| 释义 |
curdn. Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a word inherited from Germanic. Perhaps a borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps (i) the reflex of an unattested Old English noun < an ablaut variant (zero-grade) of the base of Old English crūdan to press (see crowd v.1), although the phonological development is unclear because the expected stem vowel would be o not u (compare from the same base the second element of Old English lind-gecrod shield-bearing troop, lind-croda press of shields, battle), or perhaps (ii) < early Scandinavian (compare Norwegian regional krodda boiled cheese, krodde dregs, curds, related (apparently with expressive gemination) to Norwegian regional krota to form into lumps, coagulate, curdle, (Nynorsk) kroda to huddle together), ultimately < an ablaut variant (zero-grade) of the Germanic base of crowd v.1; compare also Shetland Scots (rare) kroddins (plural) curds (early 20th cent.: < the unattested Norn cognate of Norwegian regional krodde, with suffixed definite article).It has been suggested that Early Irish gruth curds (Irish gruth , Scottish Gaelic gruth ) is ultimately related to the Germanic word, but this is disputed. The β. forms show metathesis of r . The α. forms are now regional; Eng. Dial. Dict. records the form crud in widespread use from Scotland, northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, the north of England, the north and west midlands, and the south-west; it is also found in some varieties of North American regional English. Compare later crud n.1 1. the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > [noun] > milk > curds 1378 in J. L. Fisher (1968) 10 Crudemelne. c1390 (a1376) W. Langland (Vernon) (1867) A. vii. l. 269 I haue no peny..bote twey grene cheeses, And a fewe Cruddes and Craym, and a þerf Cake. a1475 (Sloane) (1862) 13 Styr hit wele..Tyl hit be gedered on crud harde. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens vi. xlvi. 719 It melteth the clustered crudde, or milke that is come to a crudde. 1688 R. Holme iii. 335/1 The Dairy Woman presseth the Whay out of the Cruds. 1707 J. Mortimer (1721) I. 257 Some..feed them with Curds, Barley-meal, Bran, &c. 1846 J. Baxter (ed. 4) I. 197 This acid..transforms the milk into a curd. c1942 M. T. King (new ed.) vii. 72 Put saucepan on stove and boil contents till the whey is well separated from the curd. 2015 (Nexis) 30 June (Media Network section) The curds are used to make artisan cheese. the world > food and drink > food > substances for food preparation > [noun] > rennet tr. Palladius (Duke Humfrey) (1896) vi. l. 142 The mylk is crodded now to chese With crudde of kyde, or lambe, other of calf. 1551 W. Turner (1568) i. B ij a The cruddes found in a kyddes maw, or an hyndecalfes maw. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny II. 331 The cruds or rennet of an horse fole maw, called by some Hippace. 1661 R. Lovell 24 The curd [of the calf] hath the same vertue as that of a Hare, Kid, or Lamb. 1810 R. Parkinson I. i. 61 Take the chess-lop of a calf, the food of which has been milk only, and which was slaughtered before the digestion was perfected; open it, wash the skin very clean, throwing the curd away. 1973 C. A. Wilson (1991) v. 158 The calf's vell was taken out, and the curd within it removed and cleaned. 2011 S. Adare 119 Pioneer cooks made rennet by cleaning out a calf's stomach, being sure to leave any pieces of curd (the last milk eaten by the calf) inside. a1505 R. Henryson Sum Pract. Med. l. 30 in (1981) 180 The crud of my culome, with ȝour teith crakit. 1604 T. Middleton sig. D 3 I crowded my selfe amongst Merchants, poysoned all the Burse in a minute, and turnd their Faiths and Troths, into Curds and whaye, making them sweare those things now, which they for-swore when the Quarters struck againe. a1680 S. Colvil (1681) i. 48 Ye Covenanters, cruds and cream;..Some will turn cheese, and others butter. 1734 A. Pope 302 Paris, that mere white Curd of Ass's milk? 1781 W. Cowper 503 Their acrid temper turns, as soon as stirred, The milk of their good purpose all to curd. 1837 16 670 The lackadaisical concocters of curds and sweet whey rhymeries. 1883 Mar. 574/1 That caused Mrs. Claxton's cloudy suspicion..to settle into an absolute curd of sourness. 