单词 | cleavage |
释义 | cleavagen. 1. a. The action of cleaving or splitting crystals and certain rocks along their lines of natural fissure; the state of being so cleft. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > crystallography (general) > other reactions or processes > [noun] > cleavage cleavage1816 1816 P. Cleaveland Elem. Treat. Mineral. & Geol. 9 The primitive forms of crystals can be ascertained only by mechanical division. This process, sometimes called cleavage by lapidaries, consists in separating thin layers or slices from the sides, edges, or angles of a crystallized substance in a given direction. 1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics xvii. §90. 145 We may by a new cleavage replace the imperfect face by a better one. b. Mineralogy. Arrangement in laminæ which can be split asunder, and along the planes of which the substance naturally splits; fissile structure; the property of splitting along such planes. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > mineral structure or appearance > [noun] > cleavage or fracture slide1778 back1807 cleavage1830 1830 J. F. W. Herschel Prelim. Disc. Study Nat. Philos. 291 The texture or cleavage of a mineral. 1866 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. xviii. 155 Crystalline bodies exhibit..a peculiar power of splitting in certain directions more readily than in others, called cleavage. c. slaty cleavage n. Geology the fissile structure in certain rocks, especially in clay slate and similar argillaceous rocks, whereby these split into the thin laminæ or ‘slates’ used in roofing, etc. This structure is quite distinct from, and in origin posterior to, the stratification and jointing, the cleavage-lines crossing these at any and every angle, while parallel to themselves over extensive tracts of country. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > texture or colour > [noun] > texture > laminated or fissile slaty cleavage1839 stromatolith1916 1839 R. I. Murchison Silurian Syst. 574 The observation of Professor Sedgwick on the slaty cleavage of mountains. 1839 C. Darwin in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin Narr. Surv. Voy. H.M.S. Adventure & Beagle III. vi. 135 A formation of quartz, and which,..had neither cleavage or stratification. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps 2 I learned that cleavage and stratification were..totally distinct from each other. 1882 A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. 121 This superinduced fissility or ‘cleavage’ has resulted from an internal rearrangement of the particles in planes perpendicular to the direction in which the rocks have been compressed. d. (with plural) The direction or plane in which a crystal or rock may be split. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > mineral structure or appearance > [noun] > cleavage or fracture > cleavage-plane cleavage1816 cleavage-plane1831 the world > matter > chemistry > crystallography (general) > other reactions or processes > [noun] > cleavage > direction of split or split itself cleavage1816 cleavage-plane1831 the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > texture or colour > [noun] > texture > laminated or fissile > cleavage or plane sline1811 cleavage1816 cleavage-plane1831 rift1841 schistosity1885 strain-slip cleavage1886 the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > texture or colour > [noun] > texture > laminated or fissile > split cleavage1816 cleavage-plane1831 1816 R. Jameson Treat. External Characters Minerals (ed. 2) 130 The cleavages are not parallel with any of the planes of the crystal. 1869 J. Tyndall Notes 9 Lect. on Light 73 By following these three cleavages it is easy to obtain from the crystal diamond-shaped laminæ of any required thinness. e. Biology. Cell-division, segmentation. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > types of reproduction > [noun] > by division fission1846 scissiparity1857 fissiparation1864 fissuration1867 fissiparism1868 fissiparity1872 cleavage1876 fragmentation1881 schizogony1887 blastogenesis1889 nuclear fission1889 schizogenesis1891 transfission1891 heterokinesis1893 homoeokinesis1893 multiple fission1896 binary fission1897 plasmotomy1902 1876 E. R. Lankester tr. E. Haeckel Hist. Creation I. viii. 190 (caption) Commencement of the development of a mammal's egg, the so-called ‘cleavage of the egg’ (propagation of the egg-cell by repeated self-division). 1879 tr. E. Haeckel Evol. Man I. 185 The parent-cell, which arose from the fertilized egg-cell, separates, by repeated cleavage, into a large number of simple cells. 1896 E. B. Wilson Cell 143 During the early anaphase of the first cleavage each centrosome divides into two. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 140/1 Segmentation or cleavage of the ovum. 1948 New Biol. 5 112 The usual process of cleavage is as follows. The egg nucleus divides by mitosis; [etc.]. 2. a. gen. The action or faculty of cleaving or splitting asunder; the state of being cleft; division. literal and figurative. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > dissent > [noun] > division or lack of unity unoning1340 schism1390 division1393 departmentc1450 rupture1583 secting1598 disunion1601 twine1606 section1639 distermination1647 scission1736 cleavage1867 non-union1909 the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > action of dividing or divided condition > cleaving or splitting > [noun] > action, fact, or state of being cleft fissure1633 diffission1727 fissuration1864 cleavage1867 split1898 1867 J. A. Froude Erasmus & Luther in Short Stud. (ed. 2) 26 When differences of religious opinion arose, they split society to its foundation. The lines of cleavage penetrated everywhere. 