comman.

Brit.

/ˈkɒmə/, U.S.

/ˈkɑmə/

Forms: Plural commas (formerly -aes); as Latin or Greek, commata /ˈkɒmətə/.

Etymology: < Latin comma, Greek κόμμα stamp, piece cut off, short clause, etc. < *κόπμα, < κοπ- root of κόπτειν to strike, cut.

a. Ancient Greek Rhetoric and Ancient Greek Prosody. A phrase or group of words less than a colon (colon n.² 1). Hence, †A short member of a sentence or period.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > linguistic unit > phrase > [noun]

locution?a1475

phrase1530

saying1530

comma1592

speecha1599

standa1626

gramm1647

dictiona1660

roada1690

slip-slop1823

construct1871

group word1888

1592 A. Day 2nd Pt. Eng. Secretorie sig. N3^v, in Eng. Secretorie (rev. ed.) The last word of a comma or member of a sentence.

1609 R. Bernard Faithfull Shepheard (1621) 87 In words, phrases, commaes, and periods.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) i. i. 48 Poet. No leuell'd malice Infects one comma in the course I hold.

1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 105. ¶9 He has only Rectify'd a Greek Particle, or laid out a whole Sentence in proper Comma's.

1713 R. Bentley Remarks Disc. Free-thinking i. xx. 42 The next Comma of the Passage is Inexorabile fatum.

†b. A clause or short member of a treatise or argument. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > parts of a written composition > [noun] > passage

sentencec1400

comma1649

passage1711

1649 Bp. J. Taylor Great Exemplar ii. 100 This being the hardest comma in the whole Discipline of Jesus is fortified with a double blessednesse.

1652 L. S. Natures Dowrie ii. 3 The main argument..is bottomed upon part of the 7th comma of the 4. Chapter of Gen.

1671 L. Addison W. Barbary 171 In the Moresco Catalogue of Crimes, Adultery and Fornication, are found in the first Comma.

a. A punctuation-mark [now ,] used to separate the smallest members of a sentence. Also used to separate figures and symbols in arithmetic, chemical formulæ, etc.‘The comparative length of the κόμμα and κῶλον have given origin to our terms of punctuation indicating the close of such shorter or longer clauses respectively, just as our ‘period’, or full-stop, marks the end of a περίοδος’. J. E. Sandys on Cicero's Orator §211.The function of the comma is to make clear the grammatical structure, and hence the sense, of the passage; one of the means by which this is effected in actual speech is a short pause; hence the comma is often inaccurately said to be merely the mark of such a pause; see quots. under 1b.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > writing > written character > punctuation > [noun] > comma, colon, or semicolon

subdistinction1585

colon1589

comma1599

semicolona1637

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 39 With suche [point] as the Latins call comma thus made (:), or virgula thus made (,).]

1599 First Bk. Preseruation Henry VII sig. A1^v To Printer, Keepe points, and commas, periodes.

1661 S. Partridge Descr. Double Scale Proportion 17 The Numerator is first expressed, and after it the Denominator right on in the line, with a comma betwixt, as..75,100.

1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. 393 The Characters that serve for Interpunction, Comma, Colon, Period.

1847 R. W. Emerson Goethe in Wks. (1906) I. 391 The commas and dashes are alive; so that the writing is athletic and nimble.

1853 W. Gregory Inorg. Chem. (ed. 3) 27 The compounds which combine are joined, either by a + sign or by a comma.

b. (See note above.)

ΚΠ

1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie ii. iv. 61 The shortest pause or intermission they called comma as who would say a peece of a speach cut of.

1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. xix. 178 A little pause or comma is geuen to euery word.

a1637 B. Jonson Eng. Gram. in Wks. (1640) III A comma is a mean breathing.

1824 J. Johnson Typographia II. 56 The comma..is considered the first from its requiring the shortest pause.

c. figurative. = Break of continuity, interval, pause.

ΚΠ

1602 J. Marston Hist. Antonio & Mellida iv. sig. G4 Weele point our speech With amorous kissing, kissing commaes.

1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet v. ii. 43 As peace should still her wheaten garland weare, And stand a Comma tweene their amities.

1622 G. de Malynes Consuetudo 335 Albeit that it seemeth no Comma can bee made (as it were) from the highest Climate to the lowest Center in regard of the litterall wordes.

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) i. 52 Though a Truce may give a Comma or Colon to the War, nothing under a Peace can put a perfect Period thereunto.

1887 Poor Nellie (1888) 285 A lady who writes so easily that there hardly seems to be a comma for her mind between any two subjects under the sun, and never a full stop.