1904 W. V. Moody iii. 100 Up through the crud and substance of the cloud Prometheus wrestles with the bird of God! 1916 D. H. Lawrence 48 And a train, roaring forth, Rushes stampeding down With cries and flying curds Of steam, out of the darkening north. 1966 L. Durrell 255 O sea, Boiling with salt froths to curds, Carded like wool on the moon's spindles. 2009 A. Foulds Quickening Maze in (Nexis) 28 June (2010) 67 Thick curds of summer cloud moving slowly over. 2. the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > state of being thick enough to retain form > [noun] > state of being coagulated > a congealed substance ?c1425 Recipe in (Arun. 334) (1790) 463 Take brothe of capons..and breke eyren..and make a crudde therof..then presse oute the brothe and kerve it on leches. ?a1475 Noble Bk. Cookry in at Rennen Tak eggs and drawe them through a strener and temper grated bread and eggs and stirre it to gedure till they be ronn..and when yt begynnythe to boille, tak out the pot stik and turn the curd about with a scomer. c1500 in J. Harley et al. (1928) I. 424 (MED) To mak brasyl water substancial in a crudde: Tak brasil and shave it, and tak lyme water and seth it with, and when it is sothen and tane fro the fyre, put a lump of alum in it als thu doist of yelowe. 1783 T. Henry tr. A. Lavoisier iii. 48 A white powder, which is distinguishable from the precipitate produced by marine salts in being very much divided, and not collected in flakes or curds. 1811 A. T. Thomson iii. 598 Sulphuric ether and compound spirit of ether precipitate a thick, white, tenacious curd. 1922 T. M. Lowry xxii. 247 Spring-water and river-water contain additional impurities derived from the soil and rocks, which may make the water hard, so that it gives a curd instead of a lather with soap. 1999 C. Mendelson xxi. 324/1 Make sure your water is soft... Otherwise the soap will react with the minerals in the water to form curds that stick to clothes and are hard to get off. the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > cabbage or kale > [noun] > head of cauliflower or broccoli 1759 J. Justice 172 If you was to give them water, it would make the curds of their flowers grow long, and turn yellow, than which nothing can happen worse to Collyflowers. 1880 14 351 Out of 600 plants this fall not half a dozen failed to form good curds. 1890 5 July 11/3 One of the heads of this variety was perfect, the curd solid, deep, close, and, if I may apply the adjective to a Broccoli, refined. 1916 W. F. Rowles xi. 201 We may expect to cut the curds at the end of April. 1969 D. Bartrum 29 Broccoli, with their white, solid flower-heads (curds) are like a small cauliflower but a much hardier vegetable. 2006 July 12/2 Summer caulis are prone to caterpillar attacks and producing seeds prematurely, so if you have grown good quality curds don't let your hard work go to waste by letting the sun scorch them. the world > food and drink > food > fat or oil > [noun] > fat of salmon 1828 H. Davy 98 To find a reason for the effect of crimping and cold in preserving the curd of fish. 1847 T. T. Stoddart 4 The trout are distinguished..by their edible qualities [and] the flavour and degree of curd. 1914 M. H. Neil (ed. 4) 29 When quite fresh there is a creamy curd between the flakes, which are stiff and hard; but if kept this melts. 2006 P. A. Coates ii. 78 Scalding seals the exterior by coagulating the albumen, a jelly-like substance sandwiched between the flakes of flesh, thereby ensuring that its goodness is preserved in the form of a creamy curd. 1858 Mar. 351/2 Lemon curd.—One pound of sugar, broken as for tea, a quarter of a pound of butter, the juice of three and the rind of two lemons, six eggs. 1895 Oct. 870/2 Lemon or orange curd, marmalade of the same fruits, magnum bonum or apricot jam..must be used, or the cake will be not only rich, but sickly. 1941 21 Oct. 9/5 The Minister of Food has made an Order..fixing maximum first-hand, wholesale, and retail prices of mincemeat and fruit curd. 1969 12 Sept. 6/2 A little more trouble than Bramble jelly but well worth the effort, is Blackberry or Bramble curd. 2000 N. Lawson 343 Cranberry curd. There is only one way to describe the colour of this fabulous, astringent but velvety curd: magenta. 2012 T. Keller & S. Rouxel 372 Citrus curds add creamy flavor and acidity to any number of pastries, tarts, and cakes. the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > [noun] > yoghurt 1888 S. M. N. Sastri III. xiii. 171 Convert the milk which your father brings me at night into curds. 