alienationn.

Brit.

/ˌeɪlɪəˈneɪʃn/, U.S.

/ˌeɪliəˈneɪʃ(ə)n/,

/ˌeɪljəˈneɪʃ(ə)n/

Forms: Middle English alienacioun, Middle English alienacon, Middle English alionacion, Middle English alyenacioun, Middle English–1500s alienacion, Middle English–1500s alyenacion, Middle English–1500s alyenacyon, Middle English– alienation, 1500s alyenation.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French alienation; Latin aliēnātiōn-, aliēnātiō.

Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman alyenacion, alienacioun, Anglo-Norman and Middle French alienacion, alienation (French aliénation ) transference of property (c1260 in Old French), mental instability, delirium (second half of the 13th cent. in Anglo-Norman), separation, estrangement (1372), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin aliēnātiōn-, aliēnātiō transference of ownership, state of insensibility or numbness, insanity, madness, estrangement < alienāt- , past participial stem of alienāre alienate v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Old Occitan alienation, alienasion (12th cent. as alienatio), Catalan alienació (13th cent.), Spanish ajenación (13th cent.), alienación (late 14th cent.) Portuguese alienação (16th cent.), Italian alienazione (14th cent.); also Dutch aliënatie (16th cent.), German Alienation (16th cent.).In sense 1b after German Entfremdung (K. Marx 1844 or earlier, after Hegel's use of the word in sense ‘action or fact of turning into something strange or different’ (1807 or earlier); earlier in more general senses ‘transference of ownership’ (14th cent.), ‘estrangement’ (17th cent.)); also used to translate Entäußerung , in the same sense (K. Marx 1844 or earlier; 15th cent. in more general sense ‘renunciation, action of relinquishing’). Compare self-alienation n. In alienation effect at sense 1c after German Verfremdungseffekt (B. Brecht 1936, in Schriften z. Theater (1957) 74-89: see Verfremdungseffekt n.). Compare defamiliarization n.

a. Estrangement; the state of being estranged or alienated. Also with from, †of.Originally with reference to estrangement from God.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > hatred > quarrel or falling out > [noun] > action of estranging or alienating

alienationa1425

estranging1574

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Job xxxi. 3 Alienacioun [L. alienatio] of God is to men worchynge wickidnesse.

a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 234 Sche made alienacion and partynge bitwene God and man.

1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. ii. i. f. 4^v As the spirituall life of Adam was, to abide ioyned and bounde to his creatour, so his alienation from him was the death of his soule.

1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy iii. iii. i. i. 665 Alexander..saw now..an alienation in his subiects hearts.

1670 G. Havers tr. G. Leti Il Cardinalismo di Santa Chiesa ii. iii. 298 The alienation shew'd by the Pope from the French.

1708 J. Boyse Serm. Var. Subj. I. 12 Those who most resembled such a little Babe in lowliness of Mind, and alienation from all wordly Pride, shou'd be greatest in his Kingdom.

1770 E. Burke Thoughts Present Discontents 38 They grow every day into alienation from this country.

1816 J. Scott Paris Revisited i. 12 The downfall of great states has usually been produced by a disregard of the sources of alienation, and the feeders of discontent.

1863 A. P. Stanley Lect. Jewish Church I. xvii. 376 The alienation of the people from the worship of the sanctuary.

1934 G. B. Shaw Prefaces 741/1 If the alienation of our young from Elizabethan English continues it will be necessary to produce revised versions not only of Shakespear but of Sir Walter Scott.

1966 J. Cheever Jrnls. (1991) 216 He explained that I had developed a social veneer—an illusion of friendship—that was meant to conceal my basic hostility and alienation.

1971 B. Sidran Black Talk v. 152 This alienation from mainstream culture, then, remains basically a circular and unresolvable problem peculiar to the Negro.

2004 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 4 Jan. ii. 32/2 Punk is a vast support group for misfits, a community united by alienation.

b. In Marxist theory: a condition of workers in a capitalist economy, resulting from a lack of identity with the products of their labour and a sense of being controlled or exploited. Cf. self-alienation n. 1

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > moral philosophy > social ethics > [noun] > Marxist philosophy and its adherents

dialectic1891

alienation1900

neo-Marxist1902

neo-Marxism1918

self-alienation1926

society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > separation or isolation > [noun] > self-alienation

self-alienation1648

self-dissociation1893

alienation1926

1900 Michigan Miner 1 Apr. 11/3 The feeling of alienation will disappear.

1926 H. J. Stenning tr. K. Marx Sel. Ess. 95 After Christianity had completed the alienation of man from himself [Ger. die Selbstentfremdung des Menschen von sich]..Judaism [could] attain to general domination and turn the alienated individual [Ger. den entäusserten Menschen]..into alienable and saleable objects [Ger. zu veräusserlichen und verkäuflichen..Gegenständen].

1958 Listener 7 Aug. 194/1 Marx, or at any rate the early Marx, has used a concept, Hegelian in origin..: the concept of ‘alienation’. Men turn or are turned into impoverished things, dependent on power outside themselves.

