† confusen.

Etymology: apparently < Old French confus confusion < Latin type *confūsus, < confundĕre: compare French refus.

Obsolete. rare.

Confusion.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > perplexity, bewilderment > [noun]

mingingOE

riddleOE

cumbermentc1300

willa1325

encumbrancec1330

were1338

perplexitya1393

discomfiturea1425

cumbrancec1460

confuse1483

proplexity1487

perplexion?c1500

amazedness?1520

amazement1553

subversion1558

amaze?1560

perplexednessa1586

confusedness1587

puzzle1599

confusion1600

mizmaze1604

discomfita1616

embarras1627

obfuscation1628

mystery1629

confoundedness1641

puzzledness1662

confuseness1710

puzzlement1731

puzzledom1748

embarrassment1751

puzzleation1767

bepuzzlement1806

conjecture1815

mystification1817

bewilderment1819

perplexment1826

fuddle1827

wilderment1830

discomforture1832

head-scratching1832

baffle1843

posement1850

muddlement1857

turbidity1868

fogging1878

bemuddlement1884

harl1889

befuddlement1905

turbidness1906

wuzziness1942

perplexability1999

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 114/3 Contynuel drede in hys confuse.

?a1562 G. Cavendish Life Wolsey (1959) 9 The kyng beyng in a great confuse & wonder of his hasty spede.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

† confuseadj.

Forms: Also Middle English confus.

Etymology: Middle English confus , < Old French confus, -use (= Provençal confus , Spanish confuso , Italian confuso ) < Latin confūsus , past participle of confundĕre to confound v.

Obsolete.

1. Of persons: Confounded, disconcerted, abashed, perplexed. Used both as past participle, and adj. = confused adj. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > perplexity, bewilderment > [adjective]

yblenta1225

amazed?c1225

wory?c1225

mingedc1275

willc1300

distracta1340

confounded1362

confuse1362

distraitc1374

whapedc1374

wilsomea1375

poseletc1390

distraught1393

perplexa1425

wildc1440

wiltc1440

dodemusydc1450

mistedc1450

unclearc1475

mazed1493

perplexeda1500

traversablea1500

mazyc1525

entangled1561

muddy?1571

distraughted1572

moidered1587

wondering1592

puzzled1598

plundered1601

distracted1604

uncollected1613

wildered1642

turbid1647

tosticated1650

fuddled1656

pixie-led1659

puzzling1692

bumbazed1720

maffled1820

obfuscated1822

confused1825

muddly1829

mystified1833

maze1842

obfusticatedc1844

head-scratching1849

clueless1862

flustery1862

befogged1868

deurmekaar1871

mosy1887

skewgee1890

buggered-up1893

confusticated1898

smock-ravelled1904

messed-up1913

screwed-up1943

hung up1945

lost1967

gravelled-

1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. xi. 93 He bi-com so confoundet [v.r. confus, confuse] he couþe not mele And as doumbe as a dore.

c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 1372 I am so confus, þ^t I kan noght seye.

c1430 J. Lydgate tr. Bochas Fall of Princes (1544) i. viii. 15 a Ashamed and confuse of this dede.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 162/2 His uncle departed al confus.

1600 L. Lewkenor tr. A. de Torquemada Spanish Mandeuile f. 135 It maketh me confuse and wauering.

a. Confusedly mixed, promiscuous; disorderly, marked by confusion; = confused adj. 3.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > order > disorder > confusion or disorder > [adjective]

confusec1384

yblent1426

intermellé1487

farraginary1538

puddled1559

confused1576

promiscuous1579

pell-mell1584

ravelleda1586

mingle-mangle1589

rumblingc1598

skimble-skamble1598

huddle1601

plundered1601

promiscual1602

jumbled1611

promiscous1656

bedevilled1755

helter-skelter1785

muddly1829

hugger-mugger1840

wildered1853

pied1870

deurmekaar1871

mixed-up1888

screwed-up1942

snafu1942

scrambled1951

untogether1969

c1384 G. Chaucer Hous of Fame iii. 427 A ful confuse matere.

1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour i. i. sig. Aij^v Chaos: whiche of some is expounde a confuse mixture.

1590 H. Barrow in H. Barrow & J. Greenwood Coll. Sclaunderous Articles D iiij It consisteth of a confuse multitude of all sorts of people.