3. Music. A minute ‘interval’ or difference of pitch; esp. (a) the comma of Didymus or common comma, which is the difference between four perfect fifths, and two octaves and a major third, from a given note (ratio 80 : 81); (b) the Pythagorean comma, or the difference between twelve perfect fifths, and seven octaves, from a given note.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > interval > [noun] > microtones > comma

comma1597

schism1653

schisma1753

syntonic comma1944

1597 T. Morley Plaine & Easie Introd. Musicke Annot. sig. ¶^v Betwixt mi and fa is not a full halfe note, but lesse then halfe a note by a comma.

1609 J. Dowland tr. A. Ornithoparchus Micrologus 18 A Tone..consisting of two smaller Semitones, and one Comma.

1796 C. Burney Mem. Life Metastasio II. 400 When I hear the greatest masters dispute whether the interval from one sound to another ought to consist of 5, 7, or 9 commas.

1879 G. Grove Dict. Music I. 749 Bassett's comma valve..by which the error existing between major and minor tones may be corrected.

1879 G. Grove Dict. Music II. 333 Minor tones are less than major by a comma.

4. A mark, the same as that used in punctuation, but placed above the line as a quotation-mark: that at the beginning of the quotation or line is inverted, that at the end erect (thus ‘…’); and both are commonly doubled (thus “…”). Now called inverted commas.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > writing > written character > punctuation > [noun] > quotation marks

inverted comma1677

comma1705

quotation mark1715

quote mark1885

quote1888

1705 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. 21 Nov. (1885) I. 89 Distinguish'd by commas (as y^e Printers call y^m) at the side.

1784 Watt in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 74 330 (note) To authenticate the date of the author's ideas, the parts of it which are contained in the present letter are marked with double commas.

1839 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe III. iii. 270 The reader must not take it for granted, even where inverted commas denote a closer attention to the text, that nothing is omitted.

1857 H. H. Breen Blemishes Mod. Eng. Lit. 272 Without inverted commas, or any other marks to show that the writer intended it as a quotation.

1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) III. 647/1 Turned commas, which designate extracts.

5. Any comma-like dot or point.

ΚΠ

a1825 H. Fuseli Lect. x, in J. Knowles Life & Writings H. Fuseli (1831) II. 388 Of the milliards of commas, or points, that Nature mediately or immediately produces, no two are alike.

6. comma (butterfly): a butterfly (Grapta Comma album) which has a white comma-shaped mark on the underside of the wing.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > Rhopalocera (butterflies) > [noun] > family Nymphalidae > subfamily Ithomiinae > genus Polygonia > polygonia comma album

comma (butterfly)1749

1749 B. Wilkes Eng. Moths & Butterflies 57 The Comma-Butterfly breeds twice a year.

1797 E. Donovan Nat. Hist. Brit. Insects VI. 45 In colours and markings the Comma Butterfly seems at first sight allied to Papilio Urticæ (Tortoiseshell).

1827 L. Jermyn Butterfly Collector's Vade Mecum (new ed.) 68 English name, Comma.

7. comma (bacillus): a bacillus of curved shape, said to be present in cholera.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > bacterium > bacillus > [noun] > types of

tubercle bacillus1882

Koch's bacillus1885

comma (bacillus)1886

spider-cell1888

Klebs–Löffler1895

Hofmann's bacillus1897

Koch–Weeks bacillus1898

Pfeiffer's bacillus1900

Shiga1900

Hansen('s) bacillus1903

streptobacilli1903

Johne's bacillus1907

wisp bacillus1915

klebsiella1928

Shigella1937

listerella1940

coliform1951

thiobacillus1951

1886 E. M. Crookshank Introd. Pract. Bacteriol. 137 The curved rods, or commas, are about half the length of a tubercle-bacillus.

1886 E. M. Crookshank Introd. Pract. Bacteriol. 140 The comma-bacilli are aerobic [= living in the air].

Compounds

comma escapement, comma-shaped adj.

ΚΠ

1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. 196 The French have sometimes employed a construction [in watches] somewhat similar, which they call the comma scapement.

1884 E. R. Lankester in Pall Mall Gaz. 6 Oct. 2/1 Dr. Koch had discovered a comma-shaped bacillus as the cause of cholera.

