun] > inflectional irregularity > irregular or defective form

defective1530

heteroclite1580

irregular1611

deficient1647

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement iii. f. cxxix^v Where as I noted no mo defectyues in the seconde boke, but ie seulx and ie enseuelys, I haue noted sythe ie remayns, whiche wanteth his preterite partyciple and all his tenses formed by hym.

1612 J. Brinsley Posing of Parts f. 49^v Rehearse the seuerall sorts of Defectiues..Aptots, Monoptots, Diptots, [etc.].

1661 O. Felltham Resolves (rev. ed.) 183 Certainly a Lyar though never so plausible, is but a defective of the present tense.

1720 J. Henley Compl. Linguist No. 6. Pref. p. xxxi Some Verbals are naked.., some encreas'd by the addition of the Heemantic Letters..; they arise from all the Conjugations.., &c. from the Defectives, and the Quiescents respectively.

1746 T. Nugent tr. C. Lancelot et al. New Method of learning Greek Tongue II. v. iii. 15 The other kind of Defectives are those, which being rare or unusual in the Present, and the Imperfect, have nevertheless the use of some other Tenses.

1827 S. Lee Gram. Hebrew Lang. xii. 234 We do not think it necessary here to divide these verbs into Defectives and Quiescents, as is usually the case.

1863 W. Smith tr. Curtius Greek Gram. §200 Observe further the Defectives: ὕστερος later, ὕστατος ultimus, [etc.].

1907 D. S. Muzzey Beginner's Bk. Lat. xvii. 49 The impersonals..are all defectives, lacking the plural number, and the first and second persons of the singular number in every mood and tense.

1950 Nyasaland Jrnl. 3 29 The lack of suffix alternance in defectives..prevents them from entering certain tenses.

2005 K. C. Ryding Ref. Gram. Mod. Standard Arabic xxxv. 627 The imperative of defectives is based on the jussive form, with no changes except the deletion of the subject marker.

3. A person who is considered defective in some way; spec. (a) an immoral person (now rare); (b) a person who has a mental or physical disability; (now offensive); (later also more loosely, derogatory) a contemptible person; an idiot.See also mental defective at mental adj.¹ 5d.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > sick person > [noun] > physically or mentally disabled

defectivea1591

slimslack1600

unfit1912

vegetable1953

a1591 H. Smith 13 Serm. (1592) f. 111 The souldier which doth but almost fight, is a coward... The seruant which doth but almost labour, is a loyterer. I cannot tell what to make of these defectiues.

1602 W. Watson Decacordon Ten Quodlibeticall Questions 115 [The] enabling of such irregulates and defectiues to aduancement in the Church and common wealth.

1633 A. B. tr. J.-P. Camus Sprituall Director Disinteressed v. viii. 503 We doe not here compare vertuous persons, with the defectiues.

1666 C. W. Common-prayer-bk. Devotions 61 They need not be taught, as we use to teach Children, and defectives in understanding, how to speak.

1825 R. Poole Ess. Educ. ii. 170 The terms Deaf and Dumb generally go together, as applied to an unfortunate class of defectives.

1892 J. B. Weber in N. Amer. Rev. Apr. 425 Their paupers, criminals, or other defectives.

1964 M. Critchley Developmental Dyslexia xiii. 74 Any total series will probably include some children who are dullards, if not indeed defectives.

1982 J. M. Rist Human Value iv. 47 We need go no further than this in identifying certain classes of defectives who are of lower value than the developed adult males of virtuous disposition.

2004 A. H. Krieg Vale 2005 246 The civilization that has brought most to modern man..is committing mass suicide by listening to a bunch of defectives whose only goal is to become the dictators of us all.

4. Something, esp. a manufactured product, which is faulty or defective.

ΚΠ

1652 Articles Agreem. Barbadoes 3 That they be cleared, acquitted, and discharged thereof for ever, as well in respect of the publike power, as of any particular person concerning damages, or losse which they have received by reason of the present defectives.

