costaladj.n.

Brit.

/ˈkɒstl/, U.S.

/ˈkɑst(ə)l/

Forms: 1600s costall, 1600s– costal.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French costal; Latin costalis.

Etymology: < (i) French costal relating to or connected with the ribs (16th cent. in Middle French; also as noun, denoting the costal nerve), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin costalis relating to or connected with the ribs (4th cent.; 1582 in the passage translated in quot. 1634 at sense A. 1a) < classical Latin costa rib (see costa n.¹) + -ālis -al suffix¹. Compare earlier intercostal adj.

A. adj.

a. Anatomy and Zoology. Of or relating to a rib; articulating with, attached to, or associated with a rib; involving the ribs. Cf. costa n.¹ 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > rib > [adjective]

ribbed?1523

costal1615

subcostal1755

postcostal1826

costiferous1845

infracostal1858

xiphocostal1899

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 139 (caption) A nerue..comming from the right Costal nerue of the ribs.

1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. xv. xi. 571 The sharp splinters pricke the costall membrane [L. costalem membranam].

1721 tr. L. Heister Compend. Anat. 49 The Furrow..is made in the first nine or ten Ribs, in order to hide the costal Vessels.

1838 Proc. Zool. Soc. 6 40 All the specimens presented 7 cervical and 19 costal vertebræ.

1878 M. Foster Text Bk. Physiol. (ed. 2) ii. ii. §1. 259 The movement of the upper chest characteristic of female breathing, which is called costal.

1943 Copeia No. 3. 155 Costal grooves, indistinct in axilla and groin, number 10 or 11.

1968 New Eng. Jrnl. Med. 15 Feb. 385/1 The liver and spleen were palpable 2 finger breadths below the costal margins.

2011 Copeia 72/2 The specimen is complete on the left side, with large well-preserved costal articulations.

2014 A. Roberts Incredible Unlikeliness of Being 184 The costal cartilage is really just the unossified front end of the rib.

†b. Of a fish: having curved ribs or rib-like bones. Contrasted with pectinal adj.² Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica iv. x. 203 Whereby are excluded all cetaceous..fishes, many pectinall, whose ribs are rectilineall, many costall, which have their ribs embowed.

2. Entomology. Of the nature of a costa (costa n.¹ 2c); of or relating to a costa.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > parts of insects > [adjective] > of wing(s) > of or relating to nervure > relating to or of nature of costa

costal1800

1800 E. Donovan Epitome Nat. Hist. Insects India Mantis Viridis..Wings pale testaceous with a green costal rib.

1836–9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. II. 927/1 The costal nervure is the first longitudinal nervure of the wing.

1947 A. D. Imms Outl. Entomol. (ed. 3) ii. 19 A small, thickened, darkly pigmented area near the costal margin of the fore wing in many Hymenoptera..is known as the stigma.

2004 Jrnl. Orthoptera Res. 13 71/1 It has a light-colored longitudinal band in the costal area, just below and along the subcostal vein.

3. Botany. Of, relating to, derived from, or of the nature of a costa (costa n.¹ 2a).

ΚΠ

1835 J. Lindley Introd. Bot. (ed. 2) i. ii. 108 From the midrib are generally produced, at right angles with it, and alternate with the primary veins, smaller veins, which may not improperly be named costal veins.

1887 Bot. Gaz. 12 131 Leaves..longer-acuminate, mucronulate, costal arches less distinct, reticulation more minute.

1948 Amer. Fern Jrnl. 38 131 The long narrow costal areoles are present in both, while the only free veins present are those along the margins of the pinnae.

2002 Flora Austral. XLIII. 83 Two zones [of the epidermis of Poaceae] are usually apparent: the costal zone where epidermal cells overly [sic] the veins and the intercostal zone where epidermal cells overly the mesophyll between the veins.

B. n.

1. Anatomy and Zoology. Originally: †a nerve or muscle associated with or attached to a rib, spec. an intercostal nerve or muscle (obsolete). In later use: a costal plate (see Compounds).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > rib > [noun] > parts associated with

costal1653

intercostal1681

subcostal1864

1653 N. Culpeper tr. J. Vesling Anat. Body Man iv. 18 It [sc. the Spleen] hath Nerves from the left branch of the costals of the sixt pair.

1821 J. S. Miller Nat. Hist. Crinoidea 58 The elongation of the first costals in the pentacrinites is intended to strengthen the column in this place.