1712 E. Cooke Voy. S. Sea 407 The Circumstances..are very confuse and improbable.

b. Blended so that the distinction of elements is lost; = confused adj. 4.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being mixed or blended > [adjective]

mingedc1275

meddleda1387

melleda1393

blenda1400

entremedly?a1425

yblent1426

commixed?1440

mingleda1475

medleyed1480

mixed1482

intermista1552

intermixed1555

confuse1563

intermingled1586

confused1594

intermeddled1595

blended1621

throughother1626

commingled1648

miscellaneous1698

confluentiala1711

confluent1814

intermixing1815

immixed1855

blent1872

1563 W. Fulke Goodle Gallerye Causes Meteors iii. f. 38^v The milke way..was nothing els but innumerable lytle starres, whiche with their confuse lyght, caused that whytnes.

c. = confused adj. 5.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > unintelligibility > depth, obscurity > [adjective]

higheOE

dighela1000

deepc1000

darkOE

starkOE

dusk?c1225

subtle1340

dimc1350

subtilea1393

covert1393

mystica1398

murka1400

cloudyc1400

hard?c1400

mistyc1400

unclearc1400

diffuse1430

abstractc1450

diffused?1456

exquisitec1460

obnubilous?a1475

obscure?a1475

covered1484

intricate?a1500

nice?a1500

perplexeda1500

difficilea1513

difficult1530

privy1532

smoky1533

secret1535

abstruse?1549

difficul1552

entangled1561

confounded1572

darksome1574

obnubilate1575

enigmatical1576

confuse1577

mysteriousa1586

Delphic1598

obfuscatea1600

enfumed1601

Delphicala1603

obstruse1604

abstracted1605

confused1611

questionable1611

inevident1614

recondite1619

cryptic1620

obfuscated1620

transcendent1624

Delphian1625

oraculous1625

enigmatic1628

recluse1629

abdite1635

undilucidated1635

clouded1641

benighted1647

oblite1650

researched1653

obnubilated1658

obscurative1664

tenebrose1677

hyperbyssal1691

condite1695

diffusive1709

profound1710

tenebricose1730

oracular1749

opaque1761

unenlightening1768

darkling1795

offuscating1798

unrecognizable1817

tough1820

abstrusive1848

obscurant1878

out-of-focus1891

unplumbable1895

inenubilable1903

non-transparent1939

the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > misjudgement > indiscriminateness > [adjective] > not discriminated

undistinct1534

promiscuous1570

muddy?1571

confounded1572

confuse1577

undistinguished1598

indistinct1604

indistinguished1608

confused1611

muddied1647

indiscriminate1649

indiscriminated1669

undiscriminated1768

unselect1826

unspecialized1874

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > obscurity > [adjective] > confused

confounded1572

confuse1577

Babylonish1591

confused1611

1577 W. Fulke Answer True Christian 34 in Two Treat. against Papistes The 11. article is so confuse that it is harde to bring it into any certeine numbre of demandes.

1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie ii. iv. 61 The most laudable languages are alwaies most plaine..and the barbarous most confuse and indistinct.

1633 W. Ames Fresh Suit against Human Ceremonies ii. 17 His confuse aequivocall terme of Ceremonie.

1698 J. Norris Treat. Several Subj. 114 If we had not..a confuse Perception of them.

1737 D. Waterland Rev. Doctr. Eucharist 127 To say, in a confuse general way.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

confusev.

Brit.

/kənˈfjuːz/, U.S.

/kənˈfjuz/

Etymology: A passive participle confused is found from 14th cent.; but the present stem and active voice are only of modern use, having been formerly expressed by confound v.: compare French confondre , confus , Latin confundĕre , confūsus . The verb is entered by Bailey (folio) 1730–6, and thence by Johnson, but there are no examples, except of the past participle, in Johnson, Todd, or Richardson. The participle was thus evidently an English adaptation of French confus or Latin confusus , with the native participial ending -ed suffix¹, and the present stem a much later inference from it. Hence, it may be said that confound had formerly 3 past participles, confuse, confused, confounded; the first two only passive, the last used also in forming the perfect active: of these confuse became at last solely an adjective; confused has given origin to a separate verb, confuse, of which it is now the past participle; confounded remains the sole past participle of confound.