1744 W. Mountaine Seaman's Vade-mecum 97 If the Small Arms want such Repairs as cannot be done Aboard..the Defectives may be sent a Shore to be repaired.

1893 Amer. Manufacturer 21 July 102/2 If suitable materials are used, and the steel is properly made the defectives ought not to be more than 5 per cent of the total output.

1915 Amer. Machinist 19 Aug. 1172/1 3 percent is fixed as the allowable percentage of defectives for that part.

1973 Billboard 22 Sept. 42/2 We will then repair all defectives from this location.

2000 M. Porter in R. L. Tranter Design & Anal. in Chem. Res. i. 15 How many ampoules should I test so that the outcome (no defectives in the sample) implies an acceptably low risk of no more than a few defectives in the batch?

Phrases

defective in (also †defective of): lacking or deficient in (something necessary or desirable). [Compare Middle French defectif en, defectif de (both 15th cent.).]

ΚΠ

a1475 Revelations St. Birgitta (Garrett) (1929) 105 (MED) I am as an asse, lewde and vnwyse and defectif in vertues.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) ii. i. 231 All which the Moore is defectiue in .

1629 E. Sandys Europæ Speculum 112 A soveraigne preservatiue, and defectiue of no vertue saue Iustice and Mercy.

a1639 W. Whately Prototypes (1640) i. xi. 107 Why are we so defective in this duty?

1689 J. Evelyn Let. in Letterbks. (2014) II. 907 Hence it is, that we are in England so defective of good Libraries.

1713 J. Addison in Guardian 17 July 1/1 Our Tragedy Writers have been notoriously defective in giving proper Sentiments to the Persons they introduce.

a1790 A. Smith Ess. Imitat. Arts in Ess. (1795) ii. 174 A musician may be a very skilful harmonist, and yet be defective in..melody..and expression.

1840 E. Blyth et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 101 They are observed to be very defective in intelligence, as is indicated by their physiognomy.

1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues III. 225 The first portion of the dialogue is in no way defective in ease and grace.

1914 S. Sanford & R. W. Stone Useful Minerals U.S. 4 The existing literature is very defective in statements of the quantities available at many localities.

2009 J. O'Brien Encycl. Gender & Society I. 257/1 Christine de Pizan..disputed the prevailing view that women were defective in virtue.

Compounds

defective hyperbola n. Mathematics (now historical and rare) a curve of degree three (see degree n. 13) which has a single asymptote and two branches which converge to it from opposite directions; = deficient hyperbola at deficient adj. 1d.

ΚΠ

1726 E. Stone New Math. Dict. at Epicycloid The Vertex of the Parabola will describe the Cissoid of Diocles, and any other Point thereof will describe some one of the defective Hyperbola's of Sir Isaac Newton.

1863 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 4th Ser. 26 20 The locus or pedal curve is a curve of the third order, viz. a defective hyperbola having a double point at S.

2001 L. Kay tr. G. Fischer Plane Algebraic Curves (2009) Introd. 6 The folium of Descartes..looks similar to the nodal cubic but, according to Newton, belongs to the family of ‘defective hyperbolas’.

defective virus n. (a) infectious material (from a person or animal) which fails to induce immunity when used for vaccination; cf. virus n. 2a (now rare or disused); (b) a virus or virus particle which lacks some or all of the genes necessary for its replication.Defective viruses retain the ability to infect cells but not to replicate within them. Some defective viruses, such as hepatitis D virus, are able to replicate in the presence of another virus (helper virus) which supplies the genetic information lacking in the defective virus.

ΚΠ

1839 London Med. Gaz. 16 Feb. 763/2 Two important questions arise..: first, how far the deterioration of vaccine security is owing to defective virus, imperfect modes of vaccination, or other causes under our control.

1926 Oelwein (Iowa) Daily Reg. 14 Dec. 1/5 Damage amounting to approximately $40,000 was claimed..because of alleged loss of business resulting from the use of defective virus and serum.