2000 M. Volf & G. Preece in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 760/1 The Marxist critique of alienation has been more influential: capitalism turns the workers' creative labour into a mere means to consumption.

c. Theatre. In full alienation effect. A dramatic effect whereby an audience remains objective and emotionally distant from the characters or action of a play. Cf. Verfremdungseffekt n.This effect was first described by, and is particularly associated with, Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956) who sought to achieve it in his drama.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > the theatre or the stage > the staging of a theatrical production > [noun] > alienation effect

Verfremdung1945

alienation1949

Verfremdungseffekt1951

endistancement1961

1949 E. R. Bentley in Theatre Arts Jan. 38/2 It is Brecht's contention that..we need a kind of acting..that will set the action before us rather than involve us in the action... The German word which Brecht has made up to describe the distancing or estranging of the action is Verfremdung, here translated as ‘alienation’. Any device which promotes such alienation is called an A-effect.

1956 K. Tynan in Observer 2 Sept. 10/2 The famous ‘alienation-effect’ was originally intended to counter balance the extravagant rhetoric of German classical acting.

1962 Listener 29 Nov. 932/2 This method of description seems almost like a parallel to Brecht's ‘alienation effect’. We watch, we judge, but we do not participate.

1990 M. Coyle et al. Encycl. Lit. & Crit. (2000) xxxi. 443 One can discern in Shaw's directorial style an attempt to achieve alienation and gestus.

2. Derangement of mental faculties or processes; madness, insanity; delirium; an instance or episode of this. In later use more fully mental alienation. Cf. alienist n. Now chiefly historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > [noun] > insanity or madness

woodnessc1000

woodshipc1000

madshipc1225

woodc1275

woodhead1303

ragec1330

amentiaa1398

madnessa1398

frenzy?a1400

madheada1400

maddingc1400

alienation?a1425

furiosity?a1475

derverye1480

forcenery1480

furiousnessc1500

unwitness1527

unwitting1527

demencya1529

straughtness1530

insaniea1538

brainsickness1541

lunacy1541

amenty1557

distraughtness1576

dementation?1583

straughtedness1583

insanity1590

crazedness1593

bedlam1598

dementia1598

insanation1599

non compos mentis1607

distraction1609

daffinga1614

disinsanitya1625

cerebrosity1647

vecordy1656

fanaticness1662

non-sanity1675

insaneness1730

craziness1755

hydrophobia1760

vecord1788

derangement1800

vesania1800

a screw loose1810

unsoundness1825

dementedness1833

craze1841

psychosis1847

crackiness1861

feyness1873

crack1891

meshugas1898

white ant1908

crackedness1910

pottiness1933

loopiness1939

wackiness1941

screwballism1942

kink1959

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 59 (MED) Of alienacioun i. rauyng, ffondenez, or madnez [L. de alienacione].

1483 tr. Adam of Eynsham Reuelation i That he had seyd hyt of grete febulnesse of his hedde, or by alyenacion of hys mynde.

1532 L. Cox Art or Crafte Rhetoryke sig. F.v^v It was none alienacion of mynde: but som other cause y^t moued hym to it.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 349 It infecteth as well the heart as the brain, and causeth alienation of mind.

1749 G. Lavington Enthusiasm Methodists & Papists: Pt. II 10 Christ gave her so large a Share of the Myrrh-posy of his Passion, that frequently under an Alienation of her Senses she would throw herself on her Back on the Ground.

1749 D. Hartley Observ. Man i. iii. §6 Temporary alienations of the Mind during violent Passions.

1799 W. Godwin St. Leon I. vii. 204 The thought of what I had been..brought on a relapse attended with more alarming and discouraging symptoms than my original alienation.

1833 J. Forbes et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. I. 476/2 This is well exemplified in chlorotic women, and in chronic mental alienation.

1862 Ld. Brougham Brit. Constit. (ed. 3) xiii. 194 He had fallen into a state of mental alienation.

1920 Med. Rec. 17 Jan. 111/2 His memory now returned intact and he recalled the entire course of his alienation.

1977 W. Percy in Michigan Q. Rev. 16 367 We are talking about a species of alienation, the traditional subject matter of psychiatrists, the original alienists.

2007 Isis 98 64 Georget held that lesions of the brain and cerebronervous system could be discerned in most if not all autopsies performed on patients who had suffered from mental alienation.

a. The action of transferring legal ownership of something, esp. land, to another; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > transfer of property > [noun]

release1344

alienationc1425

conveying1483

transportc1485

state making1487

conveyance1523

designation1573

transferring1573

assignation1579

dispose1591

assignment1592

convey1592

disposing1638

disposurea1649

attornment1650

abalienation1656

transfer1674

disposal1697

conveyancing1714

transference1766

disposition1861

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) v. l. 1139 Whan þat kynges in her bed are slawe?–Whiche bringeth in alyenacioun, By extort title fals successioun.

1463 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 26 Wich obligacion must be maad at euery alyenacion in a notable summe.

a1500 Rule Minoresses in W. W. Seton Two 15th Cent. Franciscan Rules (1914) 100 Ȝif any Abbesse resseyue þe hous in gode estate & sche dooþ enpeyre hit bi alienacioun or destruccioun of here godes or bi dette.

1587 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. i. ii. ii. 48 Hereford..paid to Rome at everie alienation 1800 ducats at the least.

1654 J. Bramhall Just Vindic. Church of Eng. iii. 38 Prohibiting..the alienation of Lands to the Church.

1664 in S. A. Green Early Rec. Groton, Mass. (1880) 145 Vnto which alienation the wiues of them both doe giue their consent to the giuing vp their thirds.

1710 H. Prideaux Orig. & Right Tithes iii. 161 The Church must have had a civil right in Tithes, before a bare alienation of them, could invest in others a civil Right in them.

