| 释义 |
▪ I. cylinder, n.|ˈsɪlɪndə(r)|
Also 6–7 cylindre, 7 cilinder, sillinder.
[ad. L. cylindrus cylinder, roller, a. Gr. κύλινδρος roller, deriv. of κυλίνδ-ειν to roll. Cf. 16th c. F. cilindre, cylindre. There was an earlier form chilindre (in sense 3) in ME. and OF.]
I.
1. a. Geom. A solid figure of which the two ends are equal and parallel circles, and the intervening curved surface is such as would be traced out by a straight line moving parallel to itself with its ends in the circumferences of these circles.
If the direction of this straight line be perpendicular to the planes of the circles, the figure is a right cylinder; if not, an oblique cylinder.
1570Billingsley Euclid xi. Def. xviii. 318 A cylinder is a solide or bodely figure which is made, when one of the sides of a rectangle parallelogramme, abiding fixed, the parallelogramme is moued about. 1579–80North Plutarch (1676) 263 The proportion between the Cylinder..and the sphere or globe contained in the same. 1647H. More Insomn. Philos. ix, A duskish Cylindre through infinite space It did project. 1727Swift Gulliver iii. ii. 186 Cut our bread into cones, cylinders. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. ii. 100 A cylinder is a solid body of the character of a prism, but its ends are circles.
b. In mod. Geom., the solid generated by a straight line moving always parallel to itself and describing any fixed curve (not necessarily a circle).
1877B. Williamson Int. Calc. (ed. 2) ix. §168 When the base..is a closed curve of any form..the surface generated is called a cylinder. Ibid. ix. Ex. 12 The axis of a right circular cylinder.
2. a. Any body or object of cylindrical form (either solid or hollow); in quot. 1661 applied to a cylindrical jewel worn in the ear. axial cylinder = axis-cylinder: see axis; renal cylinder or urinary cylinder = renal or urinary cast: see cast 30 c.
1641Hobbes Lett. Wks. 1845 VII. 457 Such matter as the cylinder is made of. a1661B. Holyday Juvenal 21 Wed and be mute. Thy silence and his fear With rich cylinders then shall grace thine ear. 1807J. E. Smith Phys. Bot. 35 The cylinder of bark was found lined with layers of new wood. 1879Calderwood Mind & Br. 44 The axial cylinder of each nerve being surrounded by medullary matter.
b. A cylindrical container, spec. one for liquefied or compressed gas.
1791Hamilton Berthollet's Dyeing II. ii. iii. iii. 177, I poured the decoctions into glass cylinders. 1889S. S. Wallian tr. J. N. Demarquay's Ess. on Medical Pneumatol. vi. 245 Carbon dioxide{ddd}may also be had in all the larger cities, compressed in iron cylinders. 1904[see gas-cylinder s.v. gas n.1 7]. 1935[see butane]. 1969Sears Catal. 760/1 Deluxe stove... (Cylinders not incl.)... Economy camp stove. Includes two disposable propane cylinders. 1977J. Bowyer Central Heating ii. 13 The cylinder is often in an airing cupboard.
c. A cylindrical record for a phonograph. Also attrib.
1891‘Mark Twain’ Let. 28 Feb. (1920) 297 Ask them on what terms they will rent me a phonograph for 3 months and furnish me cylinders enough to carry 75,000 words. 1893Harper's Mag. Jan. 214/2 It's just a phonograph... It don't seem to be exactly in order. Perhaps the cylinder's got dry. 1907Pearson's Mag. Jan. (Advt.), You cannot get the best results from any talking machine without using Columbia Disc or Cyclinder Records. 1956R. Gelatt Fabulous Phonograph ii. 17 Edison cylinders could be shaved and used over and over again while gramophone cylinders had to be discarded much more quickly. 1967Amer. N. & Q. Sept. 15/1 Booth's wax cylinder recording of Othello's speech to the Senate.
†3. A kind of portable sun-dial; = chilindre.
1593T. Fale Dialling A iij b, The making of the Horologicall Cylindre.