1960 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 46 63 Acridine dyes are reported to cure virus infection, produce defective virus, and induce virus mutants.

2002 S. P. Hardy Human Microbiol. iii. 79 Delta agent is a defective virus that infects humans and can only replicate in cells that have also become infected with hepatitis B virus.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	defective
释义	defectiveadj.n. Brit. /dᵻˈfɛktɪv/, U.S. /dəˈfɛktɪv/, /diˈfɛktɪv/ Forms: Middle English defactif, Middle English defectiff, Middle English defectyff, Middle English deffectyfe, Middle English deffectyff, Middle English deffectyffe, Middle English diffectif, Middle English–1500s defectif, Middle English–1500s defectife, Middle English–1500s defectyf, Middle English–1500s defectyfe, Middle English–1500s defectyffe, Middle English–1500s defectyve, Middle English–1500s deffectyve, Middle English–1600s defectiue, Middle English–1600s defectyue, 1500s– defective, 1600s defecttive, 1600s deffectiue, 1600s deffective, 1700s deffecttive. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French defectif; Latin defectivus. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman and Middle French defectif, deffectif (French défectif ) having a defect, imperfect, faulty (1314 in Old French), (of a person) failing to meet one's obligations, crooked, dishonest (all late 14th cent. or earlier), that has a physical disability (first half of the 15th cent.), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin defectivus (in grammar) lacking one or more of the usual forms of declension or conjugation (3rd cent.), faulty, imperfect (5th cent. in Augustine), in breach of promise (14th cent.), at fault (15th cent. in British sources), (of an interval in music) one semitone less than the corresponding perfect interval (1650 in the passage translated in quot. 1653 at sense A. 6, or earlier) < classical Latin dēfect- , past participial stem of dēficere defect v. + -īvus -ive suffix. Compare Catalan defectiu (14th cent.), Spanish defectivo (early 15th cent.), Italian difettivo, †defettivo (beginning of the 14th cent.).Some dictionaries attribute post-classical Latin defectivus to Tertullian but this arises from a conjectural reading. A. adj. 1. a. Having a defect or defects; lacking a required or necessary quality; deficient; imperfect; faulty.In quot. a1398: disfigured. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [adjective] > in specific way: defective or faulty defaultyc1390 defectivea1398 defaultive1398 imperfectc1400 faultive1496 defectuous1550 defectious?1566 defaulted1580 defectual1582 defected1589 defectible1612 vicious1638 unfixed1643 hip-shotten1648 defectuose1677 flawy1712 off-colour1876 flawful1881 faultsome1891 trick1961 rogue1962 the mind > possession > non-possession > [adjective] > devoid of something > a quality poor?c1225 defectivea1398 imperfectc1400 spoliate?a1500 reprimate1579 abortivatea1640 manqué1773 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. iv. iii. 140 Also drynes hastiþ elde, and makeþ þe body euel ihewed, and defactif. c1400 Brut (Rawl. B. 171) 184 And þo lete Kyng Edward amende þe lawes of Walys þat were defectif. 1418 in J. A. Kingdon Arch. Worshipful Company of Grocers (1886) I. 120 And all othyr thyngs that longyth to the same craft, they takynge in euery schope that they fyndyn defectyue. 1472 in J. Raine Vol. Eng. Misc. N. Counties Eng. (1890) 25 The crosse in the markythe his defectyff & lyke to fall. 1495 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VII (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1495 §44. m. 27 Weightes and mesures so found defectif to be forfeit and brent. 1528 T. Paynell tr. Arnaldus de Villa Nova in Joannes de Mediolano Regimen Sanitatis Salerni sig. Xiv^v Saffron comfortethe defectiue membres, and principallye the harte. 1591 M. Sutcliffe Treat. Eccl. Discipline i. 8 As the autors of these stirres are ignorant, so their plats and models are ignarantly and absurdly defectiue. 