chemo-comb. form

Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly.

Forms: 1700s (1900s– historical) chymio-, 1800s– chemio- (now rare), 1800s– chemo-. Before a vowel also chem-.

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding; modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: chemical adj., -o- connective.

Etymology: < chem- (in chemical adj.) + -o- connective. In the form chemio- < chemi- (in chemical adj.) + -o- connective, probably after French chimio-. Compare German chemo- . Compare chemico- comb. form.The English combining form is first attested in some apparently isolated formations in the 18th and early 19th centuries, e.g. chemo-statical adj. and chemolytical adj. Further formations are found in the second half of the 19th cent., mostly after German models (e.g. chemotaxis n., chemotropism n.), but not in all cases (compare chemolysis n.). Formations become common in the 20th cent. Formations in German are found from the second half of the 19th cent; compare e.g. Chemosmose chemiosmosis n., Chemotaxis chemotaxis n. The French form is attested earliest in 1855 in an apparently isolated example (chimiothérapie chemotherapy n.). Formations in French are subsequently found from the late 19th cent. (e.g. chimiotaxisme : see chemotactism n.). The variant chemio- is rare in English and chiefly restricted to a small number of late 19th-cent. formations of the same semantic group (chemotaxis n., chemotactic adj., chemotropic adj.); a similar variant chymio- occurs in the 18th cent. in chemo-statical adj. . Compare also some mid to late 19th-cent. formations formed < chemi- (in chemical adj.): chemigraphy n., chemitype n., and chemiluminescence n., all of which have German models. Usually combining with second elements ultimately of Latin or Greek origin.

Forming words with the sense ‘of or relating to chemical substances, properties, or phenomena’.

chemoarchitecture n.

Brit.

/ˌkiːməʊˈɑːkᵻtɛktʃə/

/ˌkɛməʊˈɑːkᵻtɛktʃə/

U.S.

/ˌkimoʊˈɑrkəˌtɛk(t)ʃər/

/ˌkɛmoʊˈɑrkəˌtɛk(t)ʃər/

Physiology the distribution of neurotransmitters or other physiologically active substances within the tissues of the brain and nervous system; the structure and relationships of cells and tissues considered in this respect.

ΚΠ

1950 W. Ashby in Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 112 425 The object of this paper is to emphasize the fact of a chemoarchitecture of the central nervous system.

1981 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78 5871/2 This chemoarchitecture could be important in determining the effects of certain drug treatments on striatal function.

1997 K. M. Newell in W. E. MacLean Ellis' Handbk. Mental Deficiency (ed. 3) xi. 294 Social deprivation of infant rhesus monkeys alters the chemoarchitecture of the peptidergic and dopaminergic systems within the basal ganglia.

chemoattractant n.

Brit.

/ˌkiːməʊəˈtrakt(ə)nt/

/ˌkɛməʊəˈtrakt(ə)nt/

U.S.

/ˌkimoʊəˈtrækt(ə)nt/

/ˌkɛmoʊəˈtrækt(ə)nt/

Physiology a substance (esp. a protein) which attracts a particular kind of motile cell, microorganism, etc.; frequently attributive.

ΚΠ

1969 Chesapeake Sci. 10 86/1 There is a possibility that larvae, in sett[l]ing, respond to certain chemoattractants, e.g., shell protein.

1988 Nature 22 Dec. 775/1 Neuronal growth cones are guided by gradients of chemoattractant molecules emanating from their intermediate or final cellular targets.

2001 F. M. Harold Way of Cell vii. 141 Chemoattractants..direct the movements of slime-mold amoebas by eliciting..pseudopod protrusion.

chemoattraction n.

Brit.

/ˌkiːməʊəˈtrakʃn/

/ˌkɛməʊəˈtrakʃn/

U.S.

/ˌkimoʊəˈtrækʃ(ə)n/

/ˌkɛmoʊəˈtrækʃ(ə)n/

Physiology the attraction of motile cells by chemoattractants.

ΚΠ

1970 Jrnl. Parasitol. 56 271 These structures may be involved not only in chemo-attraction, but also in tactile recognition of species.

1992 S. C. Miller & W. S. S. Jee in B. K. Hall Bone Metabolism & Mineralization IV. i. 13 It is possible that the bone lining cells may retract and expose the ‘bare’ bone surface and thus initiate the signal for the chemoattraction of osteoclasts.

2007 Neurotherapeutics 4 696/2 Recruitment of leukocytes into the CNS occurs in a cascade of events, including chemoattraction, cell adhesion..and proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix.

chemoattractive adj.

Brit.