1960 13 Oct. 8/4 ‘Dahi?’ queries the host country. ‘Don't you know, yogurt? Curds?’ pursues the dahi-addict. 1997 A. Roy (1998) xvi. 286 Comrade Pillai had finished his avial and was squashing a ripe banana, extruding the sludge through his closed fist into his plate of curd. 2011 V. K. Singh 106 What kind of Indian restaurant is this, that does not serve curd-rice? Phrases the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > milk and cream dishes > [noun] > curd dishes c1390 (a1376) W. Langland (Vernon) (1867) A. vii. l. 269 I haue no peny..bote twey grene cheeses, And a fewe Cruddes and Craym, and a þerf Cake. 1597 R. Tofte i. Concl. sig. B8 I cannot (as I would) giue curds and creame, But milke and whey, my fortune is so meane. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iv. iv. 161 Good sooth she is The Queene of Curds and Creame . View more context for this quotation 1700 J. Dryden tr. Ovid Baucis & Philemon in 159 Then Curds and Cream, the Flow'r of Country-Fare, And new-laid Eggs, which Baucis busie Care Turn'd by a gentle Fire, and roasted rear. All these in Earthen Ware were serv'd to Board. 1856 J. W. Carlyle II. 294 I have an engagement to Betty, who will have curds and cream waiting for me. 1953 M. Irwin xiv. 156 Never did any banquet taste as good as the curds and cream in earthenware bowls, the sticky buns hot from the oven. c1550 (1979) vi. 34 Thai maid grit cheir of..curdis and quhaye. 1766 W. Kenrick iii. iii. 38 She must be none of your wishy-washy, panada gentry neither; your curd and whey gentlefolks. 1805 31 Little Miss Muffet, She sat on a tuffet, Eating of curds and whey. 1964 R. Rendell (1979) iv. 43 The sun had dimmed and the mackerel sky thickened until it looked like curds and whey. 2006 Apr. 39/2 In a day, she can turn 6,500 pounds of milk into about 650 pounds of good eating. That's a lot of curds and whey. Compounds C1. In the names of cakes or pastries made using curds. the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > cake > [noun] > a cake > cheese-cake the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > cake > [noun] > a cake > other cakes 1675 270 To make Curd-Cakes. Take a pint of Curd, four Eggs, take out two of the whites, put in some Sugar, a little Nutmeg, and a little Flower; stir..together, and..fry them with a little Butter. 1723 J. Nott sig. L3v To make curd cakes. Take a Quart of Curds, eight Eggs, leaving out four of the Whites; put in Sugar, grated Nutmeg, and a little Flour. 1849 Sept. 70/2 Tempting was the blushing white and silvery crimson of the juicy ham..rich and light the custards, curd cakes, and pies that garnished all. 1969 16 May 6/2 In the 17th. and 18th. centuries, curd cake made from what we would now call ‘Cottage’ cheese, was the pride of many a farmhouse table. 2007 P. H. Davies ix. 122 She determines to bake Jim one of his favourites, a curd cake, for tonight, though for some reason the thought of the sweet, gelatinous dessert makes her momentarily queasy. 1723 R. Smith ii. 43 To make Curd Puffs. Take a Quart of Curd, and let it run thro' a Sieve. 1808 J. Mollard (ed. 4) 142 Curd Puffs. Take the curd of two quarts of new milk, drain it dry. 1904 C. Fellows (ed. 2) 72/1 Curd—Is..used by confectioners in producing cheese cakes.., curd puffs, etc. 1934 14 Apr. 2/4 ‘Suppose you tell me a few new dishes for dinner,’ and I do reply: ‘Well, we might have..Curd Puffs..and Shoulder of Veal a la Piedmontoife [sic].’ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > pastry > sweet or rich pastries > [noun] 1594 32 How to make a Curde tart. 1862 Apr. 370 The common people principally bestowed eggs coloured and raw, cakes of fried dough, or curd tarts. 1933 July 378 In Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire and Yorkshire a certain demand exists for curd.., where it is purchased by bakers for making curd tarts. 1983 E. Hunter vii. 118 When the last of the harvest buns, the flannel cakes, the rounds of parkin, and the Yorkshire curd tarts were out of the oven, Mrs. Oughtershaw had made the tea. 2018 (Nexis) 1 Aug. I never paid Yorkshire Day much mind until I left the UK for China, but now it's a good excuse to break out my curd tart recipe. 1794 J. Stele 189 In place of cutting the curds with a knife or curd-cutter, the curd made from this milk may be reduced to gurth of any requisite degree of smallness. 