chromosomen.

Brit.

/ˈkrəʊməsəʊm/,

/ˈkrəʊməzəʊm/, U.S.

/ˈkroʊməˌsoʊm/,

/ˈkroʊməˌzoʊm/

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding; modelled on a German lexical item. Etymons: chromo- comb. form 2, -some comb. form.

Etymology: < chromo- comb. form 2 + -some comb. form, after German Chromosom (W. Waldeyer 1888, in Arch. f. mikroskop. Anat. 32 27).

Biology.

1. Each of the thread-like structures which are present in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and appear as thickened rods during certain stages of cell division, and which consist of a linear molecule of double-stranded DNA intricately folded in a complex association with histones and other proteins.During cell division, the genetic information encoded in the DNA of the chromosomes is transferred from mother to daughter cells by the replication and ordered separation of the chromosomes.See also accessory chromosome n., daughter chromosome, Philadelphia chromosome n., sex chromosome n., X chromosome n., Y chromosome n., etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > genetic components > [noun] > chromosome

chromosome1889

the world > life > biology > substance > cell > cell organelle or contents > [noun] > nucleus > substances or structures of

nuclein1871

nucleoplast1876

nucleoplasm1882

plastin1883

nebenkern1885

nuclear sap1887

chromosome1889

karyotin1925

chromocentre1926

Barr body1961

1889 W. B. Benham tr. W. Waldeyer in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 30 181 I must beg leave to propose a separate technical name ‘chromosome’ for those things which have been called by Boveri ‘chromatic elements’, in which there occurs one of the most important acts in karyokinesis, viz. the longitudinal splitting.

1907 C. E. Walker Essent. Cytol. 99 It has been held that every hereditary character is represented by a chromosome.

1947 Sci. News 5 60 These chromosomes are rod-shaped bodies, which are characteristic in size, number and shape for every form of life—and it is supposed that the ‘genes’, the actual units of heredity, are located on them.

1987 B. Lewin Genes (ed. 3) xxv. 512/2 The minimum features required for existence as a chromosome are the possession of telomeres, a centromere to support segregation, and an origin where replication is initiated.

2016 Sci. Amer. Feb. 7/1 At present, the tests detect major abnormalities—such as three copies of the 21st, 18th or 13th chromosome, which lead, respectively, to Down, Edwards and Patau syndrome.

2. Any of various structures that are functionally analogous to a eukaryotic chromosome, esp. the genetic material, often in the form of a single circular DNA molecule, of a prokaryotic cell or a cellular organelle (cf. genophore n.). Also: any of various artificially synthesized nucleoprotein or nucleic acid sequences.See also artificial chromosome n.

ΚΠ

1932 Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 1932–3 30 112 The cell [of the avian tubercle bacillus] divides and one chromosome is found in each daughter cell.

1951 Sci. Amer. Oct. 23/2 Bacteriophages are obviously smaller than the bacteria on which they prey; it seems doubtful that we shall ever perceive their chromosomes.

1973 Nature 2 Mar. 15/2 A striking exception is provided by phage mu, which can integrate at any point in the chromosome of Escherichia coli.

1987 B. Lewin Genes (ed. 3) xxv. 512/2 The ability to construct a synthetic chromosome offers the potential to investigate the nature of the segregation device in a controlled environment.

2012 Q. Rev. Biol. 87 330/1 The conception of the genetic individual..later came to include the mitochondrial chromosome as well.

Compounds

C1. General use as a modifier.

ΚΠ

1892 Med. Rec. 23 Apr. 455/1 There are an even number of chromosome rods in all cells.

1932 C. D. Darlington Chromosomes & Plant-breeding vi. 22 This is the mechanism by which the chromosome complement is ‘reduced’ so that the germ-cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same kind of chromosomes as those produced by the preceding generation.

1962 Listener 21 June 1071/2 It was at one time thought that chromosome breaks and certain other changes in living cells could be produced only by radiation.

2014 Guardian 29 Mar. (Nanomedicine Suppl.) 4/5 Perhaps, most importantly, chromosome replacement therapy could correct the accumulating genetic damage and mutations that lead to ageing in every one of our cells.

C2.

chromosome number n. the number of chromosomes found in a cell; spec. the number of chromosomes that is characteristic of a given eukaryotic species.The characteristic chromosome number of a species can be represented by n (the number of chromosomes in male or female sex cells) or by the multiple of this (commonly 2n) present in somatic cells; cf. N n. 6d. See also the note at haploid adj.

ΚΠ

1895 Ann. Bot. 9 452 The omission of a spore-formation has, as one of its results, the delaying of that reduction of the chromosome-number which must take place before the next conjugation.

1959 D. G. Catchesme in W. B. Turrill Vistas in Bot. 252 In tissues which have chromosome numbers different from those normal to the organism, for instance polyploid tissues, the amount of DNA present is greater by a factor equal to the degree of polyploidy.

2013 Times (Nexis) 11 July 23 Only three of the embryos were found to have the right chromosome number, and one of these ‘normal’ embryos was then implanted in his mother.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2021).