†1. transitive. To discomfit, to rout, to bring to ruin; = confound v. 1. Only in passive. Obsolete.

ΘΠ

the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > defeat or overthrow > be defeated or overthrown [verb (intransitive)]

fallOE

to come (also go) to the groundc1175

confusec1330

to go away (also flee) with the worsea1413

to go to (also unto) the worse1485

to go to the wall (or walls)1549

foil1591

to go to the posta1624

to have had one's chips1959

society > armed hostility > victory > make victorious [verb (transitive)] > conquer or overcome

overcomeeOE

shendc893

awinc1000

overwinOE

overheaveOE

to lay downa1225

mate?c1225

discomfitc1230

win1297

dauntc1300

cumber1303

scomfit1303

fenkc1320

to bear downc1330

confoundc1330

confusec1330

to do, put arrear1330

oversetc1330

vanquishc1330

conquerc1374

overthrowc1375

oppressc1380

outfighta1382

to put downa1382

discomfortc1384

threshc1384

vencuea1400

depressc1400

venque?1402

ding?a1425

cumrayc1425

to put to (also at, unto) the (also one's) worsec1425

to bring or put to (or unto) utterance1430

distrussc1430

supprisec1440

ascomfita1450

to do stress?c1450

victorya1470

to make (win) a conquest1477

convanquish1483

conquest1485

defeat1485

oversailc1485

conques1488

discomfish1488

fulyie1488

distress1489

overpress1489

cravent1490

utter?1533

to give (a person) the overthrow1536

debel1542

convince1548

foil1548

out-war1548

profligate1548

proflige?c1550

expugnate1568

expugn1570

victor1576

dismay1596

damnify1598

triumph1605

convict1607

overman1609

thrash1609

beat1611

debellate1611

import1624

to cut to (or in) pieces1632

maitrise1636

worst1636

forcea1641

outfight1650

outgeneral1767

to cut up1803

smash1813

slosh1890

ream1918

hammer1948

c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 304 Confused þei went away þat fals companie.

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) xxiv. 112 Alssone ȝe schall be confused and schent and destruyd.

2. To discomfit in mind or feelings; to abash, disconcert, put to shame; to distract, perplex, bewilder; = confound v. 3, 4 Till 19th cent. only passive.

ΘΠ

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > perplexity, bewilderment > be or become confused [verb (intransitive)]

wonder1297

confusec1350

maskera1375

studya1375

to annoy of?c1400

muse?c1430

marc1440

manga1450

puzzle1605

dunce1611

quandary1616

wavera1625

wilder1658

to scratch one's head1712

maffle1781

to strike up1844

turn1852

to fall over oneself1889

fuzz1930

to get the lines crossed1973

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > perplexity, bewilderment > act of perplexing > confuse, perplex, bewilder [verb (transitive)]

abobc1330

confusec1350

confoundc1374

cumbera1375

passc1384

maskerc1400

mopc1425

enose1430

manga1450

overmusec1460

perplex1477

maze1482

enmuse1502

ruffle?a1505

unsteady1532

entangle1540

duddle1548

intricate1548

distraught1579

distract1582

mizzle1583

moider1587

amuse1595

mist1598

bepuzzle1599

gravel1601

plunder1601

puzzle1603

intrigue1612

vexa1613

metagrobolize?a1616

befumea1618

fuddle1617

crucify1621

bumfiddlea1625

implicate1625

giddify1628

wilder1642

buzzlea1644

empuzzle1646

dunce1649

addle1652

meander1652

emberlucock1653

flounder1654

study1654

disorient1655

embarrass?1656

essome1660

embrangle1664

jumble1668

dunt1672

muse1673

clutter1685

emblustricate1693

fluster1720

disorientate1728

obfuscate1729

fickle1736

flustrate1797

unharmonize1797

mystify1806

maffle1811

boggle1835

unballast1836

stomber1841

throw1844

serpentine1850

unbalance1856

tickle1865

fog1872

bumfuzzle1878

wander1897

to put off1909

defeat1914

dither1919

befuddle1926

ungear1931

to screw up1941

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > disgrace or dishonour > [verb (transitive)] > put to shame

shendc825

ofshameOE

forlesec1200

to bring, shape, turn to shamea1250

to put to shamea1250

confoundc1290

confusec1350

rebuke1529

beshame?1567

disgrace1593

outshame1824

c1350 St. Brice 32 in Horstmann O.E. Leg. ii. 156 And he was all confused for schame.