4. a. A cylindrical or somewhat barrel-shaped stone, pierced longitudinally for suspension from the wrist, used as a seal by the Babylonians and Assyrians, and incised with figures, symbols, and cuneiform (or occasionally Aramaic) characters. b. A barrel-shaped, hollow object of baked clay, usually of considerable size, covered with cuneiform writing and buried under the foundations of Babylonian and Assyrian temples.
1851Layard Pop. Acc. Discov. Nineveh Introd., A few cylinders and gems..from Assyria and Babylonia. 1857W. K. Loftus Chaldæa & Susiana 130 This discovery at Múgeyer convinced him that the commemorative cylinders of the founders were always deposited at the corners of Babylonian edifices.
II. In Mechanics.
5. Applied more or less specifically to many cylindrical parts of machines, etc. (with reference either to the internal chamber or external surface); a revolving roller in a lock.
e.g. The bore of a gun barrel, the part of a revolver which contains the chambers for the cartridges; the barrel of a pump in which the piston works; the glass barrel of an electrical machine; a cylindrical revolving part in a loom, or a carding machine; a revolving roller in a lock, etc.
1571Digges Pantom. i. xxx. K, Hauing respecte to the length of the peece, waighte of the Bullet..proportion of the concaue Cylinders. 1660Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. Proem 13 The Pump consists of four parts, a hollow Cylindre, a Sucker, a handle..and a Valve. 1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag. v. xii. 58 If the mouth of the Piece be grown wider then the rest of the Cylinder within by often shooting. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Charged Cylinder..that part which receives the Charge of Powder and Shot..Vacant Cylinder, that part of the Hollow which remains empty, when the Gun is Charg'd. 1819Rees's Cycl. XXI. Sig. G g 4v/2 The whole mechanism of the lock, consisting of an interior cylinder or barrel..with its appendages. 1851Illustr. London News 6 Sept. 275/1 On his fifth visit, he had succeeded in..turning the cylinder a quarter round..when the instrument..slipped... He then had to readjust the cylinder..and on the day on which he did so..opened the lock. 1875Ure Dict. Arts II. 392 Colt's revolvers..If the hammer be lowered in the pin, the cylinder is prevented from revolving. 1894[see cylinder lock (sense 9 b below)]. 1957Encycl. Brit. XIV. 269/2 The cylinder..or the part in which the key operates, consists of an outer barrel which is fixed to the door and a cylindrical plug which is rotated by the key. 1972How Things Work I. 234 Another..type of cylinder lock is the disc tumbler lock, in which the locking action is provided..by movable discs which lock the cylinder.
6. The cylindrical chamber in which the steam (or other fluid) acts upon the piston. By extension, applied to the corresponding chamber of rotary engines which is sometimes of an annular form. to function (or click, hit, operate, etc.) on all (or four, six, etc.) cylinders, of an internal-combustion engine: to be working at full power; hence fig., to function properly, to be in good form; so to miss on all (or four, etc.) cylinders, to be working badly, to be in bad condition.
1697Papin in Phil. Trans. XIX. 483 He proposes the..turning a small Surface of Water into Vapour, by Fire applied to the bottom of the Cylinder that contains it, which Vapour forces up the Plug in the Cylinder. 1751Blake in Phil. Trans. XLVII. 200 The best Proportions for Steam engine Cylinders. 1782Specif. Watt's Patent No. 1321. 3 The said piston is suspended by a rod..capable of sliding through a hole in the cover of the cylinder. 1830J. Millington Mech. Philos. 417 Newcomen's engine was the first in which a truly bored cylinder with a well-fitting piston was employed. 1893Engineer LXXV. 574 That will depend on the total amount of work done in the cylinder by expansion. 1912C. Mathewson Pitching in a Pinch xii. 269 So the best infielder takes time to fit into the infield of a Big League club and have it hit on all four cylinders again. 1917‘Contact’ Airman's Outings 72 The needle on the rev.-counter quivered to the left as the revolutions dropped, and the engine missed on first one, then two cylinders. 1932Wodehouse Hot Water ii. 38 He had tended..to undernourish his spiritual self. He had given it the short end, and it was missing, he knew, on several cylinders. Ibid. xv. 245 His smiling face, taken in conjunction with the bottle of wine which he carried, conveyed to Gordon Carlisle the definite picture of a libertine operating on all six cylinders. 1936― Laughing Gas xxi. 228 The old preux chevalier spirit was functioning on all six cylinders. 1951M. McLuhan Mech. Bride 96/1 A sure sign that you are clicking on all cylinders. 1958Spectator 22 Aug. 249/3 Only when he [sc. an actor] allows himself to play deliberately on all cylinders does he stage a dazzling display. 1960[see back-line, backline].