1736 Act 9 Geo. II c. 36 Many large..Alienations or Dispositions made by..Persons, to Uses called Charitable Uses.

1788 J. Priestley Lect. Hist. v. lii. 405 Price, however, supposes alienation; and a common standard of value supposes a frequent and familiar alienation.

1844 Some Acct. Conduct towards Indian Tribes (Relig. Soc. Friends) ii. 132 With a view to secure to the Indians the possession of the small portion of land they retained, the President was urged to discourage the alienation of it from them.

1875 K. E. Digby Introd. Hist. Law Real Prop. x. 322 By alienation is meant the intentional and voluntary transfer of a right.

1935 Yale Law Jrnl. 45 1391 If the preemptioner must pay the offeror's price..there is no material impediment to alienation.

2000 Cultural Survival Q. Fall 74/1 Its leaders argued vigorously for the retribalization of ANCSA land as a means to protect Native land from alienation and taxation.

b. The taking of something from a person, esp. without authorization; appropriation; an instance of this. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > loss > taking away > [noun]

benimminga1400

subtraction1474

alienation1583

ademption1590

substraction1601

1583 G. Babington Very Fruitfull Expos. Commaundem. viii. 359 The forbidding of stealth which is an alienation of an other mans goods to our selues.

1648 H. Lawes Choice Psalmes Ep. Ded. sig. A3^v Such an Inscription would not only seem a Theft and Alienation of what is Your Majesties, but..would make me taste of these ungratefull dayes.

1760 tr. S. J. Baumgarten Suppl. Eng. Universal Hist. II. 239 In case of a voluntary confession of a theft, or alienation of the property of others, it shall be restored, with the addition of a fifth part more of the value.

2003 D. Dickenson Risk & Luck in Med. Ethics vii. 141 A model..giving control over tissue to the mother, and treating unauthorized alienation of it from her as theft.

c. Esp. with reference to land or other property: the state of being alienated, or held by someone other than the proper owner.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal possession > [noun] > state of being in possession of non-owner

alienation1659

1659 H. P. Tumulus Decimarum 11 If Tythes must continue, why should not that branch, or part of them, that has lain so long under alienation from H. 8. till this day, be restored, and a re-appropriation made of all the Impropriations whatsoever?

1689 S. Bold Advice Eng. Protestants 10 Were you not sometimes perplexed with Fears, that the rest of your Lands must be ceased to make amends for the long Alienation of the other?

1756 Bailey's New Universal Eng. Dict. (ed. 4) II. (at cited word) The state of being alienated, as, the estate was wasted, during its alienation.

1898 Land Mag. Oct. 535 If such district heriots have, in fact, become due, and have been rendered or compounded for during the alienation,..the liability to pay such multiplied heriots will continue.

1918 tr. Treaty of Peace Finland & Germany in Texts Finland ‘Peace’ (U.S. Govt.) 20/2 There shall be returned to him any profits which have accrued on such property during the alienation or deprivation.

1984 I. Blanchard in R. M. Smith Land, Kinship & Life-cycle v. 259 A long-term tendency..for the amount of land held in temporary alienation to increase.

†4. Change, alteration. Obsolete.Frequently in medical contexts.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > [noun]

wendingeOE

changing?c1225

stirringa1240

wrixlinga1240

changec1325

variancec1340

transmutationc1380

varyingc1380

whileness1382

translationc1384

alterationa1398

mutationa1398

removinga1425

revolutiona1425

shiftingc1440

changementc1450

muance1480

commutation1509

altry1527

transition1545

turning1548

novation1549

immutation?c1550

alterance1559

alienation1562

turn?1567

vicissitude1603

refraction1614

fermentationa1661

diabasis1672

parallax1677

motion1678

aliation1775

transience1946

1562 R. Fills tr. Lawes & Statutes Geneua f. 81 Alienation, change or alteracion of y^e seigniory or gouernement of the state of this Citie of Geneua.

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 503 A Hecticke Feuer in which there is an vtter alienation of the Temperament.

1664 J. Chandler tr. J. B. van Helmont Wks. 1059 An alienation of the distributive, and digestive faculty of the stomach.

1684 S. Pordage tr. T. Willis Of Feavers in Pract. Physick (rev. ed.) 93 He endeavours to deduce the Ætiologie of the Jaundies, rather from an alienation of the choler, than from the obstruction of its passages.

5. Diversion of something from its intended use, or to a different purpose. Frequently with from, to.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > adaptation > [noun]

transposing1550

adaption1615

alienation1644

suppling1671

adaptation1787

reconfiguration1856

tailoring1943

1644 D. Featley Sacra Nemesis xi. 65 For upon the taking away of Episcopacie..will undoubtedly follow the confiscation of the lands of Bishops, and cathedrall Churches, or at least alienation from those holy uses, to the maintenance whereof, they were dedicated.

1681 T. Tenison Serm. Discretion giving Alms 17 The alienation of Alms from their proper uses.

1787 Parl. Reg. 1781–96 XX. 16 It [sc. the fund] should be fortified as much as possible against alienation.

1882 J. B. Clarke Sketches Successful New Hampsh. Men 57 The magnitude of the private and corporate interests committed to his care would not permit the alienation of close personal attention from them to political matters.

1976 H. Wilson Governance of Brit. vii. 148 He [sc. W. E. Gladstone] was particularly concerned to strengthen the safeguards against ‘alienation’, that is, diverting to another purpose, perhaps even a corrupt one, moneys that had been specifically voted by Parliament for a particular use.