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) xxiv. 110 He went fra þam schamed and confused.

1485 W. Caxton tr. Paris & Vienne (1957) 32 I am half confused.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xxxviii. 52 Wherof Loys..was so confused, that he wold no more returne agayne into Brabant.

1714 A. Pope Rape of Lock (new ed.) iii. 27 Amaz'd, confus'd, he found his Pow'r expir'd.

1726 W. R. Chetwood Voy. & Adventures Capt. R. Boyle 72 I was so very much confus'd and frighten'd.

active.1805 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 14 547 Those various combinations..are sufficient to confuse a weaker mind.1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam xvi. 26 Or has the shock..Confus'd me like the unhappy bark.

3. To throw into disorder or confusion; to disorder; = confound v. 5. Till 19th cent. only passive.

ΘΠ

the world > relative properties > order > disorder > confusion or disorder > be or become confused or disordered [verb (intransitive)]

huggerc1547

confuse1630

huddle1646

the world > relative properties > order > disorder > confusion or disorder > confuse or disorder [verb (transitive)]

disparplea1400

rufflea1400

mingle-mangle1549

confound1553

jumblea1575

barbulye1588

Babelize1600

embroil1603

puddlea1616

confuse1630

jargogle1692

mishmash1694

to make a mull of1821

inturbidatea1834

bedevil1844

to ball up1884

jazz1914

scramble1927

balls1947

1630 R. Norton tr. W. Camden Hist. Princesse Elizabeth i. 81 Sidney..found Munster the..most confused.

1726 W. R. Chetwood Voy. & Adventures Capt. R. Boyle 34 They were all confus'd like a Skein of Silk pull'd the wrong way.

1733 A. Pope Ess. Man ii. 13 Chaos of Thought and Passion, all confus'd.

active.1861 T. Wright Ess. Archæol. I. vi. 86 He has done more to confuse and mystify the subject than to clear it up.1861 C. Dickens Let. 3 Sept. (1997) IX. 454 I fear I might confuse your arrangements by interfering.

4. To mix up or mingle so that it becomes impossible or difficult to distinguish the elements; = confound v. 6. Only passive.

ΘΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being mixed or blended > mix or blend [verb (transitive)] > through which distinctive elements are lost

confounda1538

confuse1550

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > perplexity, bewilderment > act of perplexing > confuse, perplex, bewilder [verb (transitive)] > confuse parts

confounda1538

confuse1550

mix1667

1550 T. Cranmer Def. Sacrament f. 46^v In euery parte of the bread & wyne, is all togither, whole head, whole feete..confused, and myxt without distinction or diuersitee.

1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Confused or myxt together, promiscuus.

1586 T. Bright Treat. Melancholie xiii. 71 Diuerse qualities..not confused together in one, against nature.

1617 J. Woodall Surgions Mate Termes 340 Liquid things (as wax, rosin, pitch, &c.) may likewise bee confused, but by Eliquation.

1819 W. Lawrence Lect. Physiol. (1822) 282 A thick nose, confused on either side with the projecting cheeks.

1834 T. Medwin Angler in Wales II. 256 Their arms, legs, and bodies were confused together [in a struggle].

5. To mix up in the mind, to fail to distinguish, erroneously regard as identical, mistake one for another; = confound v. 7.

ΘΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > misjudgement > indiscriminateness > fail to distinguish or confuse [verb (transitive)]

confound1581

muddy1604

blunder1676

blend1780

to mix upa1806

muddle1836

confuse1862

1862 J. Ruskin Munera Pulveris (1880) 29 We in reality confuse wealth with money.

1882 J. H. Blunt Reformation Church of Eng. II. 441 Catena seems here to confuse the dates of events.

6. intransitive (rare).

a. (for reflexive) To become confused or indistinct.

ΚΠ

1816 Ld. Byron Let. 8 Mar. (1976) V. 45 I find them fading, or confusing (if such a word may be) in my memory.

b. To fail to distinguish (between).

