costiveadj.

Brit.

/ˈkɒstɪv/, U.S.

/ˈkɑstɪv/

Forms: Middle English–1500s costif, Middle English–1500s costyf, Middle English–1500s costyff, Middle English–1600s costiue, 1500s costefe, 1500s costiffe, 1500s costyfe, 1500s costyffe, 1500s–1600s costyue, 1600s caustiue, 1600s costiff, 1600s costiv, 1600s costyve, 1600s– costive, 1700s caustive.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French costif, costivé.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman costif constipated, (of food or medicine) that constipates (both c1300 or earlier), variant (with suffix substitution: see -ive suffix) of Anglo-Norman costivé, costifé constipated (13th cent. or earlier; compare Old French costuvé , Middle French costevé , costivié , costuvé ), use as adjective of past participle of costiver to constipate (13th cent. or earlier; < classical Latin constipāre constipate v.).

a. Affected by, predisposed to, or characterized by retention of the faeces; = constipated adj. 2a. Now chiefly historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > excretory disorders > [adjective] > constipated

fastOE

costivea1400

hardbound?a1425

embowelled1486

encumber1486

bound1530

constipate1542

constipated1547

styptic1582

costic1595

belly-bound1607

restringenta1661

unmoved1810

confined1822

screwbound1837

impacted1844

a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 51 Or ellis [lose] þe wombe if þat he be costif [?a1450 BL Add. costyff].

a1425 Rule St. Benet (Lansd.) (1902) 28 (MED) Þat nane be costiue..þurȝ surfait o mete.

c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 78^v (MED) And if þat he be costif, he schal be maad laxatif, or wiþ suppositorijs or wiþ clisterie.

1519 W. Horman Vulgaria iv. f. 41^v This medicine maketh a man costefe.

1547 A. Borde Breuiary of Helthe i. f. Cxvii^v Beware that the bely be nat constupated or costiue.

1603 T. Thayre Treat. Pestilence 23 (heading) Another pill that doth more moue the bodie, and giueth two stooles, or three in some bodies, and this good for such as are costiue, and in whom humours abound.

1673 H. Oldenburg Let. 12 June in Corr. (1975) X. 26 A Man, who hath litle or no caecum, when he is costive, voids often balls like a Horse.

1738 C. Amyand in Philos. Trans. 1735–6 (Royal Soc.) 39 338 She had been greatly caustive.

1808 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 19 158 The bowels were obstinately costive.

1875 H. C. Wood Treat. Therapeutics (1879) 450 The finest white flour favors a costive habit.

1935 J. S. Lee Underworld of East v. 18 I was becoming so costive that no opening medicine had much effect.

1986 P. O'Brian Reverse of Medal vi. 186 His companions had once persuaded the very young and costive Babbington that he was going to have a baby.

b. That causes or predisposes to constipation; designating this property or effect; = constipating adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > excretory disorders > [adjective] > constipated > causing

stoppinga1398

oppilative?a1425

costive1528

incostive1570

constipating1860

1528 T. Paynell tr. Arnaldus de Villa Nova in Joannes de Mediolano Regimen Sanitatis Salerni sig. Hiii^v Ouer moche drinkynge of byndynge redde wyne..is some what..sharpe, & costiue.

1587 Sir P. Sidney & A. Golding tr. P. de Mornay Trewnesse Christian Relig. x. 161 Laxatiue in the pith and costiffe in the barke.

1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 24 In the morne tis loosing, at Eue costiue.

1772 W. Cullen Lect. Materia Medica 110 Milk..is very costive.

1881 H. Clements Fields Great Brit. xxv. 240 On account of its difficulty of digestion and costive properties, it is not advisable to use it [sc. cheese] largely as food.

1943 R. Graves Story Marie Powell xxi. 292 Are you ignorant that of all fruits the medlar alone is no friend to the bowels, but contrariwise, is costive in the extreme?

2007 D. J. Levey et al. in A. J. Dennis et al. Seed Dispersal ii. 45 The costive effects of emodin are probably beneficial.