Derivatives

ˈcomma v. to punctuate with commas.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > writing > written character > punctuation > punctuate [verb (transitive)] > comma

comma1664

1664 H. More Modest Enq. Myst. Iniquity 223 Grotius pretends the text is not rightly comma'd.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	comma
释义	comman. Brit. /ˈkɒmə/, U.S. /ˈkɑmə/ Forms: Plural commas (formerly -aes); as Latin or Greek, commata /ˈkɒmətə/. Etymology: < Latin comma, Greek κόμμα stamp, piece cut off, short clause, etc. < κόπμα, < κοπ-* root of κόπτειν to strike, cut. 1. a. Ancient Greek Rhetoric and Ancient Greek Prosody. A phrase or group of words less than a colon (colon n.² 1). Hence, †A short member of a sentence or period. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > linguistic unit > phrase > [noun] locution?a1475 phrase1530 saying1530 comma1592 speecha1599 standa1626 gramm1647 dictiona1660 roada1690 slip-slop1823 construct1871 group word1888 1592 A. Day 2nd Pt. Eng. Secretorie sig. N3^v, in Eng. Secretorie (rev. ed.) The last word of a comma or member of a sentence. 1609 R. Bernard Faithfull Shepheard (1621) 87 In words, phrases, commaes, and periods. a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) i. i. 48 Poet. No leuell'd malice Infects one comma in the course I hold. View more context for this quotation 1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 105. ¶9 He has only Rectify'd a Greek Particle, or laid out a whole Sentence in proper Comma's. 1713 R. Bentley Remarks Disc. Free-thinking i. xx. 42 The next Comma of the Passage is Inexorabile fatum. †b. A clause or short member of a treatise or argument. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > parts of a written composition > [noun] > passage sentencec1400 comma1649 passage1711 1649 Bp. J. Taylor Great Exemplar ii. 100 This being the hardest comma in the whole Discipline of Jesus is fortified with a double blessednesse. 1652 L. S. Natures Dowrie ii. 3 The main argument..is bottomed upon part of the 7th comma of the 4. Chapter of Gen. 1671 L. Addison W. Barbary 171 In the Moresco Catalogue of Crimes, Adultery and Fornication, are found in the first Comma. 2. a. A punctuation-mark [now ,] used to separate the smallest members of a sentence. Also used to separate figures and symbols in arithmetic, chemical formulæ, etc.‘The comparative length of the κόμμα and κῶλον have given origin to our terms of punctuation indicating the close of such shorter or longer clauses respectively, just as our ‘period’, or full-stop, marks the end of a περίοδος’. J. E. Sandys on Cicero's Orator §211.The function of the comma is to make clear the grammatical structure, and hence the sense, of the passage; one of the means by which this is effected in actual speech is a short pause; hence the comma is often inaccurately said to be merely the mark of such a pause; see quots. under 1b. ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > written character > punctuation > [noun] > comma, colon, or semicolon subdistinction1585 colon1589 comma1599 semicolona1637 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 39 With suche [point] as the Latins call comma thus made (:), or virgula thus made (,).] 1599 First Bk. Preseruation Henry VII sig. A1^v To Printer, Keepe points, and commas, periodes. 1661 S. Partridge Descr. Double Scale Proportion 17 The Numerator is first expressed, and after it the Denominator right on in the line, with a comma betwixt, as..75,100. 1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. 393 The Characters that serve for Interpunction, Comma, Colon, Period. 1847 R. W. Emerson Goethe in Wks. (1906) I. 391 The commas and dashes are alive; so that the writing is athletic and nimble. 1853 W. Gregory Inorg. Chem. (ed. 3) 27 The compounds which combine are joined, either by a + sign or by a comma. b. (See note above.) ΚΠ 1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie ii. iv. 61 The shortest pause or intermission they called comma as who would say a peece of a speach cut of. 1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. xix. 178 A little pause or comma is geuen to euery word. a1637 B. Jonson Eng. Gram. in Wks. (1640) III A comma is a mean breathing. 1824 J. Johnson Typographia II. 56 The comma..is considered the first from its requiring the shortest pause. c. figurative. = Break of continuity, interval, pause. ΚΠ 1602 J. Marston Hist. Antonio & Mellida iv. sig. G4 Weele point our speech With amorous kissing, kissing commaes. 1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet v. ii. 43 As peace should still her wheaten garland weare, And stand a Comma tweene their amities. View more context for this quotation 1622 G. de Malynes Consuetudo 335 Albeit that it seemeth no Comma can bee made (as it were) from the highest Climate to the lowest Center in regard of the litterall wordes. a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) i. 52 Though a Truce may give a Comma or Colon to the War, nothing under a Peace can put a perfect Period thereunto. 