7. Printing.
a. The engraved hollow metal roller used in printing calico, etc.
b. A similar roller used in letter-press printing for inking the type (now inking-roller), pressing the paper against the type, or carrying the type or printing surface.
1764Specif. Fryer's Patent No. 810 (Calico Printing) The invention is performed by means of engraved copper cylinders. 1790Specif. Nicholson's Patent No. 1748. 8 A is the printing cylinder covered with woollen cloth, and B is the inking cylinder with its distributing rollers. 1818Specif. Cowper's Patent No. 4194. 2 Conveying the..paper from one printing cylinder to another. 1858Specif. Applegath's Patent No. 372 Comparatively few printing rollers can be arranged round the cylinder carrying the type.
8. Watchmaking. The cylindrical recess on the verge of the balance in a horizontal escapement.
1765Mudge Thoughts on Improv. Watches (1772) 23 Making the cylinder of harder materials..would be an advantage. 1773Hatton Clock & Watch Work 197 The tooth [of the balance wheel] ought to act at right angles to a line which would touch the cylinder. 1883Beckett Clocks & Watches 320 In the best watches the cylinder is made of a ruby.
9. attrib. and Comb.
†a. simple attrib. or as adj. Cylindrical. Obs.
1621–51Burton Anat. Mel. i. iii. iii. 211 Concave and Cylinder glasses [= mirrors]. 1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag. i. B iv, How to measure a Cylinder Vessel.
b. Comb., as cylinder block (see 6), cylinder card (see 5), cylinder gun (see 5), cylinder head (see 6), cylinder machine, cylinder-plug, cylinder saw, cylinder seal (see 4 a), cylinder stove, etc.; cylinder-like adj.; cylinder-axis = axis-cylinder (see axis1); cylinder-bore, (a) n. a gun of which the bore is cylindrical or of uniform diameter; so cylinder-bored; (b) v. to make with a cylindrical bore; cylinder-cock, a cock at the end of the cylinder in a steam-engine to allow water of condensation to escape; cylinder-cover, the steam-tight lid at the end of a steam-cylinder; cylinder-desk, a writing-desk having a curved revolving top which can be pushed back or drawn forward and locked; cylinder-engine (see quot.); cylinder-epithelium, epithelium consisting of cylindrical cells; cylinder-escapement, a form of watch escapement (also called horizontal escapement), invented by Tompion in 1695, or later by Graham; cylinder-gauge, (a) a tool for giving the size of the opening in the cylinder of an escapement; (b) a gauge for testing the diameter of projectiles for rifled ordnance; also a carefully turned iron cylinder used to gauge the accuracy of the finished bore of a gun (Farrow, Mil. Dict. New York 1885); (c) a steam-gauge attached to the cylinder of an engine; cylinder-glass, sheet glass, made by blowing glass into the form of a cylinder which is then cut open and flattened; cylinder lock, a lock (esp. a door-lock) in which a pin tumbler mechanism is contained inside a cylinder barrel; cylinder-paper-machine, a paper-making machine in which the pulp is taken up by a wirecloth-covered cylinder, instead of the flat wire-cloth used in the Fourdrinier machine; cylinder-press (U.S.), -printing-machine, a machine in which a cylinder is used either for carrying the type or giving the impression; cylinder-watch, a watch with a cylinder or horizontal escapement.
1882Syd. Soc. Lex., *Cylinder-axis, Purkinje's term for the central or axial part of a nerve tubule.
1923H. R. Ricardo Internal Combustion Engine II. vi. 142 When the induction system is cast in the *cylinder block the whole of its internal surface is rough.
1881Greener Gun 189 *Cylinder-bored guns.
