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aforeadv.prep.conj. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: on- prefix, forne adv., a- prefix3, atfore prep. Etymology: Originally (in α. forms) < on- prefix + forne adv.; in β. forms showing reduction of the first element (see a- prefix3); in γ. forms probably showing alteration of the second element after fore adv. (although some forms may reflect independent loss of the final nasal). Some instances of β. and γ. forms may perhaps represent a reduced form of atfore prep. (compare discussion at a- prefix1). Compare atfore prep., before adv., tofore prep.In Old English the broadly synonymous ætforan , adverb and preposition (see atfore prep.), beforan , adverb and preposition (see before adv., prep., conj., and n.), tōforan tofore prep., as well as unprefixed fore fore adv. and prep. and foran , adverb and preposition (see forne adv., adj., and prep.), are all considerably more frequent than onforan ; the word (in form aforn , afore ) does not become common until the 14th cent. It has since been superseded again by before in the standard language, but remains common in regional use. It is also still used in nautical contexts in various senses; compare abaft adv. In Old English the preposition is construed either with the accusative or with the dative. A. adv. = before adv. Now archaic, regional, and (of place, position, or direction) Nautical. the world > space > relative position > front > [adverb] the world > movement > progressive motion > order of movement > going first or in front > [adverb] OE (2001) I. lxiii. 32 Genim þonne ænne sticcan & gewyrc hine feðorbyrste; writ onforan ðas halgan naman: Matheus, Marcus, Lucas, Iohannes. OE (1932) cxiii. 13 Beoð onforan eagan [L. oculos habent], ne magon feor geseon. c1410 (c1350) (Harl. 7334) 806 (MED) Go aforn, Adam, and loke how it spette. c1425 (c1400) l. 17630 (MED) Fro the ffolk thei ȝede a-fore. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart I. cccl. 561 Sirs, on afore to these false traytours. 1581 T. Nuce tr. Octavia (new ed.) i. iv, in T. Newton et al. tr. Seneca f. 166 Light ashes easly puft aforne. a1639 D. Digges (1655) 357 Methinks it is somewhat requisite you did send one afore. 1677 mcxciv/4 Having two Guns, one afore, and the other abaft. 1769 W. Falconer (ed. 3) iii. 104 While Rodmond, fearful of some neighbouring shore, Cries ever and anon, ‘Look out afore!’ 1797 XVII. 399/1 In ships that draw more water abaft than afore, the water lines will not be parallel to the keel. 1850 J. Greenwood 113 The cutting-down line is intended to represent..the height of the upper part of the dead-wood afore and abaft. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher 24 Afore..opposed to abaft and signifying that part of the ship which lies forward, or near the stem. Afore, the same as before the mast. 1909 Dec. 591/1 There was a hole in the ground—just big enough, it seemed, for him to crawl down on hands and knees. ‘I'll go afore,’ said the Mouldiwarp; ‘you come arter.’ 1994 P. O'Brian (1996) iii. 74 With six months' stores she draws twenty-two foot nine, abaft. Less afore, of course. the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > [adverb] c1350 (1866) App. 271 (MED) Ech may y-zy þet naȝt þe heuynesse of ulesses wylle beuore ygreued auore ualþ ere hit by arered. a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) vi. l. 927 (MED) As I have seid aforn, I licke hony on the thorn. c1425 J. Lydgate (Augustus A.iv) i. l. 1209 (MED) Oppressed hertes with gladnes to delyte, Þat drery wern aforn. a1470 T. Malory (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 25 There was made such an ordinaunce afore by Merlyon. 1526 1 Cor. xi. 21 For every man begynneth a fore [Wyclif bifore] to eate his awne supper. 