2006 R. B. Ekelund et al. Marketplace of Christianity ix. 241 The conclave at Trent..tried to outlaw multiple benefices and alienation of church funds from bishops and other prelates to relatives.

Phrases

alienation of affection(s).

a. In general sense. Withdrawal or removal of affection; loss of affection; an instance of this.

ΚΠ

1579 G. Fenton tr. F. Guicciardini Hist. Guicciardin v. 280 He hoped that this contencion and alienation of affection, growing by no other occasion, would turne it selfe into an other habyt.

1647 Bp. J. Hall Satans Fiery Darts ii. v. 172 Where God smites in anger, those stroakes are followed and accompanied with..a perverse alienation of affection, and a rebellious swelling against God.

1710 J. Ollyffe Pract. Expos. Church-catech. II. ix. 511 Religious Differences being apt..to create Alienation of Affection in Persons.

1792 L. Butterworth Thoughts on Moral Govt. ii. iii. 105 That alienation of affection will eventually produce wrong conduct.

1836 Methodist Mag. Jan. 93 The alienation of affection among the several denominations by the sectarian partialities which so manifestly characterize these productions.

1883 E. C. Mann Man. Psychol. Med. iv. 70 If we find our patient..has become immoral and dissolute, exhibits alienation of affections and neglects his business, all without adequate cause, it is of course easy to determine his insanity.

1919 Pacific Reporter 179 278/2 It is impossible..to attempt to trace the cause of the alienation of affection between mother and daughter.

1958 F. J. Sheen Life of Christ xlix. 449 What seemed an alienation of affection was in reality a deepening of affection.

1989 D. L. Cady From Warism to Pacifism 128 The resulting alienation of affection [in Lysistrata] leads to hilarity.

b. Law (chiefly U.S.). The intentional interference with a marriage by a third party, resulting in the removal of a spouse's conjugal affection and comfort; (also) the removal of a spouse's conjugal affection and comfort in such circumstances. Frequently attributive.Historically, this action was a tort furnishing grounds for a legal action against the third party, but most U.S. states have now abolished such lawsuits.

ΚΠ

c1789 Trial of Conner vs. Atkinson 9 I shall prove to you by the best of all evidence, that this arose from no alienation of affection, but from her bad health, which increased by the scenes that followed.

1833 W. McCoun in C. Edwards Rep. Chancery Cases 1st Circuit N.Y. 1 16 It was offered..with a view to show, an alienation of affection on the part of the defendant towards his wife from the period of his first acquaintance with the object of his adulterous connection.

1867 Pract. Rep. Supreme Court N.Y. 32 145 Does such alienation of affection—such refusal to recognize and receive the plaintiff as her husband, and to live with him as his wife—..constitute a cause of action, when caused as charged in the complaint?

1902 Amer. Lawyer Aug. 339/1 Damages can be obtained now only by proof of pecuniary injury. Alienation of affections suits are on practically the same footing.

1949 M. Mead Male & Female xv. 299 Alienation-of-affection cases between two men, which assume that the woman is a gently pliant lily, ring just as false.

1976 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 18 Feb. d2/6 A suit alleging alienation of affections was filed..yesterday.

2011 Post (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 6 Apr. 3 A Verulam attorney sued her husband's lover, a mother of two, for R200 000 for alienation of affection.

Compounds

alienation coefficient n. (also coefficient of alienation) Statistics a ratio expressing the degree to which two variables are uncorrelated.

ΚΠ

1919 T. L. Kelley in Jrnl. Appl. Psychol. 3 61 Just as ·484 is the coefficient of correlation between intelligence and vocational choice, so may ·875 be called the coefficient of alienation between the same two things.

1923 T. L. Kelley Statist. Method xi. 289 We have called k_0·12 the multiple alienation coefficient... We will define k_01·2 as the partial alienation coefficient.

1971 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. A. 134 69 The positive square root of this quantity was defined by Hotelling..as the vector alienation coefficient, which provides a measure of the independence between the x-variables and the z-variables.

2009 R. M. Kaplan & D. P. Saccuzzo Psychol. Testing (ed. 7) iii. 86 The coefficient of alienation is .92, suggesting that most of the variance in college performance is not explained by SAT scores.

Alienation Office n. now historical and rare an office in London dealing with writs and fees arising from the conveyance of land by common recovery.

ΚΠ

1641 R. Brathwait Ladies Love-lecture vii, in Eng. Gentleman & Eng. Gentlewoman (ed. 3) 441 Our wanton free-natur'd youths, who having lately enter'd Loves-lists, and brought some shreads of their fathers unnecessary providence to passe the Alienation office.

1699 N. Luttrell Diary in Brief Hist. Relation State Affairs (1857) IV. 580 Mr. Charles Boyl..succeeds..as receiver of the alienation office.

1745 Gen. Advertiser 18 June (advt.) A Ground-Floor, on the King's Bench Walks, in the Inner-Temple,..next the Alienation-Office.

1829 Rep. Law of Real Prop. in Parl. Papers (Commons) 10 25 In addition to these expenses, there are payable at the Alienation Office, a prefine and postfine on the writ of covenant.