1847–9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. IV. i. 282 From the ribs of serpents muscular fasciculi are given off..; some of these arise from the great lateral costals.

1929 Jrnl. Paleontol. 3 248 This species may be distinguished from D[elocrinus] hemisphericus..by its greater size, deep calyx, straight or slightly flaring walls, convex costals and concave inward bent anal plates.

1939 Jrnl. Morphol. 65 384 This seems to indicate that the neurals and the costals are not true dermal ossifications.

2010 Jrnl. Vertebr. Paleontol. 30 1720/1 The sixth through eighth costals meet on the midline.

†2. A person's side. Obsolete. rare.Apparently a substitution for coast n. 1a in the 1816 edition.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > side > [noun]

sideOE

coastc1420

pleuron1706

costal1816

pleurum1876

1816 Malory's Hist. Renowned Prince Arthur (new ed.) I. i. cxxix. 235 Sir Beaumains smote him through the costal [a1470 Winch. Coll. 13 coste, 1485 Caxton cost, 1634 cost] of the body.

Compounds

costal-nerved adj. Botany (now rare) (of a leaf) having parallel veins which arise from the midrib.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > leaf > [adjective] > having or not having veins > of the nature of a vein

costal-nerved1879

1879 A. Gray in A. Gray & G. L. Goodale Bot. Text-bk. (ed. 6) I. iii. 92 Parallel-veined or nerved leaves may be classified into..Costal-nerved, springing from a midrib or costa.

1897 W. W. Bailey Bot. Notebk. (ed. 2) i. vii. 25 Parallel-veined leaves may be..Costal-nerved.

1972 C. C. Plowden Man. Plant Names (ed. 3) 207 (caption) Parallel venation, costal nerved (e.g. Canna).

costal plate n. Zoology (a) any of the calcified plates forming the sides of the calyx of a crinoid (now rare); (b) (in the carapace of a chelonian) any of the bony plates that are located in a row on either side of the neural plates, and are attached beneath to the ribs; cf. neural plate n. (a) at neural adj. and n. Compounds.

ΚΠ

1821 J. S. Miller Nat. Hist. Crinoidea 95 A Crinoidal animal, with a round column formed of many joints, on whose summit is placed a pelvis of three plates supporting five hexagonal and one pentagonal costal plate.

1831 J. E. Gray Synopsis Reptilium i. 5 The central row consists of five shields, which being placed over the vertebræ, are called vertebral plates; and the side rows of each are designated, for the same reason, from the bones on which they are placed, the costal plates.

1929 Jrnl. Paleontol. 3 250 (caption) Sketch..of radial and costal plates [of Delocrinus conicus].

1957 Herpetologica 13 236 He seeks to explain the abnormal fusion of the vertebral column and costal plates on the basis of abnormal yolk retraction.

2011 Jrnl. Vertebr. Paleontol. 31 65/2 Most of the marginal scutes are wider than the peripherals and overlap the costal plates.

costal respiration n. [after French respiration costale (1826 or earlier)] the type of breathing in which inspiration is produced chiefly by the action of muscles which raise the ribs and expand the chest; also called thoracic respiration; contrasted with diaphragmatic respiration (or abdominal respiration).

ΚΠ

1829 J. C. Gregory Cullen's First Lines Pract. Physic I. App. 448 The disease is to be distinguished by the fixed pain increased on pressure, and by costal respiration.

1913 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 15 Nov. 1313/1 Costal respiration..almost entirely replaces abdominal as the uterus enlarges.

2013 R. A. Ehrlich & D. M. Coakes Patient Care Radiogr. (ed. 8) xi. 213/1 A barrel-chested appearance..is frequently associated with an elevation of the shoulder girdle and retraction of the neck muscles—all symptomatic of costal respiration.

Derivatives

ˈcostally adv. by means of the ribs; towards a costa or rib; as regards a costa or rib.

ΚΠ

1842 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 3) v. 204 The patient breathes costally, without depressing the diaphragm more than he can help.

1922 Proc. New Eng. Zoöl. Club 25 Jan. 13 Fore wing beneath: Basal half brown, this color extending costally to the irregular distal margin.