1605 E. Sandys Relation State of Relig. sig. P For a Prince he hath beene somewhat defective heretofore. a1661 J. Glanville Voy. Cadiz (1883) 29 A voluntary certificate from some of the officers..to prove her a defective Shipp. 1663 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders 8 Why modern and daily Buildings are so exceedingly Defective. 1703 in Jrnl. Brit. Inst. Organ Stud. (1987) 11 70 The said Bermondsey Organ hath all along been extreamely defective and never free from some disorder. 1781 W. Cowper Let. 17 Dec. (1979) I. 560 God..Sheds every hour a clearer light In aid of our defective sight. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xxiv. 171 My defective French pronunciation. 1893 Law Times Rep. 68 309/1 The defective condition of the drains. 1928 Jrnl. Sci. Instruments 5 145 Most of the instrumental troubles with recording electrographs arise from defective insulation. 1978 Dumfries Courier 13 Oct. 15/4 Clark was fined £5 and licence endorsed in two other charges—using the car without a third party risks insurance and using it while the handbrake was defective. 1994 Daily Tel. 15 Aug. 11/4 Not one of them let out an irritated sigh or treated me as if I were mentally defective. 2007 Guardian 2 May 14/1 Children born with the defective gene are often completely blind by their 20s. b. Of a person: having a physical or mental disability. Now historical and offensive. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > lack of understanding > weakness of intellect > [adjective] sickc1340 dottlec1390 doting1489 dotish1509 feeble-minded1534 weak-brained1535 silly1568 fondish1579 lean-witted1597 soft1621 weaka1661 touched1697 muzzy-headed1798 defective1825 wanting1839 half-baked1842 dotty1860 knock-kneed1865 lean-minded1867 doddering1871 weak-minded1883 ninepence in the shilling1889 barmy1892 drippy1952 dipshit1968 1825 R. Poole Ess. Educ. ii. 153 The attention and pains bestowed of late years, on the education of the blind, have proved, by their success, the fitness of these defective persons, for many of the useful purposes and business in life. 1853 Freemasons' Q. Mag. 30 Sept. 560 Of defective children not one is so sunk in idiocy as to be incapable of improvement. 1899 Act 62 & 63 Vict. c. 32 §1 A school authority..may..make such arrangements..for ascertaining—(a) what children in their district, not being imbecile, and not being merely dull or backward, are defective, that is to say, what children by reason of mental or physical defect are incapable of receiving proper benefit from..instruction in the ordinary..schools. 1903 Barnard Bull. (N.Y.) 23 Mar. 1/3 Superintendents of schools for defective adults and children. 1933 L. P. Clark Amentia p. xi Though our compassion be great for the defective child, the need of understanding [etc.]. 1988 Polit. Sci. Q. 103 355 The provision of care for the nation's dependent, delinquent, and so-called defective citizens. 1995 H. Friedlander Origins Nazi Genocide i. 16 He argued that the killing of defective patients would expand research opportunities, particularly brain research. †2. Of a person: that has committed a fault or offence; guilty of error or wrongdoing; at fault. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > guilt > [adjective] shildyOE sakeda1300 sakfula1300 culpable1303 faulty1380 plightya1400 defective1423 criminousa1460 criminal1489 wity1530 nocent1559 delinquent1584 faultful1591 obnoxious1604 noxiousa1618 guiltful1655 society > morality > moral evil > guilt > [adjective] guiltyc1000 sakeda1300 sakfula1300 culpable1303 faulty1380 plightfula1400 plightya1400 defective1423 criminousa1460 criminal1489 nocent1559 delinquent1584 faultful1591 obnoxious1604 noxiousa1618 guiltful1655 1423 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 134 Item William Chaundelere of grenewych defectif, for he is a freman & paieth nether lotte ne Scotte. c1450 Jack Upland's Rejoinder (Digby) l. 377 in P. L. Heyworth Jack Upland (1968) 113 Þou puttist defaut to prestes, as erst þou didist to curates; I wot þai ben defectif, bot ȝit stondiþ Cristis religion. 