/ˌkiːməʊəˈtraktɪv/

/ˌkɛməʊəˈtraktɪv/

U.S.

/ˌkimoʊəˈtræktɪv/

/ˌkɛmoʊəˈtræktɪv/

Physiology of the nature of a chemoattractant; serving to attract motile cells chemically.

ΚΠ

1973 Nature 16 Nov. 167/2 Feeding individuals [sc. starfishes] exert a chemo-attractive influence on hungry starfishes nearby.

1998 Science 2 Jan. 9/2 If chemoattractive signals tell developing axons to extend toward the embryonic midline, how do those same axons ever leave the midline and depart for the other side?

2006 Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 60 273/2 Chemokines are a superfamily of small molecule chemoattractive cytokines that mediate several cellular functions.

chemoimmunotherapy n.

Brit.

/ˌkiːməʊˌɪmjᵿnəʊˈθɛrəpi/

/ˌkiːməʊɪˌmjuːnəʊˈθɛrəpi/

/ˌkɛməʊˌɪmjᵿnəʊˈθɛrəpi/

/ˌkɛməʊɪˌmjuːnəʊˈθɛrəpi/

U.S.

/ˌkimoʊˌɪmjənoʊˈθɛrəpi/

/ˌkimoʊəˈmjunoʊˈθɛrəpi/

/ˌkɛmoʊˌɪmjənoʊˈθɛrəpi/

/ˌkɛmoʊəˈmjunoʊˈθɛrəpi/

Medicine the combination of chemotherapy with immunotherapy, used for the treatment of various types of cancer.

ΚΠ

1971 Internat. Jrnl. Cancer 8 364 Adaptive chemoimmunotherapy of a Moloney lymphoma.

1993 Dog World Feb. 159/1 By using chemoimmunotherapy, survival times have increased to an average of 17 months compared with six to 10 months.

2003 T. F. Gajewski in E. E. Vokes & H. M. Golomb Oncol. Therapies (ed. 2) 637/2 In metastatic melanoma, the most important question is whether chemoimmunotherapy is superior to chemotherapy alone.

chemomechanical adj.

Brit.

/ˌkiːməʊmᵻˈkanᵻkl/

/ˌkɛməʊmᵻˈkanᵻkl/

U.S.

/ˌkimoʊməˈkænək(ə)l/

/ˌkɛmoʊməˈkænək(ə)l/

relating to or involving both chemical and mechanical action; esp. designating a process in which a substance is treated first chemically then mechanically.

ΚΠ

1917 Condensed Catal. Mech. Equipm. 7 ii. 635/2 Water Purifying Plants... Chemo-Mechanical Water Improvement Co., Bulletin Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa.

1955 U.S. Patent 2,713,540 19 July 1/1 Our invention relates to a pulping process lying between the above described chemical and mechanical processes, and may be called a chemo-mechanical process.

1979 Agric. Hist. 53 118 The chemomechanical farming systems that now prevail have been a major..influence in causing the shifts in cotton between regions.

2005 A. Qualtrough et al. Princ. Operative Dentistry ii. 33 Chemomechanical caries removal involves the application of a gel to tooth tissue. This selectively softens the carious dentine, thus facilitating its removal.

chemophobia n.

Brit.

/ˌkiːmə(ʊ)ˈfəʊbɪə/

/ˌkɛmə(ʊ)ˈfəʊbɪə/

U.S.

/ˌkiməˈfoʊbiə/

/ˌkimoʊˈfoʊbiə/

/ˌkɛməˈfoʊbiə/

/ˌkɛmoʊˈfoʊbiə/

a fear of chemicals, esp. as used in artificial food products or industrial processes.

ΚΠ

1962 J. C. Ayres Chem. & Biol. Hazards in Food 15 Excesses in food production, in food consumption,..and in an excessively apprehensive state of ‘chemophobia’.

1987 Science Apr. 277/2 We..need to work out some balance between chemophobia..and sensible management of industrial chemicals.

2002 Guardian (Nexis) 25 Sept. 9 Concerns about flame retardants were mere ‘chemical paranoia or chemophobia’.

chemopreventative adj. and n.

Brit.

/ˌkiːmə(ʊ)prᵻˈvɛntətɪv/

/ˌkɛmə(ʊ)prᵻˈvɛntətɪv/

U.S.

/ˌkimoʊprəˈvɛn(t)ədɪv/

/ˌkimoʊpriˈvɛn(t)ədɪv/

/ˌkɛmoʊprəˈvɛn(t)ədɪv/

/ˌkɛmoʊpriˈvɛn(t)ədɪv/

Medicine (a) adj.= chemopreventive adj.; (b) n.= chemopreventive n.