1958 Jrnl. Paleontol. 32 287/2 The whorl section is oval both costally and intercostally.

2003 Integrative & Compar. Biol. 43 832/1 Mammals and crocodilians supplement costally powered lung ventilation with active diaphragms.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	costal
释义	costaladj.n. Brit. /ˈkɒstl/, U.S. /ˈkɑst(ə)l/ Forms: 1600s costall, 1600s– costal. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French costal; Latin costalis. Etymology: < (i) French costal relating to or connected with the ribs (16th cent. in Middle French; also as noun, denoting the costal nerve), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin costalis relating to or connected with the ribs (4th cent.; 1582 in the passage translated in quot. 1634 at sense A. 1a) < classical Latin costa rib (see costa n.¹) + -ālis -al suffix¹. Compare earlier intercostal adj. A. adj. 1. a. Anatomy and Zoology. Of or relating to a rib; articulating with, attached to, or associated with a rib; involving the ribs. Cf. costa n.¹ 1. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > rib > [adjective] ribbed?1523 costal1615 subcostal1755 postcostal1826 costiferous1845 infracostal1858 xiphocostal1899 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 139 (caption) A nerue..comming from the right Costal nerue of the ribs. 1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. xv. xi. 571 The sharp splinters pricke the costall membrane [L. costalem membranam]. 1721 tr. L. Heister Compend. Anat. 49 The Furrow..is made in the first nine or ten Ribs, in order to hide the costal Vessels. 1838 Proc. Zool. Soc. 6 40 All the specimens presented 7 cervical and 19 costal vertebræ. 1878 M. Foster Text Bk. Physiol. (ed. 2) ii. ii. §1. 259 The movement of the upper chest characteristic of female breathing, which is called costal. 1943 Copeia No. 3. 155 Costal grooves, indistinct in axilla and groin, number 10 or 11. 1968 New Eng. Jrnl. Med. 15 Feb. 385/1 The liver and spleen were palpable 2 finger breadths below the costal margins. 2011 Copeia 72/2 The specimen is complete on the left side, with large well-preserved costal articulations. 2014 A. Roberts Incredible Unlikeliness of Being 184 The costal cartilage is really just the unossified front end of the rib. †b. Of a fish: having curved ribs or rib-like bones. Contrasted with pectinal adj.² Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica iv. x. 203 Whereby are excluded all cetaceous..fishes, many pectinall, whose ribs are rectilineall, many costall, which have their ribs embowed. View more context for this quotation 2. Entomology. Of the nature of a costa (costa n.¹ 2c); of or relating to a costa. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > parts of insects > [adjective] > of wing(s) > of or relating to nervure > relating to or of nature of costa costal1800 1800 E. Donovan Epitome Nat. Hist. Insects India Mantis Viridis..Wings pale testaceous with a green costal rib. 1836–9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. II. 927/1 The costal nervure is the first longitudinal nervure of the wing. 1947 A. D. Imms Outl. Entomol. (ed. 3) ii. 19 A small, thickened, darkly pigmented area near the costal margin of the fore wing in many Hymenoptera..is known as the stigma. 2004 Jrnl. Orthoptera Res. 13 71/1 It has a light-colored longitudinal band in the costal area, just below and along the subcostal vein. 3. Botany. Of, relating to, derived from, or of the nature of a costa (costa n.¹ 2a). ΚΠ 1835 J. Lindley Introd. Bot. (ed. 2) i. ii. 108 From the midrib are generally produced, at right angles with it, and alternate with the primary veins, smaller veins, which may not improperly be named costal veins. 1887 Bot. Gaz. 12 131 Leaves..longer-acuminate, mucronulate, costal arches less distinct, reticulation more minute. 1948 Amer. Fern Jrnl. 38 131 The long narrow costal areoles are present in both, while the only free veins present are those along the margins of the pinnae. 2002 Flora Austral. XLIII. 83 Two zones [of the epidermis of Poaceae] are usually apparent: the costal zone where epidermal cells overly [sic] the veins and the intercostal zone where epidermal cells overly the mesophyll between the veins. B. n. 1. Anatomy and Zoology. Originally: †a nerve or muscle associated with or attached to a rib, spec. an intercostal nerve or muscle (obsolete). In later use: a costal plate (see Compounds). ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > rib > [noun] > parts associated with costal1653 intercostal1681 subcostal1864 1653 N. Culpeper tr. J. Vesling Anat. Body Man iv. 18 It [sc. the Spleen] hath Nerves from the left branch of the costals of the sixt pair. 1821 J. S. Miller Nat. Hist. Crinoidea 58 The elongation of the first costals in the pentacrinites is intended to strengthen the column in this place. 