1906 W. H. Hills Hist. E. Grinstead iii. 36 He was born in 1616, and was the only son of Sir George Courthope,..a Commissioner of the Alienation Office.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	alienation
释义	alienationn. Brit. /ˌeɪlɪəˈneɪʃn/, U.S. /ˌeɪliəˈneɪʃ(ə)n/, /ˌeɪljəˈneɪʃ(ə)n/ Forms: Middle English alienacioun, Middle English alienacon, Middle English alionacion, Middle English alyenacioun, Middle English–1500s alienacion, Middle English–1500s alyenacion, Middle English–1500s alyenacyon, Middle English– alienation, 1500s alyenation. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French alienation; Latin aliēnātiōn-, aliēnātiō. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman alyenacion, alienacioun, Anglo-Norman and Middle French alienacion, alienation (French aliénation ) transference of property (c1260 in Old French), mental instability, delirium (second half of the 13th cent. in Anglo-Norman), separation, estrangement (1372), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin aliēnātiōn-, aliēnātiō transference of ownership, state of insensibility or numbness, insanity, madness, estrangement < alienāt- , past participial stem of alienāre alienate v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Old Occitan alienation, alienasion (12th cent. as alienatio), Catalan alienació (13th cent.), Spanish ajenación (13th cent.), alienación (late 14th cent.) Portuguese alienação (16th cent.), Italian alienazione (14th cent.); also Dutch aliënatie (16th cent.), German Alienation (16th cent.).In sense 1b after German Entfremdung (K. Marx 1844 or earlier, after Hegel's use of the word in sense ‘action or fact of turning into something strange or different’ (1807 or earlier); earlier in more general senses ‘transference of ownership’ (14th cent.), ‘estrangement’ (17th cent.)); also used to translate Entäußerung , in the same sense (K. Marx 1844 or earlier; 15th cent. in more general sense ‘renunciation, action of relinquishing’). Compare self-alienation n. In alienation effect at sense 1c after German Verfremdungseffekt (B. Brecht 1936, in Schriften z. Theater (1957) 74-89: see Verfremdungseffekt n.). Compare defamiliarization n. 1. a. Estrangement; the state of being estranged or alienated. Also with from, †of.Originally with reference to estrangement from God. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > hatred > quarrel or falling out > [noun] > action of estranging or alienating alienationa1425 estranging1574 a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Job xxxi. 3 Alienacioun [L. alienatio] of God is to men worchynge wickidnesse. a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 234 Sche made alienacion and partynge bitwene God and man. 1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. ii. i. f. 4^v As the spirituall life of Adam was, to abide ioyned and bounde to his creatour, so his alienation from him was the death of his soule. 1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy iii. iii. i. i. 665 Alexander..saw now..an alienation in his subiects hearts. 1670 G. Havers tr. G. Leti Il Cardinalismo di Santa Chiesa ii. iii. 298 The alienation shew'd by the Pope from the French. 1708 J. Boyse Serm. Var. Subj. I. 12 Those who most resembled such a little Babe in lowliness of Mind, and alienation from all wordly Pride, shou'd be greatest in his Kingdom. 1770 E. Burke Thoughts Present Discontents 38 They grow every day into alienation from this country. 1816 J. Scott Paris Revisited i. 12 The downfall of great states has usually been produced by a disregard of the sources of alienation, and the feeders of discontent. 1863 A. P. Stanley Lect. Jewish Church I. xvii. 376 The alienation of the people from the worship of the sanctuary. 1934 G. B. Shaw Prefaces 741/1 If the alienation of our young from Elizabethan English continues it will be necessary to produce revised versions not only of Shakespear but of Sir Walter Scott. 1966 J. Cheever Jrnls. (1991) 216 He explained that I had developed a social veneer—an illusion of friendship—that was meant to conceal my basic hostility and alienation. 1971 B. Sidran Black Talk v. 152 This alienation from mainstream culture, then, remains basically a circular and unresolvable problem peculiar to the Negro. 2004 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 4 Jan. ii. 32/2 Punk is a vast support group for misfits, a community united by alienation. b. In Marxist theory: a condition of workers in a capitalist economy, resulting from a lack of identity with the products of their labour and a sense of being controlled or exploited. Cf. self-alienation n. 1 ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > moral philosophy > social ethics > [noun] > Marxist philosophy and its adherents dialectic1891 alienation1900 neo-Marxist1902 neo-Marxism1918 self-alienation1926 society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > separation or isolation > [noun] > self-alienation self-alienation1648 self-dissociation1893 alienation1926 1900 Michigan Miner 1 Apr. 11/3 The feeling of alienation will disappear. 1926 H. J. Stenning tr. K. Marx Sel. Ess. 95 After Christianity had completed the alienation of man from himself [Ger. die Selbstentfremdung des Menschen von sich]..Judaism [could] attain to general domination and turn the alienated individual [Ger. den entäusserten Menschen]..into alienable and saleable objects [Ger. zu veräusserlichen und verkäuflichen..Gegenständen]. 1958 Listener 7 Aug. 194/1 Marx, or at any rate the early Marx, has used a concept, Hegelian in origin..: the concept of ‘alienation’. Men turn or are turned into impoverished things, dependent on power outside themselves. 