ΚΠ

1980 Jrnl. Nutrition 110 1633/1 One possibility for the chemopreventative action of vitamin A is that its effects are somehow related to an enhancement of the immune response.

1988 Jrnl. Dermatol. Surg. & Oncol. 14 902 A number of these [anticarcinogens] hold promise as safe and effective chemopreventatives in reducing the morbidity and mortality of cancer in human skin.

1999 New Scientist 23 Jan. 74/2 (advt.) The lecturer will conduct pre-clinical and clinical pharmacological studies on cancer chemopreventative agents.

2005 Houston (Texas) Chron. (Nexis) 28 Sept. a20 Phytoestrogens might act as a chemopreventative in lung and other cancers.

chemoprophylactic adj.

Brit.

/ˌkiːməʊˌprɒfᵻˈlaktɪk/

/ˌkɛməʊˌprɒfᵻˈlaktɪk/

U.S.

/ˌkimoʊˌproʊfəˈlæktɪk/

/ˌkɛmoʊˌproʊfəˈlæktɪk/

of, relating to, or producing chemoprophylaxis.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by medicine or drug > [adjective] > prevention of disease by administering drugs

chemoprophylactic1931

chemopreventive1976

1931 Lancet 15 Aug. 359/2 We use the word chemoprophylactic intentionally, for, although it is not yet to be found in technical dictionaries, it is a better descriptive term than chemotherapeutic for experiments of the kind recorded.

1975 Nature 20 Mar. 169/1 Two trials have also been carried out in India using sulphones for their protective or chemoprophylactic effect by giving them to healthy people.

2005 J. M. Greig & C. J. Ellis in K. Gardiner & J. M. Harrington Occup. Hygiene (ed. 3) iv. xxiii. 351/2 As well as avoiding mosquito bites,..those travelling to high-risk areas should take a chemoprophylactic agent.

chemoprophylaxis n.

Brit.

/ˌkiːməʊˌprɒfᵻˈlaksɪs/

/ˌkɛməʊˌprɒfᵻˈlaksɪs/

U.S.

/ˌkimoʊˌproʊfəˈlæksəs/

/ˌkɛmoʊˌproʊfəˈlæksəs/

the prevention of a disease, esp. an infectious disease, by the administration of drugs; cf. chemoprevention n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by medicine or drug > [noun] > in order to prevent disease

chemoprophylaxis1931

chemoprevention1966

1931 Lancet 15 Aug. 360/1 From now onwards, chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy may play a larger part in the control of malaria than they have done hitherto.

1989 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 27 May 1422/1 The two babies with reflux were receiving chemoprophylaxis, and neither had a urinary tract infection.

2004 P. R. Donald in M. M. Madkour Tuberculosis xvi. 259/2 A number of controlled clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of isoniazid chemoprophylaxis when given to children and adults.

chemoradiotherapy n.

Brit.

/ˌkiːməʊˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈθɛrəpi/

/ˌkɛməʊˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈθɛrəpi/

U.S.

/ˌkimoʊˌreɪdioʊˈθɛrəpi/

/ˌkɛmoʊˌreɪdioʊˈθɛrəpi/

Medicine the combination of chemotherapy with radiotherapy, used in the treatment of various types of cancer.

ΚΠ

1965 Jrnl. Philippine Med. Assoc. 41 467 (title) Chemo-radiotherapy and surgery in nasopharyngeal cancer—a preliminary report.

1982 Lancet 10 Apr. 858/2 The patient received chemoradiotherapy and transplantation of bone marrow from his HLA-identical sister.

2003 B. W. Stewart & P. Kleihues World Cancer Rep. v. 235/2 A combined approach, chemoradiotherapy, appears to increase overall survival.

chemoreflex n.

Brit.

/ˌkiːməʊˈriːflɛks/

/ˌkɛməʊˈriːflɛks/

U.S.

/ˌkimoʊˈriˌflɛks/

/ˌkɛmoʊˈriˌflɛks/

Physiology a reflex response to a chemical stimulus; frequently attributive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > movement > movement in response to stimuli > [noun] > response to chemical

chemotaxis1888

chemotropism1890

chemoreflex1898

chemokinesis1900

chemotactism1903

1898 Mind 7 438 Each hive has its ‘nest-substance’, individually produced, and the treatment of ‘friends’ and ‘foes’ is a simple chemo-reflex.

1974 V. B. Mountcastle et al. Med. Physiol. (ed. 13) II. lxi. 1440/2 Chemoreflex bombardment of centers inactivated by hypoxia or depressant drugs..can sustain respiration.