1879 S. Baring-Gould Germany I. 60 We lament, in England, the cleavage between the classes. 1886 C. H. Spurgeon Treasury of David VII. Ps. cxliii. Introd. This psalm is divided by the Selah. We prefer to follow the natural cleavage, and therefore have made no other dissection of it. b. The cleft between a woman's breasts as revealed by a low-cut décolletage. colloquial. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > front > breast or breasts (of woman) > [noun] > cleavage cleavage1946 1946 Time 5 Aug. 98 Low-cut Restoration costumes..display too much ‘cleavage’ (Johnston Office trade term for the shadowed depression dividing an actress' bosom into two distinct sections). 1947 Landfall 1 45 It [sc. a film] just goes all out to exploit sex and violence as blatantly as it can, with the result that ‘cleavage’ has once again become a problem to haunt the dreams of censors. 1958 Spectator 6 June 729/1 Kids have to learn not to copy the stars. I tell them, cleavage won't get you to the top. Sex is something different. It's not obvious. 1958 TV Times 10 Oct. 21/2 I was foolish enough to wear the sort of dress which showed vistas of cleavage. Compounds C1. attributive. ΚΠ 1863 J. D. Dana Man. Geol. 55 A broad, even, lustrous cleavage-surface. 1875 J. W. Dawson Life's Dawn on Earth v. 117 The loganite..shows traces of cleavage-lines. 1882 A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. ii. ii. §6. 121 ‘Clay-slate’ has generally been applied solely to argillaceous rocks possessing this cleavage-structure. C2. cleavage-cavity n. = blastocœle n. at blasto- comb. form . ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > embryo or fetus > [noun] > types of at specific stage colliquament1712 cleavage-cavity1879 placula1884 neoembryo1887 1879 tr. E. Haeckel Evol. Man I. 189 The inner cavity of the ball, which is filled with clear liquid or jelly, is called the cleavage-cavity (cavum segmentarium), or the germ-cavity (blastocœloma). 1887 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 425/2 In this stage thin sections show that the cleavage cavity is obliterated. cleavage-cell n. = blastomere n. at blasto- comb. form . ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive substances or cells > [noun] > germ cell or mass seminary1671 germinal cell1840 germ mass1840 germ cell1842 cleavage-mass1871 cleavage-cell1879 cleavage-globule1879 gastrodisc1881 blastule1882 1879 tr. E. Haeckel Evol. Man I. 186 Cleavage-cells or Cleavage-globules (segmentella). cleavage-globule = blastomere n. at blasto- comb. form . ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive substances or cells > [noun] > germ cell or mass seminary1671 germinal cell1840 germ mass1840 germ cell1842 cleavage-mass1871 cleavage-cell1879 cleavage-globule1879 gastrodisc1881 blastule1882 1879 tr. E. Haeckel Evol. Man I. 186 Cleavage-cells or Cleavage-globules (segmentella). cleavage-mass n. (a) = blastomere n. at blasto- comb. form ; (b) a mass of rock formed by cleavage. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > mass > [noun] > of rock > between faults cleavage-mass1871 trough fault1883 horst1893 fault-block1897 thrust-mass1901 klippe1902 slice1914 rift block1915 nappe1922 the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive substances or cells > [noun] > germ cell or mass seminary1671 germinal cell1840 germ mass1840 germ cell1842 cleavage-mass1871 cleavage-cell1879 cleavage-globule1879 gastrodisc1881 blastule1882 1871 T. H. Huxley Man. Anat. Vertebrated Animals 10 The cleavage-masses eventually become very small, and are called embryo-cells. 1912 Brit. Museum Return 196 Enargite, large cleavage masses from Red Mtn., Colorado. cleavage-nucleus n. the nucleus of the fertilized egg resulting from the union of male and female pronuclei. ΚΠ 1896 E. B. Wilson Cell 156 The first cleavage-nucleus. cleavage-plane n. (see quot. 1878). ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > mineral structure or appearance > [noun] > cleavage or fracture > cleavage-plane cleavage1816 cleavage-plane1831 the world > matter > chemistry > crystallography (general) > other reactions or processes > [noun] > cleavage > direction of split or split itself cleavage1816 cleavage-plane1831 the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > texture or colour > [noun] > texture > laminated or fissile > cleavage or plane sline1811 cleavage1816 cleavage-plane1831 rift1841 schistosity1885 strain-slip cleavage1886 the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > texture or colour > [noun] > texture > laminated or fissile > split cleavage1816 cleavage-plane1831 1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics xxv. 214 Analcime has certainly no cleavage planes. 1878 H. P. Gurney Crystallogr. 8 Most crystals can be separated into indefinitely thin slices, which are bounded by flat surfaces called cleavage-planes. cleavage-spindle n. the karyokinetic spindle of the dividing blastomere. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > genetic components > [noun] > chromosome > spindle or spindle fibre spindle1878 spindle fibre1878 mitosome1895 mantle fibre1896 monaster1901 cleavage-spindle1912 telomere1940 1912 Brit. Museum Return 157 The centrosomes of the cleavage-spindle. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1816 |
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