1903 H. B. M. Buchanan & R. R. C. Gregory xx. 92 Break with curd-breaker steadily until curd is thoroughly broken. 1908 12 Feb. 644/2 As regards the cheese turning dark it may possibly be caused by the milk or curd having at any period been in contact with iron..or possibly the use of a curd crusher with iron rollers. 2017 P. F. Fox et al. (ed. 2) xvii. 596 An initial breaking of blocks/wheels..or barrels..of cheese using specialised equipment (curd ‘breakers’ consisting of claws or resolving shafts). C3. the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > cheese > [noun] > soft cheese 1728 R. Bradley IV. 139 Put in a quarter of a pound of salt, a pound of fresh butter, and a new fresh curd cheese. 1775 tr. 58 Take any quantity of white of eggs, and beat them well to a froth. Add to this soft curd cheese, and quick-lime, and begin beating a-new all together. 1854 24 July 5/1 Large herds of very lean cattle are to be seen on the meadows; and we can get milk, curd cheese.., in abundance, at moderate prices. 1884 31 Oct. Our refreshments..a pot of rancid sheep's milk, curd-cheese with honey, biscuits which would have made excellent cannon balls. 1925 3 Oct. 506/2 Spread any plain milk cream or curd cheese an inch thick on buttered paper. 1973 S. Skipworth i. 16 Cottage cheese and curd cheese are the nearest equivalent to the Russian Tvorog which is dry but not ‘cheesy’. 1992 11 Apr. ii. 9/7 As for containers, try the little plastic tubs with snap-on lids used by delis and supermarkets for weighing and potting such things as curd cheese. 2015 (U.K. ed.) May 136/1 Later I snack on poutine, the Quebecois dish of French fries topped with gravy and curd cheese—so much tastier than I remember it. the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of dairy produce > [noun] > formation of cheese > tool for breaking down curd 1378 in J. L. Fisher (1968) 10 Crudemelne. 1788 W. Marshall II. 201 In a large dairy, a curd-mill must be found very valuable. 1879 (new ed.) IV. 247/2 Break the curd into pieces..by means of a curd-mill. 2012 S. Davies vii. 82/2 Once the target acidity is reached, the slabs are fed through a curd mill that produces finger-sized chunks of curd. the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > washing > washing agents > [noun] > soap > type of soap > specific 1780 (City of London & County of Middlesex) ii. 31/2 13 lb. of curd soap, value 7s. 1845 26 392 The ordinary materials for making curd soap are boiled with the leys, in the usual manner, until the goods are brought to strength, and ‘ribbon out’ well on the finger. 1937 19 Nov. 4/6 The soap is ‘grained’ or salted out of the solution and floats on top as a curdy mass. This is curd soap. 2017 J. C. Frakes viii. 223 German Kernseife, ‘curd soap / Marseille soap’, a very strong soap made by traditional methods from vegetable oil, lye, and soda ash. Derivatives 1611 R. Cotgrave Mattelé,..clotted, knottie, curdled, or curd-like. 1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré xxiv. xxiii. 912 They give the child the milk, despoiled of its butterish and whayish portion, and the terrestriall and cheeselike or curdlike remaining. 1785 C. White (ed. 2) 454 Extravasated fluid of the nature of milk, resembling unclarified whey, containing flakes of curd-like matter. 1823 P. Neill 220 Where this had not happened, the quality of the cauliflower, in size, colour, and curd-like consistence, was unexceptionable. 1920 30 Oct. 694/1 The ‘transmutation’ glaze is predominantly crimson, with curd-like flecks of bluish-white and passages of fiery rose. 2012 4 Oct. d2/3 In the water were curdlike ‘grains’ of kefir. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022). curdv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: curd n. Etymology: < curd n.With the Middle English form curdy compare -y suffix2. 1. a1382 (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Job x. 10 Whether not..as chese thou hast crudded me [L. me coagulisti]? 1595 W. Hubbock 10 The child whose flesh is scarce curded in the wombe: whose bones are scarce gristled out of the wombe. 1658 T. Collins 203 After the setting into the ashes distill according to art..unto the end of the work which you shall perceive by the neck of the Retort within wax curded. 1906 Mar. 34/2 The soap is curded out of the liquors by the addition of milk of lime. 1986 Sept. 6/1 Most tofu carried in supermarkets is curded with calcium. 