ΚΠ

1885 Pall Mall Gaz. 13 July 5/2 He confuses between the Flossgraben and the ditches of the Leipsic road.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

n.1483

adj.1362

v.c1330

单词	confuse
释义	† confusen. Etymology: apparently < Old French confus confusion < Latin type confūsus, < confundĕre: compare French refus. Obsolete. rare. Confusion. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > perplexity, bewilderment > [noun] mingingOE riddleOE cumbermentc1300 willa1325 encumbrancec1330 were1338 perplexitya1393 discomfiturea1425 cumbrancec1460 confuse1483 proplexity1487 perplexion?c1500 amazedness?1520 amazement1553 subversion1558 amaze?1560 perplexednessa1586 confusedness1587 puzzle1599 confusion1600 mizmaze1604 discomfita1616 embarras1627 obfuscation1628 mystery1629 confoundedness1641 puzzledness1662 confuseness1710 puzzlement1731 puzzledom1748 embarrassment1751 puzzleation1767 bepuzzlement1806 conjecture1815 mystification1817 bewilderment1819 perplexment1826 fuddle1827 wilderment1830 discomforture1832 head-scratching1832 baffle1843 posement1850 muddlement1857 turbidity1868 fogging1878 bemuddlement1884 harl1889 befuddlement1905 turbidness1906 wuzziness1942 perplexability1999 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende* 114/3 Contynuel drede in hys confuse. ?a1562 G. Cavendish Life Wolsey (1959) 9 The kyng beyng in a great confuse & wonder of his hasty spede. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online March 2021). † confuseadj. Forms: Also Middle English confus. Etymology: Middle English confus , < Old French confus, -use (= Provençal confus , Spanish confuso , Italian confuso ) < Latin confūsus , past participle of confundĕre to confound v. Obsolete. 1. Of persons: Confounded, disconcerted, abashed, perplexed. Used both as past participle, and adj. = confused adj. 2. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > perplexity, bewilderment > [adjective] yblenta1225 amazed?c1225 wory?c1225 mingedc1275 willc1300 distracta1340 confounded1362 confuse1362 distraitc1374 whapedc1374 wilsomea1375 poseletc1390 distraught1393 perplexa1425 wildc1440 wiltc1440 dodemusydc1450 mistedc1450 unclearc1475 mazed1493 perplexeda1500 traversablea1500 mazyc1525 entangled1561 muddy?1571 distraughted1572 moidered1587 wondering1592 puzzled1598 plundered1601 distracted1604 uncollected1613 wildered1642 turbid1647 tosticated1650 fuddled1656 pixie-led1659 puzzling1692 bumbazed1720 maffled1820 obfuscated1822 confused1825 muddly1829 mystified1833 maze1842 obfusticatedc1844 head-scratching1849 clueless1862 flustery1862 befogged1868 deurmekaar1871 mosy1887 skewgee1890 buggered-up1893 confusticated1898 smock-ravelled1904 messed-up1913 screwed-up1943 hung up1945 lost1967 gravelled- 1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. xi. 93 He bi-com so confoundet [v.r. confus, confuse] he couþe not mele And as doumbe as a dore. c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 1372 I am so confus, þ^t I kan noght seye. c1430 J. Lydgate tr. Bochas Fall of Princes (1544) i. viii. 15 a Ashamed and confuse of this dede. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 162/2 His uncle departed al confus. 1600 L. Lewkenor tr. A. de Torquemada Spanish Mandeuile f. 135 It maketh me confuse and wauering. 2. a. Confusedly mixed, promiscuous; disorderly, marked by confusion; = confused adj. 3. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > disorder > confusion or disorder > [adjective] confusec1384 yblent1426 intermellé1487 farraginary1538 puddled1559 confused1576 promiscuous1579 pell-mell1584 ravelleda1586 mingle-mangle1589 rumblingc1598 skimble-skamble1598 huddle1601 plundered1601 promiscual1602 jumbled1611 promiscous1656 bedevilled1755 helter-skelter1785 muddly1829 hugger-mugger1840 wildered1853 pied1870 deurmekaar1871 mixed-up1888 screwed-up1942 snafu1942 scrambled1951 untogether1969 c1384 G. Chaucer Hous of Fame iii. 427 A ful confuse matere. 1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour i. i. sig. Aij^v Chaos: whiche of some is expounde a confuse mixture. 1590 H. Barrow in H. Barrow & J. Greenwood Coll. Sclaunderous Articles D iiij It consisteth of a confuse multitude of all sorts of people. 