a. Slow, reluctant, or unwilling in action or speech; spec. (a) reluctant to give, niggardly, miserly; (b) unforthcoming, reticent, or uncommunicative in speech or utterance.In early use showing use of sense 1 in a figurative context.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > wish or inclination > unwillingness > [adjective]

argha1000

slowOE

unwillyc1200

sweera1300

unfain1338

loathc1374

dangerousc1386

eschewc1386

squeamous1387

obstinate?a1439

unpresta1500

ill-willing?1520

evil-willing1525

untowards1525

untowarda1530

unwilling1533

strange1548

ill-willed1549

dainty1553

relucting1553

squeamish?1553

nicea1560

loathful1561

coyish1566

coy1576

unhearty1583

costive1594

unready1595

tarrowinga1598

undisposed1597

involuntary1598

backward1600

retrograde1602

unpregnant1604

scrupulous1608

unprone1611

refractory1614

behindhanda1616

nilling1620

backwards1627

shya1628

retractable1632

reluctant1638

loughta1641

tendera1641

unapt1640

uninclinable1640

unbeteaming1642

boggling1645

averse1646

indisposed1646

aversant1657

incomposed1660

disinclined1703

unobliging1707

unconsenting1713

uninclined1729

tenacious1766

disinclinable1769

ill-disposed1771

unaffectioned1788

scruplesomec1800

back-handed1817

sweert1817

tharf1828

backward in coming forward1830

unvoluntary1834

misinclined1837

squeamy1838

balky1847

retractive1869

grudging1874

tharfish1876

unwishful1876

safety first1917

the mind > possession > retaining > niggardliness or meanness > [adjective]

gnedec900

gripplea1000

fastOE

narrow-hearteda1200

narrow?c1225

straitc1290

chinchc1300

nithinga1325

scarcec1330

clama1340

hard1340

scantc1366

sparingc1386

niggardc1400

chinchy?1406

retentivea1450

niggardousa1492

niggish1519

unliberal1533

pinching1548

dry1552

nigh1555

niggardly1560

churlish1566

squeamish1566

niggardish1567

niggard-like1567

holding1569

spare1577

handfast1578

envious1580

close-handed1585

hard-handed1587

curmudgeonly1590

parsimonious?1591

costive1594

hidebound1598

penny-pinching1600

penurious1600

strait-handed1600

club-fisted1601

dry-fisted1604

fast-handed1605

fast-fingered1607

close-fisted1608

near1611

scanting1613

carkingc1620

illiberal1623

clutch-fisteda1634

hideboundeda1640

clutch-fista1643

clunch-fisted1644

unbounteous1645

hard-fisted1646

purse-bound1652

close1654

stingy1659

tenacious1676

scanty1692

sneaking1696

gripe-handed1698

narrow-souled1699

niggardling1704

snippy1727

unindulgent1742

shabby1766

neargoinga1774

cheesemongering1781

split-farthing1787

save-all1788

picked1790

iron-fisted1794

unhandsome1800

scaly1803

nearbegoing1805

tight1805

nippit1808

nipcheese1819

cumin-splitting1822

partan-handed1823

scrimping1823

scrumptious1823

scrimpy1825

meanly1827

skinny1833

pinchfisted1837

mean1840

tight-fisted1843

screwy1844

stinty1849

cheeseparing1857

skinflinty1886

mouly1904

mingy1911

cheapskate1912

picey1937

tight-assed1961

chintzy1964

tightwad1976

the mind > language > speech > taciturnity or reticence > [adjective] > unwilling to speak

costive1594

hardbound1612

obmutescent1799

unspeakable1888

1594 H. Plat Jewell House 63 They came so hardly from him as if hee had beene extreemly costiffe.

1606 G. Chapman Sir Gyles Goosecappe iii. sig. E3 Is your Lorde Costiue of laughter, or laxatiue of laughter?

1612 B. Jonson Alchemist ii. iii. sig. D3^v Somewhat caustiue of beleefe Toward your Stone.

1649 Duke of Newcastle Varietie iv. 66 in Country Captaine For. You shall excuse me sir, silence is a vertue; but if you knew who sent me—Wen. He would make a costive Statesman.

a1743 Ld. Hervey Mem. Reign George II (1848) (modernized text) II. xxviii. 251 The costive nature of the King's ungiving spirit.

1752 Ld. Chesterfield Let. in Lett. to Son (1774) II. 262 You must be frank, but without indiscretion, and close, without being costive.

1824 T. Medwin Conv. with Byron (1832) II. 45 He is rather costive, and does not like to throw away his effusions.

1887 Durham Univ. Jrnl. 7 228 The amount of compensation to be claimed from a Railway Company who are always costive upon such points.

1926 J. Galsworthy Silver Spoon iii. ix, in Mod. Comedy (1929) 482 He seated himself opposite, with the costive feeling of one who cannot find words that will ring true.

1945 Irish Times 27 July 5/8 That looked to him as though people did not want money, or that they had too much money, or that the bank may be costive or restricted, or was not making advances.