1495 Statutes Ireland an. 10 Hen. VII (1621) 56 Persons so founden defectiue or trespassing in any of the said statutes. ?1504 W. Atkinson tr. Thomas à Kempis Ful Treat. Imytacyon Cryste (Pynson) iii. xv. sig. I.ii If thou fonde thy aungels defectyue & impure. 1609 F. Pulton De Pace Regis et Regni f. 52^v The Iuror that is so found defectiue in taking money, or rewards..shall suffer imprisonment without Baile or Maineprise. 1677 tr. A.-N. Amelot de La Houssaie Hist. Govt. Venice 189 When any of them is defective, he is responsible to that terrible Court. 3. Grammar. Of a word: lacking one or more of the forms, inflections, or uses normal for its part of speech. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > inflection > [adjective] > with usual mode of inflection > not defectivec1450 anormal1530 irregular1611 heteroclitous1648 heteroclite1656 c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 27 Also fro þe rewle of coniugacyons be owtake many verbe defectiuys. a1519 J. Colet Æditio (1527) sig. D.ij A verbe defectyue is that lacketh in mode, tyme, nombre, or persone. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement Introd. 30 Verbes parsonall be of thre sortes, parfyte, anomales, and defectyves. 1616 T. Granger Syntagma Grammaticum sig. F2^v An heteroclite, is, varying, defectiue, Redounding. 1664 A. Gordon Tyrocinium Linguæ Latinæ iv. 22 If (To) following a Verb of motion, have after it a Verb, this Verb may be put four waies, if it be not a defective Verb. 1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Tetraptotes,..such defective Nouns, as have only four Cases; as Plus, which wants the Dative and Vocative Singular. 1751 J. Harris Hermes i. vii. 126 These Inchoative Verbs are so peculiarly appropriated to the Beginnings of Time, that they are defective as to all Tenses, which denote it in its Completion. 1828 Trans. Royal Irish Acad. 15 17 He omits altogether the defective or irregular Verbs, merely observing, that they are very numerous. 1888 N.E.D. at Can v.¹ A defective verb, belonging to the small but interesting group of Teutonic preterite-present verbs. 1904 H. C. Nutting Adv. Lat. Composition ii. 49 Remember that nemo is defective. 1977 Jrnl. Linguistics 13 47 The be in question is defective with respect to the en-form. 2014 N. Schifano tr. R. Oniga Latin ix. 77 Note that vīs ‘strength’ is a defective noun in the singular, because it only has the accusative vim and the ablative vī, and lacks the genitive and dative forms. 4. Absent, lacking; missing. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [adjective] > deficient or wanting wanec825 thurfec1175 lacking1480 indigent1531 defect1543 awanting1583 missed1584 wanting1592 defective1603 wanted1619 half-baked1627 deficient1632 manqué1773 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 55 To supply that which was defective in some, or to correct what was amisse in others [Fr. pour le remplir, ou pour le corriger]. 1711 J. Strype Life M. Parker iv. 537 To have written thereon what was defective. 1714 D. Manley Adventures of Rivella 68 He..did not then dream there was any thing in her Person defective to his Happiness. 1795 L. Murray Eng. Gram. App. 180 Supply defective words. 1862 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia III. xii. v. 226 I wish you had a Fortunatus Hat; it is the only thing defective in your outfit. 2010 P. Bawcutt in K. J. McGinley & N. Royan Apparelling of Truth 23 The second passage consists of two lines, with defective endings, which Gregor supplied conjecturally. 5. Philosophy and Theology. Designating a cause which is of the nature of a failure or deficiency; chiefly in defective cause. Cf. deficient adj. 3. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > [noun] > types of cause efficient cause1393 conjunct causec1400 final causec1400 meritorious cause1526 matter1570 deficient cause1581 effectrix1583 formal cause1586 material cause1586 final cause1587 conservant cause1588 efficient1593 effective1610 defective cause1624 proximate cause1641 the world > existence and causation > causation > [adjective] > of or relating to types of cause nigh1551 next1581 procatarctical1601 procatarctic1603 objective1620 defective1624 univocala1640 proximate1641 propinque1649 proxime1649 proegumene1650 proegumenal1656 con-causal1660 proegumenical1663 propinquate1665 proegumenous1676 synectical1697 proegumenic1711 proximous1724 proximal1828 synectic1869 monocausal1937 1624 N. De Lawne tr. P. Du Moulin Elements Logick 60 Under the Efficient cause we comprehend the cause which is called Defective [Fr. defaillante]. As the want of sight is the cause of going astray. 1678 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV 195 Albeit Gods wil be the effective and predeterminative cause of the substrate mater of sin, yet it is no way a defective or moral cause of sin. 1843 T. R. Birks First Elem. Sacred Prophecy xi. 271 Its defective cause, the unbelief of the Jews, was foreknown. 2014 T. M. Schmaltz in L. M. Jorgensen & S. Nelands New Ess. Leibniz's Theodicy vii. 150 I take Leibniz to hold that a privation requires an appeal to a defective cause, and that something actual can derive only from an actual efficient cause. 6. Music. Designating an interval that is one semitone less than the corresponding perfect interval. Chiefly in defective third, defective fourth, defective fifth, etc.Diminished, false, imperfect, and minor are alternative terms for such intervals. ΚΠ 1653 Ld. Brouncker tr. R. Descartes Excellent Compend. Musick 45 Third minor defective... Fifth defective by one Schism. 1659 C. Simpson Division-violist i. 16 A Greater Fourth, or Defective Fifth, hath this priviledge..to be joyned, sometimes, to the Basse, without Syncope, or Binding. 1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) at Semi-Diapason A Term in Musick, signifying a defective or imperfect Octave. 1730 N. Bailey et al. Dictionarium Britannicum at Semidiapente A defective Fifth, called a false Fifth. 1878 Eng. Mechanic & World of Sci. 2 Aug. 528/2 Why not do the same with the imperfect fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh? Any one of these intervals has as good a claim to adjustment as the defective third. 1908 W. L. Hubbard Musical Dict. 198/1 The result is a false fifth. Also called diminished, imperfect, flat, minor, or defective fifth. 1960 Jrnl. Music Theory 4 16 The defective third is found between the fifth and seventh of the chord (the term defective here signifies nothing whatever faulty regarding the function this third fulfills, or its position in the key system). 2004 D. Read Musica Ecclesiae I. 28/1 A defective eighth containing eleven semitones. B. n. †1. Something which is missing or absent. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1496 J. Alcock Mons Perfeccionis (de Worde) sig. aiij^v No defectyue to theyr comforte. 1678 V. Alsop Melius Inquirendum ii. iv. 207 It supplies, and fills up the wide chasmes of defectives, and pares of all excrescences, and prunes of superfluities. 2. Grammar. A word lacking one or more of the forms, inflections, or uses normal for the part of speech; a defective word (see sense A. 3). Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > inflection > [noun] > inflectional irregularity > irregular or defective form defective1530 heteroclite1580 irregular1611 deficient1647 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement iii. f. cxxix^v Where as I noted no mo defectyues in the seconde boke, but ie seulx and ie enseuelys, I haue noted sythe ie remayns, whiche wanteth his preterite partyciple and all his tenses formed by hym. 1612 J. Brinsley Posing of Parts f. 49^v Rehearse the seuerall sorts of Defectiues..Aptots, Monoptots, Diptots, [etc.]. 1661 O. Felltham Resolves (rev. ed.) 183 Certainly a Lyar though never so plausible, is but a defective of the present tense. 1720 J. Henley Compl. Linguist No. 6. Pref. p. xxxi Some Verbals are naked.., some encreas'd by the addition of the Heemantic Letters..; they arise from all the Conjugations.., &c. from the Defectives, and the Quiescents respectively. 