2001 Environmental Health Perspectives 109 585/1 Inhalation of cigarette smoke..into the lungs elicits pulmonary chemoreflexes.

chemosphere n.

Brit.

/ˈkiːməsfɪə/

/ˈkɛməsfɪə/

U.S.

/ˈkiməˌsfɪ(ə)r/

/ˈkɛməˌsfɪ(ə)r/

a region of the upper atmosphere in which photochemical reactions take place, usually regarded as corresponding to the upper stratosphere and the mesosphere.

ΚΠ

1950 Newsweek 16 Oct. 53 Physicist J. Kaplan..revealed that a region 26 to 70 miles above the earth (he called it the ‘chemosphere’) appears to be rich in the hydroxyl molecule.

1957 F. H. Forrester 1001 Questions answered about Weather ii. 22 The chemosphere is a layer of considerable chemical activity involving the breakup of water and carbon dioxide molecules by short-wave radiation.

1996 E. Ramsden Chem. of Environment ii. 9 The mesosphere (sometimes called the chemosphere) has very low concentrations of species that can absorb radiation.

2000 H. F. Hemond & E. J. Fechner-Levy Chem. Fate & Transport in Environment (ed. 2) iv. 284 The upper portion of the stratosphere is considered part of the chemosphere because much of the absorbed energy initiates chemical reactions.

chemosterilant n.

Brit.

/ˌkiːməʊˈstɛrᵻlənt/

/ˌkiːməʊˈstɛrᵻln̩t/

/ˌkɛməʊˈstɛrᵻlənt/

/ˌkɛməʊˈstɛrᵻln̩t/

U.S.

/ˌkimoʊˈstɛrələnt/

/ˌkɛmoʊˈstɛrələnt/

a chemical substance which inhibits an organism's ability to reproduce.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > infertility > [noun] > rendering > agent

sterilant1961

chemosterilant1962

1962 Sci. News Let. 20 Jan. 36/2 Now research will be aimed at finding how, when and where to apply chemosterilants to specific insects.

1966 Bull. Entomol. Res. 56 649 (title) Effect of the chemosterilant TEPA on Glossina morsitans Westw.

2000 Jrnl. Appl. Ecol. 37 17/1 Chemosterilants have been successful in reducing the fecundity of some free-ranging vertebrates in North America.

chemosurgery n.

Brit.

/ˌkiːməʊˈsəːdʒ(ə)ri/

/ˌkɛməʊˈsəːdʒ(ə)ri/

U.S.

/ˌkimoʊˈsərdʒ(ə)ri/

/ˌkɛmoʊˈsərdʒ(ə)ri/

Medicine a method of treating a cancer, esp. of the skin, in which the tumour is excised in layers with histological examination of its entire undersurface and other margins.The original technique used chemical fixation of the abnormal tissue with zinc chloride paste prior to its removal.

ΚΠ

1940 Wisconsin State Jrnl. 6 Dec. 1/7 Chemosurgery has distinct advantages over other current cancer treatments for its particular fields, according to Dr. Mohs.

1978 F. E. Mohs (title) Chemosurgery: microscopically controlled surgery for skin cancer.

1982 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 82 283 Because the chemical fixative paste is no longer used today, the name chemosurgery is not an accurate description of the technique.

2006 F. M. Berardo Living is Risky iii. 34 A treatment known as chemosurgery..apparently provides an almost 99 percent chance for cure if the affliction [sc. skin cancer] is caught in time.

chemo-statical adj.

Brit.

/ˌkiːməʊˈstatᵻkl/

/ˌkɛməʊˈstatᵻkl/

U.S.

/ˌkimoʊˈstædək(ə)l/

/ˌkɛmoʊˈstædək(ə)l/

(in form chymiostatical now historical) (in the terminology of Stephen Hales) relating to processes and experiments in the natural sciences which supposed air to be ‘fixed’, i.e. rendered inelastic when used for respiration by living organisms or otherwise incorporated into the substance of animate or inanimate objects.The process was considered to be reversed on exhalation, decomposition, etc.

ΚΠ

1727 S. Hales Veg. Staticks vi. 185 (heading) A Specimen of an attempt to analyze the Air by a great variety of Chymio-statical Experiments, which shew in how great a proportion Air is wrought into the Composition of Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral Substances [etc].