2000 M. Volf & G. Preece in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 760/1 The Marxist critique of alienation has been more influential: capitalism turns the workers' creative labour into a mere means to consumption. c. Theatre. In full alienation effect. A dramatic effect whereby an audience remains objective and emotionally distant from the characters or action of a play. Cf. Verfremdungseffekt n.This effect was first described by, and is particularly associated with, Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956) who sought to achieve it in his drama. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > the theatre or the stage > the staging of a theatrical production > [noun] > alienation effect Verfremdung1945 alienation1949 Verfremdungseffekt1951 endistancement1961 1949 E. R. Bentley in Theatre Arts Jan. 38/2 It is Brecht's contention that..we need a kind of acting..that will set the action before us rather than involve us in the action... The German word which Brecht has made up to describe the distancing or estranging of the action is Verfremdung, here translated as ‘alienation’. Any device which promotes such alienation is called an A-effect. 1956 K. Tynan in Observer 2 Sept. 10/2 The famous ‘alienation-effect’ was originally intended to counter balance the extravagant rhetoric of German classical acting. 1962 Listener 29 Nov. 932/2 This method of description seems almost like a parallel to Brecht's ‘alienation effect’. We watch, we judge, but we do not participate. 1990 M. Coyle et al. Encycl. Lit. & Crit. (2000) xxxi. 443 One can discern in Shaw's directorial style an attempt to achieve alienation and gestus. 2. Derangement of mental faculties or processes; madness, insanity; delirium; an instance or episode of this. In later use more fully mental alienation. Cf. alienist n. Now chiefly historical. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > [noun] > insanity or madness woodnessc1000 woodshipc1000 madshipc1225 woodc1275 woodhead1303 ragec1330 amentiaa1398 madnessa1398 frenzy?a1400 madheada1400 maddingc1400 alienation?a1425 furiosity?a1475 derverye1480 forcenery1480 furiousnessc1500 unwitness1527 unwitting1527 demencya1529 straughtness1530 insaniea1538 brainsickness1541 lunacy1541 amenty1557 distraughtness1576 dementation?1583 straughtedness1583 insanity1590 crazedness1593 bedlam1598 dementia1598 insanation1599 non compos mentis1607 distraction1609 daffinga1614 disinsanitya1625 cerebrosity1647 vecordy1656 fanaticness1662 non-sanity1675 insaneness1730 craziness1755 hydrophobia1760 vecord1788 derangement1800 vesania1800 a screw loose1810 unsoundness1825 dementedness1833 craze1841 psychosis1847 crackiness1861 feyness1873 crack1891 meshugas1898 white ant1908 crackedness1910 pottiness1933 loopiness1939 wackiness1941 screwballism1942 kink1959 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 59 (MED) Of alienacioun i. rauyng, ffondenez, or madnez [L. de alienacione]. 1483 tr. Adam of Eynsham Reuelation i That he had seyd hyt of grete febulnesse of his hedde, or by alyenacion of hys mynde. 1532 L. Cox Art or Crafte Rhetoryke sig. F.v^v It was none alienacion of mynde: but som other cause y^t moued hym to it. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 349 It infecteth as well the heart as the brain, and causeth alienation of mind. 1749 G. Lavington Enthusiasm Methodists & Papists: Pt. II 10 Christ gave her so large a Share of the Myrrh-posy of his Passion, that frequently under an Alienation of her Senses she would throw herself on her Back on the Ground. 1749 D. Hartley Observ. Man i. iii. §6 Temporary alienations of the Mind during violent Passions. 1799 W. Godwin St. Leon I. vii. 204 The thought of what I had been..brought on a relapse attended with more alarming and discouraging symptoms than my original alienation. 1833 J. Forbes et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. I. 476/2 This is well exemplified in chlorotic women, and in chronic mental alienation. 1862 Ld. Brougham Brit. Constit. (ed. 3) xiii. 194 He had fallen into a state of mental alienation. 1920 Med. Rec. 17 Jan. 111/2 His memory now returned intact and he recalled the entire course of his alienation. 1977 W. Percy in Michigan Q. Rev. 16 367 We are talking about a species of alienation, the traditional subject matter of psychiatrists, the original alienists. 2007 Isis 98 64 Georget held that lesions of the brain and cerebronervous system could be discerned in most if not all autopsies performed on patients who had suffered from mental alienation. 3. a. The action of transferring legal ownership of something, esp. land, to another; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ society > law > transfer of property > [noun] release1344 alienationc1425 conveying1483 transportc1485 state making1487 conveyance1523 designation1573 transferring1573 assignation1579 dispose1591 assignment1592 convey1592 disposing1638 disposurea1649 attornment1650 abalienation1656 transfer1674 disposal1697 conveyancing1714 transference1766 disposition1861 c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) v. l. 1139 Whan þat kynges in her bed are slawe?–Whiche bringeth in alyenacioun, By extort title fals successioun. 1463 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 26 Wich obligacion must be maad at euery alyenacion in a notable summe. a1500 Rule Minoresses in W. W. Seton Two 15th Cent. Franciscan Rules (1914) 100 Ȝif any Abbesse resseyue þe hous in gode estate & sche dooþ enpeyre hit bi alienacioun or destruccioun of here godes or bi dette. 1587 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. i. ii. ii. 48 Hereford..paid to Rome at everie alienation 1800 ducats at the least. 1654 J. Bramhall Just Vindic. Church of Eng. iii. 38 Prohibiting..the alienation of Lands to the Church. 1664 in S. A. Green Early Rec. Groton, Mass. (1880) 145 Vnto which alienation the wiues of them both doe giue their consent to the giuing vp their thirds. 