1746 T. Nugent tr. C. Lancelot et al. New Method of learning Greek Tongue II. v. iii. 15 The other kind of Defectives are those, which being rare or unusual in the Present, and the Imperfect, have nevertheless the use of some other Tenses. 1827 S. Lee Gram. Hebrew Lang. xii. 234 We do not think it necessary here to divide these verbs into Defectives and Quiescents, as is usually the case. 1863 W. Smith tr. Curtius Greek Gram. §200 Observe further the Defectives: ὕστερος later, ὕστατος ultimus, [etc.]. 1907 D. S. Muzzey Beginner's Bk. Lat. xvii. 49 The impersonals..are all defectives, lacking the plural number, and the first and second persons of the singular number in every mood and tense. 1950 Nyasaland Jrnl. 3 29 The lack of suffix alternance in defectives..prevents them from entering certain tenses. 2005 K. C. Ryding Ref. Gram. Mod. Standard Arabic xxxv. 627 The imperative of defectives is based on the jussive form, with no changes except the deletion of the subject marker. 3. A person who is considered defective in some way; spec. (a) an immoral person (now rare); (b) a person who has a mental or physical disability; (now offensive); (later also more loosely, derogatory) a contemptible person; an idiot.See also mental defective at mental adj.¹ 5d. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > sick person > [noun] > physically or mentally disabled defectivea1591 slimslack1600 unfit1912 vegetable1953 a1591 H. Smith 13 Serm. (1592) f. 111 The souldier which doth but almost fight, is a coward... The seruant which doth but almost labour, is a loyterer. I cannot tell what to make of these defectiues. 1602 W. Watson Decacordon Ten Quodlibeticall Questions 115 [The] enabling of such irregulates and defectiues to aduancement in the Church and common wealth. 1633 A. B. tr. J.-P. Camus Sprituall Director Disinteressed v. viii. 503 We doe not here compare vertuous persons, with the defectiues. 1666 C. W. Common-prayer-bk. Devotions 61 They need not be taught, as we use to teach Children, and defectives in understanding, how to speak. 1825 R. Poole Ess. Educ. ii. 170 The terms Deaf and Dumb generally go together, as applied to an unfortunate class of defectives. 1892 J. B. Weber in N. Amer. Rev. Apr. 425 Their paupers, criminals, or other defectives. 1964 M. Critchley Developmental Dyslexia xiii. 74 Any total series will probably include some children who are dullards, if not indeed defectives. 1982 J. M. Rist Human Value iv. 47 We need go no further than this in identifying certain classes of defectives who are of lower value than the developed adult males of virtuous disposition. 2004 A. H. Krieg Vale 2005 246 The civilization that has brought most to modern man..is committing mass suicide by listening to a bunch of defectives whose only goal is to become the dictators of us all. 4. Something, esp. a manufactured product, which is faulty or defective. ΚΠ 1652 Articles Agreem. Barbadoes 3 That they be cleared, acquitted, and discharged thereof for ever, as well in respect of the publike power, as of any particular person concerning damages, or losse which they have received by reason of the present defectives. 1744 W. Mountaine Seaman's Vade-mecum 97 If the Small Arms want such Repairs as cannot be done Aboard..the Defectives may be sent a Shore to be repaired. 1893 Amer. Manufacturer 21 July 102/2 If suitable materials are used, and the steel is properly made the defectives ought not to be more than 5 per cent of the total output. 1915 Amer. Machinist 19 Aug. 1172/1 3 percent is fixed as the allowable percentage of defectives for that part. 1973 Billboard 22 Sept. 42/2 We will then repair all defectives from this location. 