单词	chromosome
释义	chromosomen. Brit. /ˈkrəʊməsəʊm/, /ˈkrəʊməzəʊm/, U.S. /ˈkroʊməˌsoʊm/, /ˈkroʊməˌzoʊm/ Origin: Formed within English, by compounding; modelled on a German lexical item. Etymons: chromo- comb. form 2, -some comb. form. Etymology: < chromo- comb. form 2 + -some comb. form, after German Chromosom (W. Waldeyer 1888, in Arch. f. mikroskop. Anat. 32 27). Biology. 1. Each of the thread-like structures which are present in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and appear as thickened rods during certain stages of cell division, and which consist of a linear molecule of double-stranded DNA intricately folded in a complex association with histones and other proteins.During cell division, the genetic information encoded in the DNA of the chromosomes is transferred from mother to daughter cells by the replication and ordered separation of the chromosomes.See also accessory chromosome n., daughter chromosome, Philadelphia chromosome n., sex chromosome n., X chromosome n., Y chromosome n., etc. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > genetic components > [noun] > chromosome chromosome1889 the world > life > biology > substance > cell > cell organelle or contents > [noun] > nucleus > substances or structures of nuclein1871 nucleoplast1876 nucleoplasm1882 plastin1883 nebenkern1885 nuclear sap1887 chromosome1889 karyotin1925 chromocentre1926 Barr body1961 1889 W. B. Benham tr. W. Waldeyer in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 30 181 I must beg leave to propose a separate technical name ‘chromosome’ for those things which have been called by Boveri ‘chromatic elements’, in which there occurs one of the most important acts in karyokinesis, viz. the longitudinal splitting. 1907 C. E. Walker Essent. Cytol. 99 It has been held that every hereditary character is represented by a chromosome. 1947 Sci. News 5 60 These chromosomes are rod-shaped bodies, which are characteristic in size, number and shape for every form of life—and it is supposed that the ‘genes’, the actual units of heredity, are located on them. 1987 B. Lewin Genes (ed. 3) xxv. 512/2 The minimum features required for existence as a chromosome are the possession of telomeres, a centromere to support segregation, and an origin where replication is initiated. 2016 Sci. Amer. Feb. 7/1 At present, the tests detect major abnormalities—such as three copies of the 21st, 18th or 13th chromosome, which lead, respectively, to Down, Edwards and Patau syndrome. 2. Any of various structures that are functionally analogous to a eukaryotic chromosome, esp. the genetic material, often in the form of a single circular DNA molecule, of a prokaryotic cell or a cellular organelle (cf. genophore n.). Also: any of various artificially synthesized nucleoprotein or nucleic acid sequences.See also artificial chromosome n. ΚΠ 1932 Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 1932–3 30 112 The cell [of the avian tubercle bacillus] divides and one chromosome is found in each daughter cell. 1951 Sci. Amer. Oct. 23/2 Bacteriophages are obviously smaller than the bacteria on which they prey; it seems doubtful that we shall ever perceive their chromosomes. 1973 Nature 2 Mar. 15/2 A striking exception is provided by phage mu, which can integrate at any point in the chromosome of Escherichia coli. 1987 B. Lewin Genes (ed. 3) xxv. 512/2 The ability to construct a synthetic chromosome offers the potential to investigate the nature of the segregation device in a controlled environment. 2012 Q. Rev. Biol. 87 330/1 The conception of the genetic individual..later came to include the mitochondrial chromosome as well. Compounds C1. General use as a modifier. ΚΠ 1892 Med. Rec. 23 Apr. 455/1 There are an even number of chromosome rods in all cells. 1932 C. D. Darlington Chromosomes & Plant-breeding vi. 22 This is the mechanism by which the chromosome complement is ‘reduced’ so that the germ-cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same kind of chromosomes as those produced by the preceding generation. 1962 Listener 21 June 1071/2 It was at one time thought that chromosome breaks and certain other changes in living cells could be produced only by radiation. 2014 Guardian 29 Mar. (Nanomedicine Suppl.) 4/5 Perhaps, most importantly, chromosome replacement therapy could correct the accumulating genetic damage and mutations that lead to ageing in every one of our cells. C2. chromosome number n. the number of chromosomes found in a cell; spec. the number of chromosomes that is characteristic of a given eukaryotic species.The characteristic chromosome number of a species can be represented by n (the number of chromosomes in male or female sex cells) or by the multiple of this (commonly 2n) present in somatic cells; cf. N n. 6d. See also the note at haploid adj. ΚΠ 1895 Ann. Bot. 9 452 The omission of a spore-formation has, as one of its results, the delaying of that reduction of the chromosome-number which must take place before the next conjugation. 1959 D. G. Catchesme in W. B. Turrill Vistas in Bot. 252 In tissues which have chromosome numbers different from those normal to the organism, for instance polyploid tissues, the amount of DNA present is greater by a factor equal to the degree of polyploidy. 2013 Times (Nexis) 11 July 23 Only three of the embryos were found to have the right chromosome number, and one of these ‘normal’ embryos was then implanted in his mother. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2021). < n.1889
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