1574 J. Davidson Ane Dialog betuix Clerk & Courteour in J. Cranstoun (1891) I. 322 Quha did afoir till it apply. 1611 Eph. iii. 3 As I wrote afore [Wyclif aboue] in few words. View more context for this quotation 1684 J. Bunyan 28 Had I known that afore, at first did I fear I should not have had heart enough. 1725 E. Wells (ed. 3) iii. 35 Although the New Moons fall again upon the same Days, as they did nineteen Years afore, yet they fall not on the same Hour of the Day. 1790 A. Wheeler ii. 65 Haw leet it preia, dud it ivver run oway afore? 1816 W. Scott II. viii. 221 I ne'er noticed it afore, and it's nae sic mote neither but what ane might see it in their parritch. 1876 T. Hardy i. 5 I had no memory of ever seeing her afore. 1904 ‘H. Foulis’ iii. 14 Some puir pick-up that never ca'd the handle o' a kirk bell in his life afore. 2005 R. Bean 81 If I don't get the job yer can move it back to where it were afore. B. prep. = before prep. Now archaic, regional, and (of place, position, or direction) Nautical. the world > space > relative position > front > in front of [preposition] eOE (Corpus Cambr. 173) xlix. 80 Gif mon oðrum ðone toð onforan heafde [L. primos dentes, id est precisores] ofaslea, gebete þæt mid viii scillingum. OE Bounds (Sawyer 99) in W. de G. Birch (1885) I. 240 Þanen andlang streames on Buruhford on foron þa spelstowe. c1155 ( Bounds (Sawyer 508) in S. E. Kelly (2007) 87 Of þare haran apuldre to þan alre stan onforan þam hylle. 1372 in C. Brown (1924) 89 (MED) Ouer al abouten i ledde þe and oforn þe i ȝede. c1380 (1879) 2282 (MED) Alle þe Sarsyns þat a-slowe, þat þay afforn him founde. a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) v. l. 822 (MED) Thegipcienes syhe The fieldes fulle afore here yhe. 1419 Wills of Bury St. Edmunds f. 155, in at Aforn My body to be beryed in þe chercheyerd of Seynt Edm' aforn þe brasene dore. 1472 in H. J. F. Swayne (1896) 7 (MED) Item j cloth to honge a fore the hye rode. 1524 R. Copland tr. J. de Bourbon Syege Cyte of Rodes in sig. Bv Ye turkes army was afore Rodes. 1634 T. Herbert 207 These Vaticinating Boyes, who with their long-spread haire fall flat afore the Idoll. 1653 H. Holcroft tr. Procopius Persian Wars i. 3 in tr. Procopius Perozes..pursued without looking afore him. 1719 D. Defoe 9 I was like a Ship without a Pilot, that could only run afore the Wind. 1827 J. Wilson in June 899 Plenty of life let us howp is yet afore us. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Afore the beam, all the field of view from amidship in a right angle to the ship's keel to the horizon forward. 1895 I. Maclaren vi. ii. 216 He's that thrawn and upsettin', if he didna gae tae the verra front seat afore the poopit. 1967 in S. Marshall ii. ii. 174 They could hardly get one foot afore the other. 2002 N. Tosches 297 It lay plain as day afore us.., but we did not see it in the blindered vision of our more intense and enigmatic searching. the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > antecedence [preposition] > before eOE (Parker) anno 893 Þa gegaderade sio laf eft of Eastenglum & of Norðhymbrum micelne here onforan winter. lOE (Laud) anno 1116 þa ormæte reinas..coman sona onforan August & swiðe gedrehton & geswencton þe gyt þe com Candelmæssan. c1325 (?OE) Writ of Edward the Confessor, Wells (Sawyer 1114) in F. E. Harmer (1952) 281 Ich cuþe hou þat ich wolle þat Gyso bisschop werie now his lond also his forgenge aforen hym er dude. c1380 (1879) 2483 (MED) If he wer now lyues man, afore þis had he come. c1425 (1923) 15 (MED) Oone of them..aforyn the houre of this perell drawyng neir, shewide..al ther cowncell. 