2012 Times (Nexis) 14 Apr. (Sat. Review) 16 Publishers..are getting increasingly costive about what they're prepared to give away before money changes hands.

b. Given or offered sparingly or with reluctance. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [adjective] > limited in quantity or amount

narrowOE

poor?c1225

scarce1297

straitc1386

feeblea1513

scant1556

niggardly1564

slender1564

limited1590

scanted1594

sparing1602

scantled1604

stinted1629

exiguous1630

unlavished1635

scanty1658

unprofuse1727

costivea1734

incopious1734

niggard1751

jimp1768

skimped1839

stingy1854

restricted1856

niggard-measured1881

a1734 R. North Examen (1740) iii. vi. 493 The costive supplies as were given towards it.

1787 H. Headley Select Beauties Anc. Eng. Poetry I. Introd. p. xxxi The unaccountable infelicity with which he has dealt out his costive praise..is still more extraordinary.

1841 John Bull 30 Aug. 420/1 The speech of Sir Robert Peel..is the theme of every tongue... Even our opponents cannot deny it the tribute of costive praise.

1879 North Amer. (Philadelphia) 18 Apr. The shrinking sensibilities of the metropolis on the Hudson, which..gave such costive aid to that unparalleled crown of the American century.

2009 F. Tallis Darkness Rising xliii. 198 Professor Gandler received him with a sullen stare and a few costive words of greeting.

3. Esp. of clay: hard and impervious. Now rare.In quot. 1639 designating dung; it is unclear whether the primary meaning intended is ‘hard’ or ‘retained, constipated’.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > clay > [adjective] > hard or impervious

costive1679

water-bound1710

1639 Eng. Farrier (new ed.) vii. sig. 4 If his doung at grasse or soyle be very hard and costiue.., then is it a great sign that he is very hot in his body.]

1679 J. Evelyn Terra (ed. 2) in Sylva (ed. 3) 290 Some Clays are more pinguid than other;..all of them..in dry seasons costive, and hardening with the Sun.

1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry 56 [Clay] is costive, hardning with the Sun and Wind in dry Seasons.

1875 Pall Mall Gaz. 16 July 4/2 Rent becomes more elastic upon the sound and healthy sheep-walks than upon the sterile, costive clay fallows.