2000 Isis 91 738 Heavily influenced by Newton, he was, in his ‘analysis of the air,’ guided both conceptually and in the choice of objects for his ‘chymio-statical’ experiments by the well-known query 31 of Newton's Opticks.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	chemo-
释义	chemo-comb. form Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly. Forms: 1700s (1900s– historical) chymio-, 1800s– chemio- (now rare), 1800s– chemo-. Before a vowel also chem-. Origin: Formed within English, by compounding; modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: chemical adj., -o- connective. Etymology: < chem- (in chemical adj.) + -o- connective. In the form chemio- < chemi- (in chemical adj.) + -o- connective, probably after French chimio-. Compare German chemo- . Compare chemico- comb. form.The English combining form is first attested in some apparently isolated formations in the 18th and early 19th centuries, e.g. chemo-statical adj. and chemolytical adj. Further formations are found in the second half of the 19th cent., mostly after German models (e.g. chemotaxis n., chemotropism n.), but not in all cases (compare chemolysis n.). Formations become common in the 20th cent. Formations in German are found from the second half of the 19th cent; compare e.g. Chemosmose chemiosmosis n., Chemotaxis chemotaxis n. The French form is attested earliest in 1855 in an apparently isolated example (chimiothérapie chemotherapy n.). Formations in French are subsequently found from the late 19th cent. (e.g. chimiotaxisme : see chemotactism n.). The variant chemio- is rare in English and chiefly restricted to a small number of late 19th-cent. formations of the same semantic group (chemotaxis n., chemotactic adj., chemotropic adj.); a similar variant chymio- occurs in the 18th cent. in chemo-statical adj. . Compare also some mid to late 19th-cent. formations formed < chemi- (in chemical adj.): chemigraphy n., chemitype n., and chemiluminescence n., all of which have German models. Usually combining with second elements ultimately of Latin or Greek origin. Forming words with the sense ‘of or relating to chemical substances, properties, or phenomena’. chemoarchitecture n. Brit. /ˌkiːməʊˈɑːkᵻtɛktʃə/ , /ˌkɛməʊˈɑːkᵻtɛktʃə/ , U.S. /ˌkimoʊˈɑrkəˌtɛk(t)ʃər/ , /ˌkɛmoʊˈɑrkəˌtɛk(t)ʃər/ Physiology the distribution of neurotransmitters or other physiologically active substances within the tissues of the brain and nervous system; the structure and relationships of cells and tissues considered in this respect. ΚΠ 1950 W. Ashby in Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 112 425 The object of this paper is to emphasize the fact of a chemoarchitecture of the central nervous system. 1981 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78 5871/2 This chemoarchitecture could be important in determining the effects of certain drug treatments on striatal function. 1997 K. M. Newell in W. E. MacLean Ellis' Handbk. Mental Deficiency (ed. 3) xi. 294 Social deprivation of infant rhesus monkeys alters the chemoarchitecture of the peptidergic and dopaminergic systems within the basal ganglia. chemoattractant n. Brit. /ˌkiːməʊəˈtrakt(ə)nt/ , /ˌkɛməʊəˈtrakt(ə)nt/ , U.S. /ˌkimoʊəˈtrækt(ə)nt/ , /ˌkɛmoʊəˈtrækt(ə)nt/ Physiology a substance (esp. a protein) which attracts a particular kind of motile cell, microorganism, etc.; frequently attributive. ΚΠ 1969 Chesapeake Sci. 10 86/1 There is a possibility that larvae, in sett[l]ing, respond to certain chemoattractants, e.g., shell protein. 1988 Nature 22 Dec. 775/1 Neuronal growth cones are guided by gradients of chemoattractant molecules emanating from their intermediate or final cellular targets. 2001 F. M. Harold Way of Cell vii. 141 Chemoattractants..direct the movements of slime-mold amoebas by eliciting..pseudopod protrusion. chemoattraction n. Brit. /ˌkiːməʊəˈtrakʃn/ , /ˌkɛməʊəˈtrakʃn/ , U.S. /ˌkimoʊəˈtrækʃ(ə)n/ , /ˌkɛmoʊəˈtrækʃ(ə)n/ Physiology the attraction of motile cells by chemoattractants. ΚΠ 1970 Jrnl. Parasitol. 56 271 These structures may be involved not only in chemo-attraction, but also in tactile recognition of species. 