1473–4 (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1472 2nd Roll §10. m. 14 Any graunte by oure lettres patentes afore this tyme made. 1535 Sc. Acts Jas. V (1814) 336 in J. Jamieson (1825) Suppl. at Effore Our souerane lorde..now reintegratis & reponis him to the samin state as he wes effore the samin. a1557 J. Cheke tr. (1843) xxiv. 38 As in ye tijm afoor ye flood. 1580 in T. G. Law (1901) 38 All Christian peple afore yow. 1594 R. Crompton f. 197 Fence moneth is alwaies xv daies afore Midsomer and xv daies after. 1611 Isa. xviii. 5 Afore the haruest when the bud is perfect. View more context for this quotation 1660 44 Some..days afore that, there was a Committee. 1728 C. Cibber iv. i. 69 An hundred Pound in the Morning, and want another afore Night! 1789 E. Williams I. iii. 356 And further;—this was the primitive and natural church way, under the Law of nature afore Moses. 1825 E. E. Crowe III. 81 Suppose, for a moment, we had the upper hand here, as we had of ould, and will again, please God! afore long (but ye needn't hear that). 1847 A. Cumming 57 ‘Persuasion,’ says Sarah, ‘I'm o' nae persuasion ava..but a rigid Roman Catholic, as were a' my forbears afore me.’ 1860 C. Dickens 2 Jan. (1997) IX. 191 With a certain dramatic fire in her, whereof I seem to remember having seen sparks afore now. 1920 Aug. 401/1 My folks used ter dwell in Kaintuck wunst, but hit war afore my day. 1994 J. Kelman 133 He had been gony change his life too; even afore this shit. 3. the world > space > place > presence > in the presence of [preposition] c1330 (?a1300) (Auch.) (1973) l. 1388 (MED) Aforn ȝou he wil avowe. c1330 (?c1300) (Auch.) 2756 (MED) Than seyd þemperour on þis maner To þe douke Segyn oforn hem þer. c1380 (1879) 1512 (MED) Vij kynges þo made he come afforn ys owe presaunce. 1435 (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1435 §12. m. 5 That alle persones of the astate of baron..be examyned of their frehold aforseid, afor your chaunceller and tresorer. a1475 Bp. Grossetest's Househ. Stat. (Sloane 1986) in (2002) i. 331 Ete ȝe in the halle afore ȝoure meyny. 1477 Earl Rivers tr. (Caxton) (1877) lf. 7 Be wel ware what ye speke afor your e[n]nemies. c1542 T. Wyatt (1969) viii. 2 My froward master, Afore that Quene I caused to be acited. 1606 sig. C I was carried afore the Constable but yesterday, and they tooke mee vp for a strauagant. 1617 N. Assheton (1848) 45 A maske of noblemen, knights, gentlemen, and courtiers affore the king. 1680 iv. 46 Come afore the Constable. 1736 J. A. Purves 229 He may summon him afore a Judge. 1838 C. Dickens I. xiii. 199 You're getting too proud to own me afore company, are you? 1862 Nov. 782/2 City folks most generally fetch along a lot of traps and finery to show off afore us plowjoggers. 1923 N. Munro xxiii. 107 But to tell ye the truth I didna like yon chrechlin' cough ye had since ye went afore the Tribunal. 1998 J. Feather 66 They want to bring us afore the magistrate wi' a charge of vagrancy. c1390 Charter Abbey Holy Ghost (Laud) in C. Horstmann (1895) I. 349 (MED) Goddys douȝtren pleteden for mannus soule aforn here fadur. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland (Laud 581) (1869) B. xii. l. 81 (MED) Þe iewes knewe hemseluen Gultier, as afor god, and gretter in synne Þan þe woman. c1460 in A. Clark (1907) 47 (MED) And afore þe streyte Jugge þe rewardis of euerlastyng life fynde þey. 1529 T. More f. lxxix Ye shame yt he conceyueth in hys harte..geteth hym grete honour afore god. 1563 sig. Cccc.iv If we suffer to be euyl spoken of, for the loue of Christ, this is thankefull afore God. a1605 W. Haughton (1616) sig. C Now afore God who would not doubt their safety. 1696 T. Dogget iv. ii. 41 Afore God i'll have her search't. 1797 S. J. Pratt III. 346 I have passed my word, afore God and Mrs. Jane.., not to 'peach so as to get him hanged. 1841 122 As I stand afore God..I do pronounce, in His name, anathema against the disobedient. 