1812Deb. Congress 12 June (1853) 2188 In the year 1762 *cylinder cards were first made use of by Mr. Peel.
1827Farey Steam Eng. 372 The *cylinder-cover must be lifted up whenever the piston is packed. 1891Rankine Steam Eng. 481 The cylinder cover has in it a stuffing box for the passage of the piston rod.
1874Knight Dict. Mech., *Cylinder-engine, a paper-machine in which the pulp is taken up on a cylinder and delivered in a continuous sheet to the dryers.
1886H. Spencer in 19th Cent. May 763 A mucous membrane of the kind covered by *cylinder-epithelium.
1807T. Young Nat. Philos. II. 695 *Cylinder 'scapement. 1893Horological Jrnl. July 165 Tompion undoubtedly patented the cylinder escapement in 1695.
1884F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 76 [A] *Cylinder Gauge..[is] a steel plate having two tapered slits. 1892Treat. Ammunition (War Depmt.) 314 note, The cylinder gauge has the advantage of detecting an excentric stud, which could not be found by ring gauges.
1851Rep. Juries of Exhibition 526 It was not until the year 1832 that the manufacture of *cylinder or sheet glass was introduced into this country.
1892W. W. Greener Breech-Loader 141 An old or true *cylinder gun will not..put three pellets into a pigeon thirty yards distant.
1884‘Mark Twain’ Huck. Finn xxxii. 332 We blowed out a *cylinder-head. 1895Kipling Land & Sea Tales (1923) 205 Cylinder-head blown off.
1688R. Holme Armoury iii. 319/1 Provided it be of length *Cilender like.
1878Specifications of Patents (U.S. Patent Office) 19 Feb. 637/1 A new Improvement In *Cylinder-Locks. 1894Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 14 Aug. 893/1 Cylinder lock. Johannes T. Pedersen, New York, N.Y...a locking plate having a sliding movement on the forked lever, a rotatable cylinder, [etc.]. 1926G. H. Chubb Locks & Lockmaking iv. 54 Although many firms in this and other countries now make cylinder locks with pin tumbler mechanism, the credit for producing a modern lock in that form belongs to the Yales. 1982Inventions that changed World 154 This cylinder lock was cheap to produce.
1860W. Blackwood Let. 28 Mar. in Geo. Eliot's Lett. (1954) III. 284 We have got the new *cylinder machine working perfectly. 1867Printers' Register June 138 Davis and Primrose, Manufacturers of..Single Cylinder Machines. 1962F. T. Day Introd. Paper iv. 44 A popular name for the M.G. [machine glazed] or cylinder machine is the ‘Yankee’.
1886Britten Watch & Clockm. 90 *Cylinder-plugs, plugs fitting into the top and bottom of the cylinder..at the extremities of which the pivots are formed.
1859Printer (N.Y.) II. 30 Messrs. Hoe have long been pre-eminent in the manufacture of *cylinder presses.
1851Rep. Juries of Exhibition 198 *Cylinder printing machines are exhibited by Messrs. Napier.
1851C. Cist Cincinnati 181 They are..fed to a *cylinder saw, which cuts them into staves of the proper thickness and curve.
1887Scribner's Mag. Jan. 80 The earliest printing-press was a seal, and the *cylinder-seal may be said to have been an archaic rotary press. 1922Guide Babylonian & Assyrian Antiq. (Brit. Mus.) (ed. 3) 82 Cylinder seal..of Syrian type. 1927Peake & Fleure Priests & Kings 64 Some of the Egyptians used mace-heads and cylinder-seals almost exactly similar to those found somewhat later in Mesopotamia.
1898E. N. Westcott David Harum 162 The proximity of wet boots and garments to the big *cylinder stove.
1765Mudge Thoughts on Improv. Watches (1772) 22 The *cylinder watch..is a fine invention. 1885D. Glasgow Watch & Clock Making 133 In the best Geneva-made cylinder watches the escape wheel is made small.
▪ II. ˈcylinder, v.
[f. prec. n.]
trans. To act upon with a cylinder, to press under a cylinder.
1887Brit. Merc. Gaz. 15 June 34/1 Occasionally they are cylindered to give them a polish. |