1710 H. Prideaux Orig. & Right Tithes iii. 161 The Church must have had a civil right in Tithes, before a bare alienation of them, could invest in others a civil Right in them. 1736 Act 9 Geo. II c. 36 Many large..Alienations or Dispositions made by..Persons, to Uses called Charitable Uses. 1788 J. Priestley Lect. Hist. v. lii. 405 Price, however, supposes alienation; and a common standard of value supposes a frequent and familiar alienation. 1844 Some Acct. Conduct towards Indian Tribes (Relig. Soc. Friends) ii. 132 With a view to secure to the Indians the possession of the small portion of land they retained, the President was urged to discourage the alienation of it from them. 1875 K. E. Digby Introd. Hist. Law Real Prop. x. 322 By alienation is meant the intentional and voluntary transfer of a right. 1935 Yale Law Jrnl. 45 1391 If the preemptioner must pay the offeror's price..there is no material impediment to alienation. 2000 Cultural Survival Q. Fall 74/1 Its leaders argued vigorously for the retribalization of ANCSA land as a means to protect Native land from alienation and taxation. b. The taking of something from a person, esp. without authorization; appropriation; an instance of this. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > loss > taking away > [noun] benimminga1400 subtraction1474 alienation1583 ademption1590 substraction1601 1583 G. Babington Very Fruitfull Expos. Commaundem. viii. 359 The forbidding of stealth which is an alienation of an other mans goods to our selues. 1648 H. Lawes Choice Psalmes Ep. Ded. sig. A3^v Such an Inscription would not only seem a Theft and Alienation of what is Your Majesties, but..would make me taste of these ungratefull dayes. 1760 tr. S. J. Baumgarten Suppl. Eng. Universal Hist. II. 239 In case of a voluntary confession of a theft, or alienation of the property of others, it shall be restored, with the addition of a fifth part more of the value. 2003 D. Dickenson Risk & Luck in Med. Ethics vii. 141 A model..giving control over tissue to the mother, and treating unauthorized alienation of it from her as theft. c. Esp. with reference to land or other property: the state of being alienated, or held by someone other than the proper owner. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal possession > [noun] > state of being in possession of non-owner alienation1659 1659 H. P. Tumulus Decimarum 11 If Tythes must continue, why should not that branch, or part of them, that has lain so long under alienation from H. 8. till this day, be restored, and a re-appropriation made of all the Impropriations whatsoever? 1689 S. Bold Advice Eng. Protestants 10 Were you not sometimes perplexed with Fears, that the rest of your Lands must be ceased to make amends for the long Alienation of the other? 1756 Bailey's New Universal Eng. Dict. (ed. 4) II. (at cited word) The state of being alienated, as, the estate was wasted, during its alienation. 1898 Land Mag. Oct. 535 If such district heriots have, in fact, become due, and have been rendered or compounded for during the alienation,..the liability to pay such multiplied heriots will continue. 1918 tr. Treaty of Peace Finland & Germany in Texts Finland ‘Peace’ (U.S. Govt.) 20/2 There shall be returned to him any profits which have accrued on such property during the alienation or deprivation. 1984 I. Blanchard in R. M. Smith Land, Kinship & Life-cycle v. 259 A long-term tendency..for the amount of land held in temporary alienation to increase. †4. Change, alteration. Obsolete.Frequently in medical contexts. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > [noun] wendingeOE changing?c1225 stirringa1240 wrixlinga1240 changec1325 variancec1340 transmutationc1380 varyingc1380 whileness1382 translationc1384 alterationa1398 mutationa1398 removinga1425 revolutiona1425 shiftingc1440 changementc1450 muance1480 commutation1509 altry1527 transition1545 turning1548 novation1549 immutation?c1550 alterance1559 alienation1562 turn?1567 vicissitude1603 refraction1614 fermentationa1661 diabasis1672 parallax1677 motion1678 aliation1775 transience1946 1562 R. Fills tr. Lawes & Statutes Geneua f. 81 Alienation, change or alteracion of y^e seigniory or gouernement of the state of this Citie of Geneua. 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 503 A Hecticke Feuer in which there is an vtter alienation of the Temperament. 1664 J. Chandler tr. J. B. van Helmont Wks. 1059 An alienation of the distributive, and digestive faculty of the stomach. 1684 S. Pordage tr. T. Willis Of Feavers in Pract. Physick (rev. ed.) 93 He endeavours to deduce the Ætiologie of the Jaundies, rather from an alienation of the choler, than from the obstruction of its passages. 5. Diversion of something from its intended use, or to a different purpose. Frequently with from, to. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > adaptation > [noun] transposing1550 adaption1615 alienation1644 suppling1671 adaptation1787 reconfiguration1856 tailoring1943 1644 D. Featley Sacra Nemesis xi. 65 For upon the taking away of Episcopacie..will undoubtedly follow the confiscation of the lands of Bishops, and cathedrall Churches, or at least alienation from those holy uses, to the maintenance whereof, they were dedicated. 1681 T. Tenison Serm. Discretion giving Alms 17 The alienation of Alms from their proper uses. 1787 Parl. Reg. 1781–96 XX. 16 It [sc. the fund] should be fortified as much as possible against alienation. 1882 J. B. Clarke Sketches Successful New Hampsh. Men 57 The magnitude of the private and corporate interests committed to his care would not permit the alienation of close personal attention from them to political matters. 