1712 E. Cooke Voy. S. Sea 407 The Circumstances..are very confuse and improbable. b. Blended so that the distinction of elements is lost; = confused adj. 4. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being mixed or blended > [adjective] mingedc1275 meddleda1387 melleda1393 blenda1400 entremedly?a1425 yblent1426 commixed?1440 mingleda1475 medleyed1480 mixed1482 intermista1552 intermixed1555 confuse1563 intermingled1586 confused1594 intermeddled1595 blended1621 throughother1626 commingled1648 miscellaneous1698 confluentiala1711 confluent1814 intermixing1815 immixed1855 blent1872 1563 W. Fulke Goodle Gallerye Causes Meteors iii. f. 38^v The milke way..was nothing els but innumerable lytle starres, whiche with their confuse lyght, caused that whytnes. c. = confused adj. 5. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > unintelligibility > depth, obscurity > [adjective] higheOE dighela1000 deepc1000 darkOE starkOE dusk?c1225 subtle1340 dimc1350 subtilea1393 covert1393 mystica1398 murka1400 cloudyc1400 hard?c1400 mistyc1400 unclearc1400 diffuse1430 abstractc1450 diffused?1456 exquisitec1460 obnubilous?a1475 obscure?a1475 covered1484 intricate?a1500 nice?a1500 perplexeda1500 difficilea1513 difficult1530 privy1532 smoky1533 secret1535 abstruse?1549 difficul1552 entangled1561 confounded1572 darksome1574 obnubilate1575 enigmatical1576 confuse1577 mysteriousa1586 Delphic1598 obfuscatea1600 enfumed1601 Delphicala1603 obstruse1604 abstracted1605 confused1611 questionable1611 inevident1614 recondite1619 cryptic1620 obfuscated1620 transcendent1624 Delphian1625 oraculous1625 enigmatic1628 recluse1629 abdite1635 undilucidated1635 clouded1641 benighted1647 oblite1650 researched1653 obnubilated1658 obscurative1664 tenebrose1677 hyperbyssal1691 condite1695 diffusive1709 profound1710 tenebricose1730 oracular1749 opaque1761 unenlightening1768 darkling1795 offuscating1798 unrecognizable1817 tough1820 abstrusive1848 obscurant1878 out-of-focus1891 unplumbable1895 inenubilable1903 non-transparent1939 the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > misjudgement > indiscriminateness > [adjective] > not discriminated undistinct1534 promiscuous1570 muddy?1571 confounded1572 confuse1577 undistinguished1598 indistinct1604 indistinguished1608 confused1611 muddied1647 indiscriminate1649 indiscriminated1669 undiscriminated1768 unselect1826 unspecialized1874 society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > obscurity > [adjective] > confused confounded1572 confuse1577 Babylonish1591 confused1611 1577 W. Fulke Answer True Christian 34 in Two Treat. against Papistes The 11. article is so confuse that it is harde to bring it into any certeine numbre of demandes. 1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie ii. iv. 61 The most laudable languages are alwaies most plaine..and the barbarous most confuse and indistinct. 1633 W. Ames Fresh Suit against Human Ceremonies ii. 17 His confuse aequivocall terme of Ceremonie. 1698 J. Norris Treat. Several Subj. 114 If we had not..a confuse Perception of them. 1737 D. Waterland Rev. Doctr. Eucharist 127 To say, in a confuse general way. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online June 2022). confusev. Brit. /kənˈfjuːz/, U.S. /kənˈfjuz/ Etymology: A passive participle confused is found from 14th cent.; but the present stem and active voice are only of modern use, having been formerly expressed by confound v.: compare French confondre , confus , Latin confundĕre , confūsus . The verb is entered by Bailey (folio) 1730–6, and thence by Johnson, but there are no examples, except of the past participle, in Johnson, Todd, or Richardson. The participle was thus evidently an English adaptation of French confus or Latin confusus , with the native participial ending -ed suffix¹, and the present stem a much later inference from it. Hence, it may be said that confound had formerly 3 past participles, confuse, confused, confounded; the first two only passive, the last used also in forming the perfect active: of these confuse became at last solely an adjective; confused