1963 R. J. Forbes Stud. Anc. Technol. VII. i. 66 The impression of the fossils has been dried out and consolidated (made costive) in mud.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	costive
释义	costiveadj. Brit. /ˈkɒstɪv/, U.S. /ˈkɑstɪv/ Forms: Middle English–1500s costif, Middle English–1500s costyf, Middle English–1500s costyff, Middle English–1600s costiue, 1500s costefe, 1500s costiffe, 1500s costyfe, 1500s costyffe, 1500s–1600s costyue, 1600s caustiue, 1600s costiff, 1600s costiv, 1600s costyve, 1600s– costive, 1700s caustive. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French costif, costivé. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman costif constipated, (of food or medicine) that constipates (both c1300 or earlier), variant (with suffix substitution: see -ive suffix) of Anglo-Norman costivé, costifé constipated (13th cent. or earlier; compare Old French costuvé , Middle French costevé , costivié , costuvé ), use as adjective of past participle of costiver to constipate (13th cent. or earlier; < classical Latin constipāre constipate v.). 1. a. Affected by, predisposed to, or characterized by retention of the faeces; = constipated adj. 2a. Now chiefly historical. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > excretory disorders > [adjective] > constipated fastOE costivea1400 hardbound?a1425 embowelled1486 encumber1486 bound1530 constipate1542 constipated1547 styptic1582 costic1595 belly-bound1607 restringenta1661 unmoved1810 confined1822 screwbound1837 impacted1844 a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 51 Or ellis [lose] þe wombe if þat he be costif [?a1450 BL Add. costyff]. a1425 Rule St. Benet (Lansd.) (1902) 28 (MED) Þat nane be costiue..þurȝ surfait o mete. c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 78^v (MED) And if þat he be costif, he schal be maad laxatif, or wiþ suppositorijs or wiþ clisterie. 1519 W. Horman Vulgaria iv. f. 41^v This medicine maketh a man costefe. 1547 A. Borde Breuiary of Helthe i. f. Cxvii^v Beware that the bely be nat constupated or costiue. 1603 T. Thayre Treat. Pestilence 23 (heading) Another pill that doth more moue the bodie, and giueth two stooles, or three in some bodies, and this good for such as are costiue, and in whom humours abound. 1673 H. Oldenburg Let. 12 June in Corr. (1975) X. 26 A Man, who hath litle or no caecum, when he is costive, voids often balls like a Horse. 1738 C. Amyand in Philos. Trans. 1735–6 (Royal Soc.) 39 338 She had been greatly caustive. 1808 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 19 158 The bowels were obstinately costive. 1875 H. C. Wood Treat. Therapeutics (1879) 450 The finest white flour favors a costive habit. 1935 J. S. Lee Underworld of East v. 18 I was becoming so costive that no opening medicine had much effect. 1986 P. O'Brian Reverse of Medal vi. 186 His companions had once persuaded the very young and costive Babbington that he was going to have a baby. b. That causes or predisposes to constipation; designating this property or effect; = constipating adj. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > excretory disorders > [adjective] > constipated > causing stoppinga1398 oppilative?a1425 costive1528 incostive1570 constipating1860 1528 T. Paynell tr. Arnaldus de Villa Nova in Joannes de Mediolano Regimen Sanitatis Salerni sig. Hiii^v Ouer moche drinkynge of byndynge redde wyne..is some what..sharpe, & costiue. 1587 Sir P. Sidney & A. Golding tr. P. de Mornay Trewnesse Christian Relig. x. 161 Laxatiue in the pith and costiffe in the barke. 1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 24 In the morne tis loosing, at Eue costiue. 1772 W. Cullen Lect. Materia Medica 110 Milk..is very costive. 1881 H. Clements Fields Great Brit. xxv. 240 On account of its difficulty of digestion and costive properties, it is not advisable to use it [sc. cheese] largely as food. 1943 R. Graves Story Marie Powell xxi. 292 Are you ignorant that of all fruits the medlar alone is no friend to the bowels, but contrariwise, is costive in the extreme? 2007 D. J. Levey et al. in A. J. Dennis et al. Seed Dispersal ii. 45 The costive effects of emodin are probably beneficial. 2. a. Slow, reluctant, or unwilling in action or speech; spec. (a) reluctant to give, niggardly, miserly; (b) unforthcoming, reticent, or uncommunicative in speech or utterance.In early use showing use of sense 1 in a figurative context. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > wish or inclination > unwillingness > [adjective] argha1000 slowOE unwillyc1200 sweera1300 unfain1338 loathc1374 dangerousc1386 eschewc1386 squeamous1387 obstinate?a1439 unpresta1500 ill-willing?1520 evil-willing1525 untowards1525 untowarda1530 unwilling1533 strange1548 ill-willed1549 dainty1553 relucting1553 squeamish?1553 nicea1560 loathful1561 coyish1566 coy1576 unhearty1583 costive1594 unready1595 tarrowinga1598 undisposed1597 involuntary1598 backward1600 retrograde1602 unpregnant1604 scrupulous1608 unprone1611 refractory1614 behindhanda1616 nilling1620 backwards1627 shya1628 retractable1632 reluctant1638 loughta1641 tendera1641 unapt1640 uninclinable1640 unbeteaming1642 boggling1645 averse1646 indisposed1646 aversant1657 incomposed1660 disinclined1703 unobliging1707 unconsenting1713 uninclined1729 tenacious1766 disinclinable1769 ill-disposed1771 unaffectioned1788 scruplesomec1800 back-handed1817 sweert1817 tharf1828 backward in coming forward1830 unvoluntary1834 misinclined1837 squeamy1838 balky1847 retractive1869 