1899 T. C. Rice 52 I, Jim Pike, afore God (if there is any), give it as my outspoken opinion that jestice is jestice. 1921 C. N. Buck 148 Afore God.., I believes ye're a man! 1998 H. Howell 290 Ye are swearing vows afore God and kinsmen. the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [preposition] > above in importance 1428 in F. J. Furnivall (1882) 82 (MED) Y woll that Symken..woll haue hem [candelstekes] A-fore eny othir man. a1470 T. Malory (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 293 At the feste of Pentecoste in especiall afore other festys in the yere, he wolde nat go that day to mete unto that he had herde other sawe of a grete mervayle. 1477 Earl Rivers tr. (Caxton) (1877) lf. 10v Loke that first affore all thingis ye loue, drede, and obeye, our lord. a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. (Rawl.) (1898) 128 (MED) [A king must be able]..to deme..afor althynge euynly betwene grete men and Smale. 1549 (STC 16267) Euensong f. viv And in thys trinitie, none is afore nor after other. 1569 E. Fenton tr. P. Boaistuau f. 48v Both the Greek & Latin Phisitions do..preferre the nouritures & soueraine goodnesse of fishe afore flesh. 1617 S. Collins iii. 151 Where is then the primacie that you challenge to Peter, if none of the Apostles be afore another, but Christ? 1704 M. Astell 4 The Queen's Power..is the highest Power under God, to whom all Men do, by God's Laws, owe most Loyalty and Obedience afore and above all other Powers. 1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian iv, in 2nd Ser. III. 105 The hammermen of Edinburgh are to my mind afore the world for making stancheons. 1876 L. C. Silke xiii. 135 What are you thinking of, Matt, to be putting of yourself and your likings afore everything else? 1911 E. Phillpotts xxix. 253 A most self-denying man am I, and never yet known to put my good afore any other person's. 1966 J. Clavell xvi. 277 Better I do's it, Fred, afore another. 2008 S. Kearsley (2010) 357 Use your wits afore your weapons. C. conj. = before conj. 1. Now archaic and regional. the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > antecedence [conjunction] > before 1340 (1866) 172 (MED) He ssel mid wylle þenche ane his zennes, auore þet he come to ssrifte. c1450 (1904) I. 8 (MED) Afor his bruther was abbott, he..was a riche man. a1470 in C. L. Kingsford (1919) I. 111 (MED) Thys..schalbe performet on oure behalfe, and affor any rent taken or to be taken. 1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart II. xviii. 34 In that season afore or Fraunces Atremon was putte oute of the towne. 1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour l. 5326 in (1931) I Affore that day be done, Thare salbe signis in Sonne and Mone. 1587 Sir P. Sidney & A. Golding tr. P. de Mornay vi. 93 After he had bin put to death, he tooke his Godhead to him againe, and was very godas he had bin afore ere he came downe into Bodie, Flesh, and Man. 1611 Ezek. xxxiii. 22 In the euening, afore hee that was escaped came. View more context for this quotation 1612 J. Webster sig. G3 As if a man Should know what foule is coffind in a bak't meate Afore you cut it vp. 1684 J. Bunyan ii. 63 That they were hanged afore we came hither. View more context for this quotation 1787 A. Shirrefs iv. ii It lang was fair, afore he thought o' ga'en, And gayly on to evening now was drawn. 1827 J. F. Cooper I. iii. 49 They will be here afore you can find a cover! 1871 H. Cullwick (1984) 163 Missis was alone in the dining room afore the dinner went up. 1905 5 Mar. 7/4 Twa'nt a helluva time afore Eliphalus Knobbs was flat broke. 1992 I. Pattison 115 That was in the old days. Afore I saw the light. Or should I say afore the light saw me. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022). > see alsoalso refers to : afore-prefix <  adv.prep.conj.eOEsee also |