has given origin to a separate verb, confuse, of which it is now the past participle; confounded remains the sole past participle of confound. †1. transitive. To discomfit, to rout, to bring to ruin; = confound v. 1. Only in passive. Obsolete. ΘΠ the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > defeat or overthrow > be defeated or overthrown [verb (intransitive)] fallOE to come (also go) to the groundc1175 confusec1330 to go away (also flee) with the worsea1413 to go to (also unto) the worse1485 to go to the wall (or walls)1549 foil1591 to go to the posta1624 to have had one's chips1959 society > armed hostility > victory > make victorious [verb (transitive)] > conquer or overcome overcomeeOE shendc893 awinc1000 overwinOE overheaveOE to lay downa1225 mate?c1225 discomfitc1230 win1297 dauntc1300 cumber1303 scomfit1303 fenkc1320 to bear downc1330 confoundc1330 confusec1330 to do, put arrear1330 oversetc1330 vanquishc1330 conquerc1374 overthrowc1375 oppressc1380 outfighta1382 to put downa1382 discomfortc1384 threshc1384 vencuea1400 depressc1400 venque?1402 ding?a1425 cumrayc1425 to put to (also at, unto) the (also one's) worsec1425 to bring or put to (or unto) utterance1430 distrussc1430 supprisec1440 ascomfita1450 to do stress?c1450 victorya1470 to make (win) a conquest1477 convanquish1483 conquest1485 defeat1485 oversailc1485 conques1488 discomfish1488 fulyie1488 distress1489 overpress1489 cravent1490 utter?1533 to give (a person) the overthrow1536 debel1542 convince1548 foil1548 out-war1548 profligate1548 proflige?c1550 expugnate1568 expugn1570 victor1576 dismay1596 damnify1598 triumph1605 convict1607 overman1609 thrash1609 beat1611 debellate1611 import1624 to cut to (or in) pieces1632 maitrise1636 worst1636 forcea1641 outfight1650 outgeneral1767 to cut up1803 smash1813 slosh1890 ream1918 hammer1948 c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 304 Confused þei went away þat fals companie. c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) xxiv. 112 Alssone ȝe schall be confused and schent and destruyd. 2. To discomfit in mind or feelings; to abash, disconcert, put to shame; to distract, perplex, bewilder; = confound v. 3, 4 Till 19th cent. only passive. ΘΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > perplexity, bewilderment > be or become confused [verb (intransitive)] wonder1297 confusec1350 maskera1375 studya1375 to annoy of?c1400 muse?c1430 marc1440 manga1450 puzzle1605 dunce1611 quandary1616 wavera1625 wilder1658 to scratch one's head1712 maffle1781 to strike up1844 turn1852 to fall over oneself1889 fuzz1930 to get the lines crossed1973 the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > perplexity, bewilderment > act of perplexing > confuse, perplex, bewilder [verb (transitive)] abobc1330 confusec1350 confoundc1374 cumbera1375 passc1384 maskerc1400 mopc1425 enose1430 manga1450 overmusec1460 perplex1477 maze1482 enmuse1502 ruffle?a1505 unsteady1532 entangle1540 duddle1548 intricate1548 distraught1579 distract1582 mizzle1583 moider1587 amuse1595 mist1598 bepuzzle1599 gravel1601 plunder1601 puzzle1603 intrigue1612 vexa1613 metagrobolize?a1616 befumea1618 fuddle1617 crucify1621 bumfiddlea1625 implicate1625 giddify1628 wilder1642 buzzlea1644 empuzzle1646 dunce1649 addle1652 meander1652 emberlucock1653 flounder1654 study1654 disorient1655 embarrass?1656 essome1660 embrangle1664 jumble1668 dunt1672 muse1673 clutter1685 emblustricate1693 fluster1720 disorientate1728 obfuscate1729 fickle1736 flustrate1797 unharmonize1797 mystify1806 maffle1811 boggle1835 unballast1836 stomber1841 throw1844 serpentine1850 unbalance1856 tickle1865 fog1872 bumfuzzle1878 wander1897 to put off1909 defeat1914 dither1919 befuddle1926 ungear1931 to screw up1941 the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > disgrace or dishonour > [verb (transitive)] > put to shame shendc825 ofshameOE forlesec1200 to bring, shape, turn to shamea1250 to put to shamea1250 confoundc1290 confusec1350 rebuke1529 beshame?1567 disgrace1593 outshame1824 c1350 St. Brice 32 in Horstmann O.E. Leg. ii. 156 And he was all confused for schame. c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) xxiv. 110 He went fra þam schamed and confused. 