1992 S. C. Miller & W. S. S. Jee in B. K. Hall Bone Metabolism & Mineralization IV. i. 13 It is possible that the bone lining cells may retract and expose the ‘bare’ bone surface and thus initiate the signal for the chemoattraction of osteoclasts. 2007 Neurotherapeutics 4 696/2 Recruitment of leukocytes into the CNS occurs in a cascade of events, including chemoattraction, cell adhesion..and proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix. chemoattractive adj. Brit. /ˌkiːməʊəˈtraktɪv/ , /ˌkɛməʊəˈtraktɪv/ , U.S. /ˌkimoʊəˈtræktɪv/ , /ˌkɛmoʊəˈtræktɪv/ Physiology of the nature of a chemoattractant; serving to attract motile cells chemically. ΚΠ 1973 Nature 16 Nov. 167/2 Feeding individuals [sc. starfishes] exert a chemo-attractive influence on hungry starfishes nearby. 1998 Science 2 Jan. 9/2 If chemoattractive signals tell developing axons to extend toward the embryonic midline, how do those same axons ever leave the midline and depart for the other side? 2006 Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 60 273/2 Chemokines are a superfamily of small molecule chemoattractive cytokines that mediate several cellular functions. chemoimmunotherapy n. Brit. /ˌkiːməʊˌɪmjᵿnəʊˈθɛrəpi/ , /ˌkiːməʊɪˌmjuːnəʊˈθɛrəpi/ , /ˌkɛməʊˌɪmjᵿnəʊˈθɛrəpi/ , /ˌkɛməʊɪˌmjuːnəʊˈθɛrəpi/ , U.S. /ˌkimoʊˌɪmjənoʊˈθɛrəpi/ , /ˌkimoʊəˈmjunoʊˈθɛrəpi/ , /ˌkɛmoʊˌɪmjənoʊˈθɛrəpi/ , /ˌkɛmoʊəˈmjunoʊˈθɛrəpi/ Medicine the combination of chemotherapy with immunotherapy, used for the treatment of various types of cancer. ΚΠ 1971 Internat. Jrnl. Cancer 8 364 Adaptive chemoimmunotherapy of a Moloney lymphoma. 1993 Dog World Feb. 159/1 By using chemoimmunotherapy, survival times have increased to an average of 17 months compared with six to 10 months. 2003 T. F. Gajewski in E. E. Vokes & H. M. Golomb Oncol. Therapies (ed. 2) 637/2 In metastatic melanoma, the most important question is whether chemoimmunotherapy is superior to chemotherapy alone. chemomechanical adj. Brit. /ˌkiːməʊmᵻˈkanᵻkl/ , /ˌkɛməʊmᵻˈkanᵻkl/ , U.S. /ˌkimoʊməˈkænək(ə)l/ , /ˌkɛmoʊməˈkænək(ə)l/ relating to or involving both chemical and mechanical action; esp. designating a process in which a substance is treated first chemically then mechanically. ΚΠ 1917 Condensed Catal. Mech. Equipm. 7 ii. 635/2 Water Purifying Plants... Chemo-Mechanical Water Improvement Co., Bulletin Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. 1955 U.S. Patent 2,713,540 19 July 1/1 Our invention relates to a pulping process lying between the above described chemical and mechanical processes, and may be called a chemo-mechanical process. 1979 Agric. Hist. 53 118 The chemomechanical farming systems that now prevail have been a major..influence in causing the shifts in cotton between regions. 2005 A. Qualtrough et al. Princ. Operative Dentistry ii. 33 Chemomechanical caries removal involves the application of a gel to tooth tissue. This selectively softens the carious dentine, thus facilitating its removal. chemophobia n. Brit. /ˌkiːmə(ʊ)ˈfəʊbɪə/ , /ˌkɛmə(ʊ)ˈfəʊbɪə/ , U.S. /ˌkiməˈfoʊbiə/ , /ˌkimoʊˈfoʊbiə/ , /ˌkɛməˈfoʊbiə/ , /ˌkɛmoʊˈfoʊbiə/ a fear of chemicals, esp. as used in artificial food products or industrial processes. ΚΠ 1962 J. C. Ayres Chem. & Biol. Hazards in Food 15 Excesses in food production, in food consumption,..and in an excessively apprehensive state of ‘chemophobia’. 1987 Science Apr. 277/2 We..need to work out some balance between chemophobia..and sensible management of industrial chemicals. 2002 Guardian (Nexis) 25 Sept. 9 Concerns about flame retardants were mere ‘chemical paranoia or chemophobia’. chemopreventative adj. and n. Brit. /ˌkiːmə(ʊ)prᵻˈvɛntətɪv/ , /ˌkɛmə(ʊ)prᵻˈvɛntətɪv/ , U.S. /ˌkimoʊprəˈvɛn(t)ədɪv/ , /ˌkimoʊpriˈvɛn(t)ədɪv/ , /ˌkɛmoʊprəˈvɛn(t)ədɪv/ , /ˌkɛmoʊpriˈvɛn(t)ədɪv/ Medicine (a) adj.= chemopreventive adj.; (b) n.= chemopreventive n. ΚΠ 1980 Jrnl. Nutrition 110 1633/1 One possibility for the chemopreventative action of vitamin A is that its effects are somehow related to an enhancement of the immune response. 1988 Jrnl. Dermatol. Surg. & Oncol. 