1847–9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. IV. i. 282 From the ribs of serpents muscular fasciculi are given off..; some of these arise from the great lateral costals. 1929 Jrnl. Paleontol. 3 248 This species may be distinguished from D[elocrinus] hemisphericus..by its greater size, deep calyx, straight or slightly flaring walls, convex costals and concave inward bent anal plates. 1939 Jrnl. Morphol. 65 384 This seems to indicate that the neurals and the costals are not true dermal ossifications. 2010 Jrnl. Vertebr. Paleontol. 30 1720/1 The sixth through eighth costals meet on the midline. †2. A person's side. Obsolete. rare.Apparently a substitution for coast n. 1a in the 1816 edition. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > side > [noun] sideOE coastc1420 pleuron1706 costal1816 pleurum1876 1816 Malory's Hist. Renowned Prince Arthur (new ed.) I. i. cxxix. 235 Sir Beaumains smote him through the costal [a1470 Winch. Coll. 13 coste, 1485 Caxton cost, 1634 cost] of the body. Compounds costal-nerved adj. Botany (now rare) (of a leaf) having parallel veins which arise from the midrib. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > leaf > [adjective] > having or not having veins > of the nature of a vein costal-nerved1879 1879 A. Gray in A. Gray & G. L. Goodale Bot. Text-bk. (ed. 6) I. iii. 92 Parallel-veined or nerved leaves may be classified into..Costal-nerved, springing from a midrib or costa. 1897 W. W. Bailey Bot. Notebk. (ed. 2) i. vii. 25 Parallel-veined leaves may be..Costal-nerved. 1972 C. C. Plowden Man. Plant Names (ed. 3) 207 (caption) Parallel venation, costal nerved (e.g. Canna). costal plate n. Zoology (a) any of the calcified plates forming the sides of the calyx of a crinoid (now rare); (b) (in the carapace of a chelonian) any of the bony plates that are located in a row on either side of the neural plates, and are attached beneath to the ribs; cf. neural plate n. (a) at neural adj. and n. Compounds. ΚΠ 1821 J. S. Miller Nat. Hist. Crinoidea 95 A Crinoidal animal, with a round column formed of many joints, on whose summit is placed a pelvis of three plates supporting five hexagonal and one pentagonal costal plate. 1831 J. E. Gray Synopsis Reptilium i. 5 The central row consists of five shields, which being placed over the vertebræ, are called vertebral plates; and the side rows of each are designated, for the same reason, from the bones on which they are placed, the costal plates. 1929 Jrnl. Paleontol. 3 250 (caption) Sketch..of radial and costal plates [of Delocrinus conicus]. 1957 Herpetologica 13 236 He seeks to explain the abnormal fusion of the vertebral column and costal plates on the basis of abnormal yolk retraction. 2011 Jrnl. Vertebr. Paleontol. 31 65/2 Most of the marginal scutes are wider than the peripherals and overlap the costal plates. costal respiration n. [after French respiration costale (1826 or earlier)] the type of breathing in which inspiration is produced chiefly by the action of muscles which raise the ribs and expand the chest; also called thoracic respiration; contrasted with diaphragmatic respiration (or abdominal respiration). ΚΠ 1829 J. C. Gregory Cullen's First Lines Pract. Physic I. App. 448 The disease is to be distinguished by the fixed pain increased on pressure, and by costal respiration. 1913 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 15 Nov. 1313/1 Costal respiration..almost entirely replaces abdominal as the uterus enlarges. 2013 R. A. Ehrlich & D. M. Coakes Patient Care Radiogr. (ed. 8) xi. 213/1 A barrel-chested appearance..is frequently associated with an elevation of the shoulder girdle and retraction of the neck muscles—all symptomatic of costal respiration. Derivatives ˈcostally adv. by means of the ribs; towards a costa or rib; as regards a costa or rib. ΚΠ 1842 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 3) v. 204 The patient breathes costally, without depressing the diaphragm more than he can help. 1922 Proc. New Eng. Zoöl. Club 25 Jan. 13 Fore wing beneath: Basal half brown, this color extending costally to the irregular distal margin. 1958 Jrnl. Paleontol. 32 287/2 The whorl section is oval both costally and intercostally. 2003 Integrative & Compar. Biol. 43 832/1 Mammals and crocodilians supplement costally powered lung ventilation with active diaphragms. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.n.1615
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