grudging1874 tharfish1876 unwishful1876 safety first1917 the mind > possession > retaining > niggardliness or meanness > [adjective] gnedec900 gripplea1000 fastOE narrow-hearteda1200 narrow?c1225 straitc1290 chinchc1300 nithinga1325 scarcec1330 clama1340 hard1340 scantc1366 sparingc1386 niggardc1400 chinchy?1406 retentivea1450 niggardousa1492 niggish1519 unliberal1533 pinching1548 dry1552 nigh1555 niggardly1560 churlish1566 squeamish1566 niggardish1567 niggard-like1567 holding1569 spare1577 handfast1578 envious1580 close-handed1585 hard-handed1587 curmudgeonly1590 parsimonious?1591 costive1594 hidebound1598 penny-pinching1600 penurious1600 strait-handed1600 club-fisted1601 dry-fisted1604 fast-handed1605 fast-fingered1607 close-fisted1608 near1611 scanting1613 carkingc1620 illiberal1623 clutch-fisteda1634 hideboundeda1640 clutch-fista1643 clunch-fisted1644 unbounteous1645 hard-fisted1646 purse-bound1652 close1654 stingy1659 tenacious1676 scanty1692 sneaking1696 gripe-handed1698 narrow-souled1699 niggardling1704 snippy1727 unindulgent1742 shabby1766 neargoinga1774 cheesemongering1781 split-farthing1787 save-all1788 picked1790 iron-fisted1794 unhandsome1800 scaly1803 nearbegoing1805 tight1805 nippit1808 nipcheese1819 cumin-splitting1822 partan-handed1823 scrimping1823 scrumptious1823 scrimpy1825 meanly1827 skinny1833 pinchfisted1837 mean1840 tight-fisted1843 screwy1844 stinty1849 cheeseparing1857 skinflinty1886 mouly1904 mingy1911 cheapskate1912 picey1937 tight-assed1961 chintzy1964 tightwad1976 the mind > language > speech > taciturnity or reticence > [adjective] > unwilling to speak costive1594 hardbound1612 obmutescent1799 unspeakable1888 1594 H. Plat Jewell House 63 They came so hardly from him as if hee had beene extreemly costiffe. 1606 G. Chapman Sir Gyles Goosecappe iii. sig. E3 Is your Lorde Costiue of laughter, or laxatiue of laughter? 1612 B. Jonson Alchemist ii. iii. sig. D3^v Somewhat caustiue of beleefe Toward your Stone. View more context for this quotation 1649 Duke of Newcastle Varietie iv. 66 in Country Captaine For. You shall excuse me sir, silence is a vertue; but if you knew who sent me—Wen. He would make a costive Statesman. a1743 Ld. Hervey Mem. Reign George II (1848) (modernized text) II. xxviii. 251 The costive nature of the King's ungiving spirit. 1752 Ld. Chesterfield Let. in Lett. to Son (1774) II. 262 You must be frank, but without indiscretion, and close, without being costive. 1824 T. Medwin Conv. with Byron (1832) II. 45 He is rather costive, and does not like to throw away his effusions. 1887 Durham Univ. Jrnl. 7 228 The amount of compensation to be claimed from a Railway Company who are always costive upon such points. 1926 J. Galsworthy Silver Spoon iii. ix, in Mod. Comedy (1929) 482 He seated himself opposite, with the costive feeling of one who cannot find words that will ring true. 1945 Irish Times 27 July 5/8 That looked to him as though people did not want money, or that they had too much money, or that the bank may be costive or restricted, or was not making advances. 2012 Times (Nexis) 14 Apr. (Sat. Review) 16 Publishers..are getting increasingly costive about what they're prepared to give away before money changes hands. b. Given or offered sparingly or with reluctance. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [adjective] > limited in quantity or amount narrowOE poor?c1225 scarce1297 straitc1386 feeblea1513 scant1556 niggardly1564 slender1564 limited1590 scanted1594 sparing1602 scantled1604 stinted1629 exiguous1630 unlavished1635 scanty1658 unprofuse1727 costivea1734 incopious1734 niggard1751 jimp1768 skimped1839 stingy1854 restricted1856 niggard-measured1881 a1734 R. North Examen (1740) iii. vi. 493 The costive supplies as were given towards it. 1787 H. Headley Select Beauties Anc. Eng. Poetry I. Introd. p. xxxi The unaccountable infelicity with which he has dealt out his costive praise..is still more extraordinary. 1841 John Bull 30 Aug. 420/1 The speech of Sir Robert Peel..is the theme of every tongue... Even our opponents cannot deny it the tribute of costive praise. 1879 North Amer. (Philadelphia) 18 Apr. The shrinking sensibilities of the metropolis on the Hudson, which..gave such costive aid to that unparalleled crown of the American century. 2009 F. Tallis Darkness Rising xliii. 198 Professor Gandler received him with a sullen stare and a few costive words of greeting. 3. Esp. of clay: hard and impervious. Now rare.In quot. 1639 designating dung; it is unclear whether the primary meaning intended is ‘hard’ or ‘retained, constipated’. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > clay > [adjective] > hard or impervious costive1679 water-bound1710 1639 Eng. Farrier (new ed.) vii. sig. 4 If his doung at grasse or soyle be very hard and costiue.., then is it a great sign that he is very hot in his body.] 1679 J. Evelyn Terra (ed. 2) in Sylva (ed. 3) 290 Some Clays are more pinguid than other;..all of them..in dry seasons costive, and hardening with the Sun. 1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry 56 [Clay] is costive, hardning with the Sun and Wind in dry Seasons. 1875 Pall Mall Gaz. 16 July 4/2 Rent becomes more elastic upon the sound and healthy sheep-walks than upon the sterile, costive clay fallows. 1963 R. J. Forbes Stud. Anc. Technol. VII. i. 66 The impression of the fossils has been dried out and consolidated (made costive) in mud. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.a1400
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