1887 Poor Nellie (1888) 285 A lady who writes so easily that there hardly seems to be a comma for her mind between any two subjects under the sun, and never a full stop. 3. Music. A minute ‘interval’ or difference of pitch; esp. (a) the comma of Didymus or common comma, which is the difference between four perfect fifths, and two octaves and a major third, from a given note (ratio 80 : 81); (b) the Pythagorean comma, or the difference between twelve perfect fifths, and seven octaves, from a given note. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > interval > [noun] > microtones > comma comma1597 schism1653 schisma1753 syntonic comma1944 1597 T. Morley Plaine & Easie Introd. Musicke Annot. sig. ¶^v Betwixt mi and fa is not a full halfe note, but lesse then halfe a note by a comma. 1609 J. Dowland tr. A. Ornithoparchus Micrologus 18 A Tone..consisting of two smaller Semitones, and one Comma. 1796 C. Burney Mem. Life Metastasio II. 400 When I hear the greatest masters dispute whether the interval from one sound to another ought to consist of 5, 7, or 9 commas. 1879 G. Grove Dict. Music I. 749 Bassett's comma valve..by which the error existing between major and minor tones may be corrected. 1879 G. Grove Dict. Music II. 333 Minor tones are less than major by a comma. 4. A mark, the same as that used in punctuation, but placed above the line as a quotation-mark: that at the beginning of the quotation or line is inverted, that at the end erect (thus ‘…’); and both are commonly doubled (thus “…”). Now called inverted commas. ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > written character > punctuation > [noun] > quotation marks inverted comma1677 comma1705 quotation mark1715 quote mark1885 quote1888 1705 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. 21 Nov. (1885) I. 89 Distinguish'd by commas (as y^e Printers call y^m) at the side. 1784 Watt in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 74 330 (note) To authenticate the date of the author's ideas, the parts of it which are contained in the present letter are marked with double commas. 1839 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe III. iii. 270 The reader must not take it for granted, even where inverted commas denote a closer attention to the text, that nothing is omitted. 1857 H. H. Breen Blemishes Mod. Eng. Lit. 272 Without inverted commas, or any other marks to show that the writer intended it as a quotation. 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) III. 647/1 Turned commas, which designate extracts. 5. Any comma-like dot or point. ΚΠ a1825 H. Fuseli Lect. x, in J. Knowles Life & Writings H. Fuseli (1831) II. 388 Of the milliards of commas, or points, that Nature mediately or immediately produces, no two are alike. 6. comma (butterfly): a butterfly (Grapta Comma album) which has a white comma-shaped mark on the underside of the wing. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > Rhopalocera (butterflies) > [noun] > family Nymphalidae > subfamily Ithomiinae > genus Polygonia > polygonia comma album comma (butterfly)1749 1749 B. Wilkes Eng. Moths & Butterflies 57 The Comma-Butterfly breeds twice a year. 1797 E. Donovan Nat. Hist. Brit. Insects VI. 45 In colours and markings the Comma Butterfly seems at first sight allied to Papilio Urticæ (Tortoiseshell). 1827 L. Jermyn Butterfly Collector's Vade Mecum (new ed.) 68 English name, Comma. 7. comma (bacillus): a bacillus of curved shape, said to be present in cholera. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > bacterium > bacillus > [noun] > types of tubercle bacillus1882 Koch's bacillus1885 comma (bacillus)1886 spider-cell1888 Klebs–Löffler1895 Hofmann's bacillus1897 Koch–Weeks bacillus1898 Pfeiffer's bacillus1900 Shiga1900 Hansen('s) bacillus1903 streptobacilli1903 Johne's bacillus1907 wisp bacillus1915 klebsiella1928 Shigella1937 listerella1940 coliform1951 thiobacillus1951 1886 E. M. Crookshank Introd. Pract. Bacteriol. 137 The curved rods, or commas, are about half the length of a tubercle-bacillus. 1886 E. M. Crookshank Introd. Pract. Bacteriol. 140 The comma-bacilli are aerobic [= living in the air]. Compounds comma escapement, comma-shaped adj. ΚΠ 1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. 196 The French have sometimes employed a construction [in watches] somewhat similar, which they call the comma scapement. 1884 E. R. Lankester in Pall Mall Gaz. 6 Oct. 2/1 Dr. Koch had discovered a comma-shaped bacillus as the cause of cholera. Derivatives ˈcomma v. to punctuate with commas. ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > written character > punctuation > punctuate [verb (transitive)] > comma comma1664 1664 H. More Modest Enq. Myst. Iniquity 223 Grotius pretends the text is not rightly comma'd. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1589
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