14 902 A number of these [anticarcinogens] hold promise as safe and effective chemopreventatives in reducing the morbidity and mortality of cancer in human skin. 1999 New Scientist 23 Jan. 74/2 (advt.) The lecturer will conduct pre-clinical and clinical pharmacological studies on cancer chemopreventative agents. 2005 Houston (Texas) Chron. (Nexis) 28 Sept. a20 Phytoestrogens might act as a chemopreventative in lung and other cancers. chemoprophylactic adj. Brit. /ˌkiːməʊˌprɒfᵻˈlaktɪk/ , /ˌkɛməʊˌprɒfᵻˈlaktɪk/ , U.S. /ˌkimoʊˌproʊfəˈlæktɪk/ , /ˌkɛmoʊˌproʊfəˈlæktɪk/ of, relating to, or producing chemoprophylaxis. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by medicine or drug > [adjective] > prevention of disease by administering drugs chemoprophylactic1931 chemopreventive1976 1931 Lancet 15 Aug. 359/2 We use the word chemoprophylactic intentionally, for, although it is not yet to be found in technical dictionaries, it is a better descriptive term than chemotherapeutic for experiments of the kind recorded. 1975 Nature 20 Mar. 169/1 Two trials have also been carried out in India using sulphones for their protective or chemoprophylactic effect by giving them to healthy people. 2005 J. M. Greig & C. J. Ellis in K. Gardiner & J. M. Harrington Occup. Hygiene (ed. 3) iv. xxiii. 351/2 As well as avoiding mosquito bites,..those travelling to high-risk areas should take a chemoprophylactic agent. chemoprophylaxis n. Brit. /ˌkiːməʊˌprɒfᵻˈlaksɪs/ , /ˌkɛməʊˌprɒfᵻˈlaksɪs/ , U.S. /ˌkimoʊˌproʊfəˈlæksəs/ , /ˌkɛmoʊˌproʊfəˈlæksəs/ the prevention of a disease, esp. an infectious disease, by the administration of drugs; cf. chemoprevention n. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by medicine or drug > [noun] > in order to prevent disease chemoprophylaxis1931 chemoprevention1966 1931 Lancet 15 Aug. 360/1 From now onwards, chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy may play a larger part in the control of malaria than they have done hitherto. 1989 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 27 May 1422/1 The two babies with reflux were receiving chemoprophylaxis, and neither had a urinary tract infection. 2004 P. R. Donald in M. M. Madkour Tuberculosis xvi. 259/2 A number of controlled clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of isoniazid chemoprophylaxis when given to children and adults. chemoradiotherapy n. Brit. /ˌkiːməʊˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈθɛrəpi/ , /ˌkɛməʊˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈθɛrəpi/ , U.S. /ˌkimoʊˌreɪdioʊˈθɛrəpi/ , /ˌkɛmoʊˌreɪdioʊˈθɛrəpi/ Medicine the combination of chemotherapy with radiotherapy, used in the treatment of various types of cancer. ΚΠ 1965 Jrnl. Philippine Med. Assoc. 41 467 (title) Chemo-radiotherapy and surgery in nasopharyngeal cancer—a preliminary report. 1982 Lancet 10 Apr. 858/2 The patient received chemoradiotherapy and transplantation of bone marrow from his HLA-identical sister. 2003 B. W. Stewart & P. Kleihues World Cancer Rep. v. 235/2 A combined approach, chemoradiotherapy, appears to increase overall survival. chemoreflex n. Brit. /ˌkiːməʊˈriːflɛks/ , /ˌkɛməʊˈriːflɛks/ , U.S. /ˌkimoʊˈriˌflɛks/ , /ˌkɛmoʊˈriˌflɛks/ Physiology a reflex response to a chemical stimulus; frequently attributive. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > movement > movement in response to stimuli > [noun] > response to chemical chemotaxis1888 chemotropism1890 chemoreflex1898 chemokinesis1900 chemotactism1903 1898 Mind 7 438 Each hive has its ‘nest-substance’, individually produced, and the treatment of ‘friends’ and ‘foes’ is a simple chemo-reflex. 1974 V. B. Mountcastle et al. Med. Physiol. (ed. 13) II. lxi. 1440/2 Chemoreflex bombardment of centers inactivated by hypoxia or depressant drugs..can sustain respiration. 2001 Environmental Health Perspectives 109 585/1 Inhalation of cigarette smoke..into the lungs elicits pulmonary chemoreflexes. chemosphere n. Brit. /ˈkiːməsfɪə/ , /ˈkɛməsfɪə/ , U.S. /ˈkiməˌsfɪ(ə)r/ , /ˈkɛməˌsfɪ(ə)r/ a region of the upper atmosphere in which photochemical reactions take place, usually regarded as corresponding to the upper stratosphere and the mesosphere. ΚΠ 1950 Newsweek 16 Oct. 53 Physicist J. Kaplan..revealed that a region 26 to 70 miles above the earth (he called it the ‘chemosphere’) appears to be rich in the hydroxyl molecule. 