2012 (Nexis) 9 Feb. a9 It was a monster round cheese, more than four feet in diameter, 18 inches high and weighing more than half a ton. It had been curded and pressed in the town of Cheshire in the Massachusetts Berkshires. the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > state of being thick enough to retain form > give consistency to [verb (transitive)] > coagulate ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 27v (MED) Be it..embroked with hote salt water þat þe blode go out & be noȝt coagulate or crudded. 1559 P. Morwyng tr. C. Gesner 301 It openeth the mouth of the vaines, & dissolueth the bloud that is lopperd or curded. 1583 P. Barrough iii. xxiii. 110 Neither haue they colour also nor thickenesse, but are like putrifact bloud which is curded. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) i. iii. 145 Dos it curd thy blood To say I am thy mother? View more context for this quotation 1658 W. Chamberlayne ii. 20 —S-death! what does't curd your blouds? go bear them off, That brow that dares contract it self into A frown had better meet a thunderbold. the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > [verb (transitive)] > curdle tr. Palladius (Duke Humfrey) (1896) vi. l. 141 (MED) Alfresh the mylk is crodded now to chese. 1563 T. Gale iv. ii. f. 35v This oile..courdeth milke by and by. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden i. 601 The feat of crudding it [milk] to a pleasant tartnesse. 1737 J. Ozell in tr. F. Rabelais II. ii. viii. 54 I suppose M. de C. by this may mean a Lenten Cheese made of Eggs, and the Spawn of Fishes, and curded with the Juice of that Thistle. 1823 9 166/2 The juices of these shoots are excessively bitter, and so acrid..that they curd milk. 1944 24 46 Hénault also asserts that modern milk-bowls in the Bavay district are exact reproductions of the Roman pelves and are used for curding milk. 2017 (Nexis) 2 Aug. 25 Tofu is made by curding soymilk made from soybeans. 2. the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > state of being thick enough to retain form > be thick enough to retain form [verb (intransitive)] > coagulate a1382 (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Psalms cxviii. 70 Cruddid [L. coagulatum] [is] as mylc the herte of hem. 1589 J. Lyly 29 A Lemman will make his conscience curd like a Posset. 1887 G. M. Hopkins (1967) 104 His thew That onewhere curded, onewhere sucked or sank. 1992 (Nexis) 13 June 7 All my glory curded to shame As the Man who lost the Olympic Flame. the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > [verb (intransitive)] > curdle or become curdled a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. lxxvi. 1335 Mylk of oþre bestes renneþ and cruddeþ [1495 de Worde curdyth]..and þe whey is departed þerfro. a1450 in T. Austin (1888) 17 Whan þe Mylke his skaldyng hote, caste þe stuf þer-to, an þenne stere yt tyll it crodde. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens vi. xlvi. 719 The iuyce of Figges turneth milke and causeth it to crudde. 1635 J. Swan vi. §4. 255 Mints put into milk will not suffer the milk to curd, although the runnet or running (as they call it) be put into it. 1781 (new ed.) xvi. 134 It may make her liable to a fever, and increase the milk too much; which crudding [1697 curdling], very often turns to posthumes. 1885 25 Apr. 259/2 This causes the suds to curd or crack, and the grease and all solid matters fall to the bottom, leaving the water comparatively clean. 1910 19 Aug. 2/2 The germs are growing rapidly while the milk is curding, and while cheese is being made. 1933 24 Apr. 21/3 Pour left over milk into a shallow dish to solidify. When it has curded, beat smooth with oil, pepper, and salt to taste. 2011 (Nexis) 27 Apr. A dozen different cheeses either on the dining table, aging in the ‘cheese cave’ or curding in the kettle. the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > cover [verb (transitive)] > with or as with specific other things 1654 E. Gayton ii. i. 33 Two chaf'd Boars, or blowne Mastiffs, whose rage had curded one anothers chops. 1876 G. W. Thornbury 31 The bramble's crimsoning leaf was crusted and curded with silver. 1989 3 165 Great wreaths of snow now precariously curded the rose trees. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.1378 v.a1382 |
