| 释义 |
stadholder, stadtholder Hist.|ˈstædhəʊldə(r)|
Forms: 6–8 statholder, 7 state-holder, (8 stadhouder), 7– stadtholder, 8– stadholder.
[ad. Du. stadhouder (= G. statthalter) one who occupies another's place, a ‘locum tenens’, lieutenant, f. stad place (= G. statt; in Du. the word survives only in the sense ‘city’, = G. stadt, which is a mere graphic variant of statt) + houder holder.]
†1. The governor of a fortress. Obs. rare—1.
1591Horsey Trav. (Hakl. Soc.) 190 The centinell brought me to the statholder or liftenant of the castell.
2. Netherlands Hist.
a. Originally, a viceroy or lieutenant governor of a province or provinces.
b. The title borne by the chief magistrate of the Dutch republic.
In the latter use, the title was first conferred by the States-General on William of Orange in 1580, and implied a nominal recognition of the sovereignty of the king of Spain. When the independence of the republic was acknowledged, the title of the office (hereditary in the house of Orange) remained unchanged. The stadholdership was abolished in 1802.
1668Lond. Gaz. No. 226/4 Zealand and Friezland are as yet for his admission as Stadtholder. 1673H. Stubbe Further Vind. Dutch War To Rdr. 11 Twice we find the State-holders to have acted Authoritatively. 1701Grew Cosmol. Sacra iii. i. 90 The United Provinces with their Statholder, and the Venetians, with their Doge. 1753Hanway Trav. II. i. ix. (1762) 49 William, sirnamed the great, was the first stadtholder, and may be properly called the founder of the republic. 1825Macaulay Ess., Milton (1850) I. 21 [Cromwell] demanded indeed the first place in the commonwealth; but with powers scarcely so great as those of a Dutch stadtholder or an American president. 1876Bancroft Hist. U.S. xxii. II. 36 The friends of the stadholder asserted sovereignty for the states-general.
3. Used to render the etymologically equivalent G. statthalter, Da. statholder, lieutenant-governor, viceroy.
1704Lond. Gaz. No. 4015/2 The Emperor has Appointed the Count de Louvenstein,..to be Stadholder of the Upper Palatinate. 1886T. Michell Scot. Exped. Norway in 1612 i. vii. 52 The Norwegian Stadtholder.
Hence stadholderess, a female stadholder; the wife of a stadholder.
1737[G. Smith] Cur. Relat. I. 141 A free Pardon from Queen Mary, Sister to the Emperor Charles, then Stadtholderess. |