1976 H. Wilson Governance of Brit. vii. 148 He [sc. W. E. Gladstone] was particularly concerned to strengthen the safeguards against ‘alienation’, that is, diverting to another purpose, perhaps even a corrupt one, moneys that had been specifically voted by Parliament for a particular use. 2006 R. B. Ekelund et al. Marketplace of Christianity ix. 241 The conclave at Trent..tried to outlaw multiple benefices and alienation of church funds from bishops and other prelates to relatives. Phrases alienation of affection(s). a. In general sense. Withdrawal or removal of affection; loss of affection; an instance of this. ΚΠ 1579 G. Fenton tr. F. Guicciardini Hist. Guicciardin v. 280 He hoped that this contencion and alienation of affection, growing by no other occasion, would turne it selfe into an other habyt. 1647 Bp. J. Hall Satans Fiery Darts ii. v. 172 Where God smites in anger, those stroakes are followed and accompanied with..a perverse alienation of affection, and a rebellious swelling against God. 1710 J. Ollyffe Pract. Expos. Church-catech. II. ix. 511 Religious Differences being apt..to create Alienation of Affection in Persons. 1792 L. Butterworth Thoughts on Moral Govt. ii. iii. 105 That alienation of affection will eventually produce wrong conduct. 1836 Methodist Mag. Jan. 93 The alienation of affection among the several denominations by the sectarian partialities which so manifestly characterize these productions. 1883 E. C. Mann Man. Psychol. Med. iv. 70 If we find our patient..has become immoral and dissolute, exhibits alienation of affections and neglects his business, all without adequate cause, it is of course easy to determine his insanity. 1919 Pacific Reporter 179 278/2 It is impossible..to attempt to trace the cause of the alienation of affection between mother and daughter. 1958 F. J. Sheen Life of Christ xlix. 449 What seemed an alienation of affection was in reality a deepening of affection. 1989 D. L. Cady From Warism to Pacifism 128 The resulting alienation of affection [in Lysistrata] leads to hilarity. b. Law (chiefly U.S.). The intentional interference with a marriage by a third party, resulting in the removal of a spouse's conjugal affection and comfort; (also) the removal of a spouse's conjugal affection and comfort in such circumstances. Frequently attributive.Historically, this action was a tort furnishing grounds for a legal action against the third party, but most U.S. states have now abolished such lawsuits. ΚΠ c1789 Trial of Conner vs. Atkinson 9 I shall prove to you by the best of all evidence, that this arose from no alienation of affection, but from her bad health, which increased by the scenes that followed. 1833 W. McCoun in C. Edwards Rep. Chancery Cases 1st Circuit N.Y. 1 16 It was offered..with a view to show, an alienation of affection on the part of the defendant towards his wife from the period of his first acquaintance with the object of his adulterous connection. 1867 Pract. Rep. Supreme Court N.Y. 32 145 Does such alienation of affection—such refusal to recognize and receive the plaintiff as her husband, and to live with him as his wife—..constitute a cause of action, when caused as charged in the complaint? 1902 Amer. Lawyer Aug. 339/1 Damages can be obtained now only by proof of pecuniary injury. Alienation of affections suits are on practically the same footing. 1949 M. Mead Male & Female xv. 299 Alienation-of-affection cases between two men, which assume that the woman is a gently pliant lily, ring just as false. 1976 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 18 Feb. d2/6 A suit alleging alienation of affections was filed..yesterday. 2011 Post (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 6 Apr. 3 A Verulam attorney sued her husband's lover, a mother of two, for R200 000 for alienation of affection. Compounds alienation coefficient n. (also coefficient of alienation) Statistics a ratio expressing the degree to which two variables are uncorrelated. ΚΠ 1919 T. L. Kelley in Jrnl. Appl. Psychol. 3 61 Just as ·484 is the coefficient of correlation between intelligence and vocational choice, so may ·875 be called the coefficient of alienation between the same two things. 1923 T. L. Kelley Statist. Method xi. 289 We have called k_0·12 the multiple alienation coefficient... We will define k_01·2 as the partial alienation coefficient. 1971 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. A. 134 69 The positive square root of this quantity was defined by Hotelling..as the vector alienation coefficient, which provides a measure of the independence between the x-variables and the z-variables. 2009 R. M. Kaplan & D. P. Saccuzzo Psychol. Testing (ed. 7) iii. 86 The coefficient of alienation is .92, suggesting that most of the variance in college performance is not explained by SAT scores. Alienation Office n. now historical and rare an office in London dealing with writs and fees arising from the conveyance of land by common recovery. ΚΠ 1641 R. Brathwait Ladies Love-lecture vii, in Eng. Gentleman & Eng. Gentlewoman (ed. 3) 441 Our wanton free-natur'd youths, who having lately enter'd Loves-lists, and brought some shreads of their fathers unnecessary providence to passe the Alienation office. 1699 N. Luttrell Diary in Brief Hist. Relation State Affairs (1857) IV. 580 Mr. Charles Boyl..succeeds..as receiver of the alienation office. 1745 Gen. Advertiser 18 June (advt.) A Ground-Floor, on the King's Bench Walks, in the Inner-Temple,..next the Alienation-Office. 1829 Rep. Law of Real Prop. in Parl. Papers (Commons) 10 25 In addition to these expenses, there are payable at the Alienation Office, a prefine and postfine on the writ of covenant. 1906 W. H. Hills Hist. E. Grinstead iii. 36 He was born in 1616, and was the only son of Sir George Courthope,..a Commissioner of the Alienation Office. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.a1425
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