2000 M. Porter in R. L. Tranter Design & Anal. in Chem. Res. i. 15 How many ampoules should I test so that the outcome (no defectives in the sample) implies an acceptably low risk of no more than a few defectives in the batch? Phrases defective in (also †defective of): lacking or deficient in (something necessary or desirable). [Compare Middle French defectif en, defectif de (both 15th cent.).] ΚΠ a1475 Revelations St. Birgitta (Garrett) (1929) 105 (MED) I am as an asse, lewde and vnwyse and defectif in vertues. a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) ii. i. 231 All which the Moore is defectiue in . View more context for this quotation 1629 E. Sandys Europæ Speculum 112 A soveraigne preservatiue, and defectiue of no vertue saue Iustice and Mercy. a1639 W. Whately Prototypes (1640) i. xi. 107 Why are we so defective in this duty? 1689 J. Evelyn Let. in Letterbks. (2014) II. 907 Hence it is, that we are in England so defective of good Libraries. 1713 J. Addison in Guardian 17 July 1/1 Our Tragedy Writers have been notoriously defective in giving proper Sentiments to the Persons they introduce. a1790 A. Smith Ess. Imitat. Arts in Ess. (1795) ii. 174 A musician may be a very skilful harmonist, and yet be defective in..melody..and expression. 1840 E. Blyth et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 101 They are observed to be very defective in intelligence, as is indicated by their physiognomy. 1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues III. 225 The first portion of the dialogue is in no way defective in ease and grace. 1914 S. Sanford & R. W. Stone Useful Minerals U.S. 4 The existing literature is very defective in statements of the quantities available at many localities. 2009 J. O'Brien Encycl. Gender & Society I. 257/1 Christine de Pizan..disputed the prevailing view that women were defective in virtue. Compounds defective hyperbola n. Mathematics (now historical and rare) a curve of degree three (see degree n. 13) which has a single asymptote and two branches which converge to it from opposite directions; = deficient hyperbola at deficient adj. 1d. ΚΠ 1726 E. Stone New Math. Dict. at Epicycloid The Vertex of the Parabola will describe the Cissoid of Diocles, and any other Point thereof will describe some one of the defective Hyperbola's of Sir Isaac Newton. 1863 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 4th Ser. 26 20 The locus or pedal curve is a curve of the third order, viz. a defective hyperbola having a double point at S. 2001 L. Kay tr. G. Fischer Plane Algebraic Curves (2009) Introd. 6 The folium of Descartes..looks similar to the nodal cubic but, according to Newton, belongs to the family of ‘defective hyperbolas’. defective virus n. (a) infectious material (from a person or animal) which fails to induce immunity when used for vaccination; cf. virus n. 2a (now rare or disused); (b) a virus or virus particle which lacks some or all of the genes necessary for its replication.Defective viruses retain the ability to infect cells but not to replicate within them. Some defective viruses, such as hepatitis D virus, are able to replicate in the presence of another virus (helper virus) which supplies the genetic information lacking in the defective virus. ΚΠ 1839 London Med. Gaz. 16 Feb. 763/2 Two important questions arise..: first, how far the deterioration of vaccine security is owing to defective virus, imperfect modes of vaccination, or other causes under our control. 1926 Oelwein (Iowa) Daily Reg. 14 Dec. 1/5 Damage amounting to approximately $40,000 was claimed..because of alleged loss of business resulting from the use of defective virus and serum. 1960 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 46 63 Acridine dyes are reported to cure virus infection, produce defective virus, and induce virus mutants. 2002 S. P. Hardy Human Microbiol. iii. 79 Delta agent is a defective virus that infects humans and can only replicate in cells that have also become infected with hepatitis B virus. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.a1398
随便看	shoot a shot shoot a thing through shoot a thing to ribbons shoot a vessel to shoot about shoot after shoot against shoot ahead shoot at shoot at an object shoot at etc shoot at etc an object shoot at rovers shoot at to shoot at to an object shoot back shoot beside shoot blanks shoot casino shoot compass shoot craps shoot down shoot down in flames shoot far from shoot flying