1957 F. H. Forrester 1001 Questions answered about Weather ii. 22 The chemosphere is a layer of considerable chemical activity involving the breakup of water and carbon dioxide molecules by short-wave radiation. 1996 E. Ramsden Chem. of Environment ii. 9 The mesosphere (sometimes called the chemosphere) has very low concentrations of species that can absorb radiation. 2000 H. F. Hemond & E. J. Fechner-Levy Chem. Fate & Transport in Environment (ed. 2) iv. 284 The upper portion of the stratosphere is considered part of the chemosphere because much of the absorbed energy initiates chemical reactions. chemosterilant n. Brit. /ˌkiːməʊˈstɛrᵻlənt/ , /ˌkiːməʊˈstɛrᵻln̩t/ , /ˌkɛməʊˈstɛrᵻlənt/ , /ˌkɛməʊˈstɛrᵻln̩t/ , U.S. /ˌkimoʊˈstɛrələnt/ , /ˌkɛmoʊˈstɛrələnt/ a chemical substance which inhibits an organism's ability to reproduce. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > infertility > [noun] > rendering > agent sterilant1961 chemosterilant1962 1962 Sci. News Let. 20 Jan. 36/2 Now research will be aimed at finding how, when and where to apply chemosterilants to specific insects. 1966 Bull. Entomol. Res. 56 649 (title) Effect of the chemosterilant TEPA on Glossina morsitans Westw. 2000 Jrnl. Appl. Ecol. 37 17/1 Chemosterilants have been successful in reducing the fecundity of some free-ranging vertebrates in North America. chemosurgery n. Brit. /ˌkiːməʊˈsəːdʒ(ə)ri/ , /ˌkɛməʊˈsəːdʒ(ə)ri/ , U.S. /ˌkimoʊˈsərdʒ(ə)ri/ , /ˌkɛmoʊˈsərdʒ(ə)ri/ Medicine a method of treating a cancer, esp. of the skin, in which the tumour is excised in layers with histological examination of its entire undersurface and other margins.The original technique used chemical fixation of the abnormal tissue with zinc chloride paste prior to its removal. ΚΠ 1940 Wisconsin State Jrnl. 6 Dec. 1/7 Chemosurgery has distinct advantages over other current cancer treatments for its particular fields, according to Dr. Mohs. 1978 F. E. Mohs (title) Chemosurgery: microscopically controlled surgery for skin cancer. 1982 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 82 283 Because the chemical fixative paste is no longer used today, the name chemosurgery is not an accurate description of the technique. 2006 F. M. Berardo Living is Risky iii. 34 A treatment known as chemosurgery..apparently provides an almost 99 percent chance for cure if the affliction [sc. skin cancer] is caught in time. chemo-statical adj. Brit. /ˌkiːməʊˈstatᵻkl/ , /ˌkɛməʊˈstatᵻkl/ , U.S. /ˌkimoʊˈstædək(ə)l/ , /ˌkɛmoʊˈstædək(ə)l/ (in form chymiostatical now historical) (in the terminology of Stephen Hales) relating to processes and experiments in the natural sciences which supposed air to be ‘fixed’, i.e. rendered inelastic when used for respiration by living organisms or otherwise incorporated into the substance of animate or inanimate objects.The process was considered to be reversed on exhalation, decomposition, etc. ΚΠ 1727 S. Hales Veg. Staticks vi. 185 (heading) A Specimen of an attempt to analyze the Air by a great variety of Chymio-statical Experiments, which shew in how great a proportion Air is wrought into the Composition of Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral Substances [etc]. 2000 Isis 91 738 Heavily influenced by Newton, he was, in his ‘analysis of the air,’ guided both conceptually and in the choice of objects for his ‘chymio-statical’ experiments by the well-known query 31 of Newton's Opticks. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < comb. form1727
随便看	house of review house of tolerance house of war house of water house officer house organ house owner house paddock house paint house painter house painting house parent house parlourmaid house parlourman house party house phone house physician house pianist house pigeon house pile house pit house plan house plat house porter house prefect