1485 W. Caxton tr. Paris & Vienne (1957) 32 I am half confused. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xxxviii. 52 Wherof Loys..was so confused, that he wold no more returne agayne into Brabant. 1714 A. Pope Rape of Lock (new ed.) iii. 27 Amaz'd, confus'd, he found his Pow'r expir'd. 1726 W. R. Chetwood Voy. & Adventures Capt. R. Boyle 72 I was so very much confus'd and frighten'd. active.1805 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 14 547 Those various combinations..are sufficient to confuse a weaker mind.1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam xvi. 26 Or has the shock..Confus'd me like the unhappy bark. View more context for this quotation 3. To throw into disorder or confusion; to disorder; = confound v. 5. Till 19th cent. only passive. ΘΠ the world > relative properties > order > disorder > confusion or disorder > be or become confused or disordered [verb (intransitive)] huggerc1547 confuse1630 huddle1646 the world > relative properties > order > disorder > confusion or disorder > confuse or disorder [verb (transitive)] disparplea1400 rufflea1400 mingle-mangle1549 confound1553 jumblea1575 barbulye1588 Babelize1600 embroil1603 puddlea1616 confuse1630 jargogle1692 mishmash1694 to make a mull of1821 inturbidatea1834 bedevil1844 to ball up1884 jazz1914 scramble1927 balls1947 1630 R. Norton tr. W. Camden Hist. Princesse Elizabeth i. 81 Sidney..found Munster the..most confused. 1726 W. R. Chetwood Voy. & Adventures Capt. R. Boyle 34 They were all confus'd like a Skein of Silk pull'd the wrong way. 1733 A. Pope Ess. Man ii. 13 Chaos of Thought and Passion, all confus'd. active.1861 T. Wright Ess. Archæol. I. vi. 86 He has done more to confuse and mystify the subject than to clear it up.1861 C. Dickens Let. 3 Sept. (1997) IX. 454 I fear I might confuse your arrangements by interfering. 4. To mix up or mingle so that it becomes impossible or difficult to distinguish the elements; = confound v. 6. Only passive. ΘΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being mixed or blended > mix or blend [verb (transitive)] > through which distinctive elements are lost confounda1538 confuse1550 the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > perplexity, bewilderment > act of perplexing > confuse, perplex, bewilder [verb (transitive)] > confuse parts confounda1538 confuse1550 mix1667 1550 T. Cranmer Def. Sacrament f. 46^v In euery parte of the bread & wyne, is all togither, whole head, whole feete..confused, and myxt without distinction or diuersitee. 1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Confused or myxt together, promiscuus. 1586 T. Bright Treat. Melancholie xiii. 71 Diuerse qualities..not confused together in one, against nature. 1617 J. Woodall Surgions Mate Termes 340 Liquid things (as wax, rosin, pitch, &c.) may likewise bee confused, but by Eliquation. 1819 W. Lawrence Lect. Physiol. (1822) 282 A thick nose, confused on either side with the projecting cheeks. 1834 T. Medwin Angler in Wales II. 256 Their arms, legs, and bodies were confused together [in a struggle]. 5. To mix up in the mind, to fail to distinguish, erroneously regard as identical, mistake one for another; = confound v. 7. ΘΠ the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > misjudgement > indiscriminateness > fail to distinguish or confuse [verb (transitive)] confound1581 muddy1604 blunder1676 blend1780 to mix upa1806 muddle1836 confuse1862 1862 J. Ruskin Munera Pulveris (1880) 29 We in reality confuse wealth with money. 1882 J. H. Blunt Reformation Church of Eng. II. 441 Catena seems here to confuse the dates of events. 6. intransitive (rare). a. (for reflexive) To become confused or indistinct. ΚΠ 1816 Ld. Byron Let. 8 Mar. (1976) V. 45 I find them fading, or confusing (if such a word may be) in my memory. b. To fail to distinguish (between). ΚΠ 1885 Pall Mall Gaz. 13 July 5/2 He confuses between the Flossgraben and the ditches of the Leipsic road. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1483adj.1362v.c1330
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