| 释义 |
cyclo-|saɪkləʊ, sɪkləʊ|
1. Combining form of Gr. κύκλος circle (see cycle), occurring in many technical terms; e.g. cycloˈbranchian, a mollusc belonging to the sub-order Cyclobranchia; cycloˈbranchiate a. [Gr. βράγχια gills], having gills circularly arranged; applied to a suborder of gastropodous molluscs (Cyclobranchia, -branchiata); also said of the gills; cycloˈcentric a. (see quot.); cycloceˈphalian, -lic a.; cycloˈcephalus [κεϕαλή head] (see quots.); cycloˈclinal a. Geol. [cf. anticlinal], sloping in all directions from a central point; = quaquaversal; cycloˈcœlic a. [κοιλία intestines], having the intestines coiled: said of birds; opposed to orthocœlic; cycloˈgangliate, -ated a. Zool., having circularly-arranged ganglia; ˈcyclogen Bot. [-γενης born, produced], a plant having woody tissue disposed in concentric circles; = exogen; so cyˈclogenous a. (Syd. Soc. Lex.); cycloˈgiro, -gyro [cf. autogiro], see quots.; ˈcyclogram [-gram], the figure produced by a cyclograph; ˈcyclograph [-γραϕος writer], (a) an instrument for tracing circular arcs; (b) Electr. (see quots.); hence cycloˈgraphic a.; cyˈclographer, a writer of a cycle (of legends, etc.); ˈcyclolith [λίθος stone, after monolith, etc.], a name given by some archæologists to a prehistoric stone circle; ˌcyclomorˈphosis Biol. [ad. G. cyclomorphose (R. Lauterborn 1904, in Verh. Naturh.-Med. Ver., Heidelberg VII. 614), occas. used in English], the phenomenon in certain organisms, esp. planktonic animals, of undergoing recurrent seasonal changes in form; cycloˈneurous, -ˈose a. Zool., having the nervous axis circularly arranged, as in the Radiata; cycloˈplegia Path. [Gr. πληγή stroke], paralysis of the ciliary muscle; hence cycloˈplegic a., producing cycloplegia; n. a cycloplegic agent; cyˈclopterous a. [πτερόν wing], round-winged, round-finned; cycloˈrrhaphous a. Ent. [f. mod.L. Cyclorapha, Cyclorrhapha (F. Brauer Monographie der Oestriden (1863) 34), Gr. ῥαϕή seam (ῥάπτειν to sew)], of or pertaining to the Cyclorrhapha, a division of dipterous insects in which the adult emerges from the puparium through a circular seam; distinguished from orthorrhaphous a.; ˈcycloscope [-σκοπος viewing], (a) an apparatus for measuring the velocity of revolution, by means of a revolving ruled cylinder, viewed through an aperture partially closed by a tuning-fork vibrating at a known rate; (b) an instrument for setting out railway curves; cycloˈspermous a. Bot. [σπέρµα seed], having the embryo coiled about the central albumen; cycloˈsporin Pharm. [mod.L. poly-sporum, specific epithet of the fungus producing it, f. spora spore], a cyclic undecapeptide produced by a fungus and used as an immunosuppressive drug to prevent the rejection of grafts and transplants; also cyclosporin A; cyˈclostomate, -ˈstomatous, -stomous a. [στόµα mouth], having a round sucking mouth, as a lamprey, or a circular aperture of the shell, as some gastropods; also belonging to a certain division of the Polyzoa (Cyclostomata), having the cellmouth not guarded by an operculum or process; ˈcyclostome a. = cyclostomous; n. a cyclostomous fish, as the lamprey; a cyclostomous gastropod; cycloˈstrophic a. Meteorol. [see strophe], designating the force acting on a wind as a result of the curvature of its path, and also a (hypothetical) wind in which this force exactly balances that arising from the horizontal pressure gradient; cycloˈsystem, the circular system or arrangement of the pores in some Hydrocorallina (Millepores. etc.); ˈcyclothem Geol. [Gr. θέµα something laid down (see theme)], see quot. 1932; ˈcyclothyme a. and n. = cyclothymic; cycloˈthymia Psychiatry [Gr. θυµός mind, temper], a condition marked by cyclic alternations of mood from exhilaration to depression with a tendency, when aggravated, to manic-depression; hence cycloˈthymic a. and n., (a person) affected with this; (cf. cycloid n. 3).
1837Penny Cycl. VIII. 248/2 *Cyclobranchians. 1839Ibid. XIII. 485/1 With regard to the marine species [of Limacineans], which Cuvier has approximated to these, M. de Blainville observes that they constitute his genus Peronia in his order of Cyclobranchians.
1836–39Todd Cycl. Anat. II. 388/1 In the *Cyclobranchiate order. 1854Woodward Mollusca (1856) 154 The cyclobranchiate gill of Patella.
1882Syd. Soc. Lex., *Cyclocentric, a term applied to those coiled shells which have the starting-point of the spiral at a little distance from the centre, so that the first whorl runs around it.
Ibid., *Cyclocephalic, having the characters of a Cyclocephalus. Also, applied to the form of the head of an hydrocephalic person.
Ibid., *Cyclocephalus, a monster having two contiguous eyes, or a double eye in the median line.
1876Page Adv. Text-Bk. Geol. iv. 84 Periclinal, *cycloclinal or quaquaversal..that is dipping in every direction.
1836–9Todd Cycl. Anat. II. 412/2 The..*cyclogangliate..divisions of the animal kingdom. Ibid. 392/2 The nervous system of the Gasteropoda..the most perfect form of the..cyclo-gangliated type.
1933Nat. Advis. Comm., Techn. Rep. 474 (Nomencl. Aeronaut.) 12/2 *Cyclogiro, a type of rotor plane whose support in the air is normally derived from airfoils mechanically rotated about an axis perpendicular to the plane of symmetry of an aircraft, the angle of attack of the airfoils being always less than the angle at which the airfoils stall.
1931S. R. Roget Dict. Electr. Terms (ed. 2) 77/1 *Cyclogram, a record obtained from a cyclograph. 1946Electronic Engin. XVIII. 378 The Lissajous figure is perhaps the most important type of cyclogram display.
1823P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 562 The *Cyclograph is an instrument for drawing arcs of circles. 1931S. R. Roget Dict. Electr. Terms (ed. 2) 77/1 Cyclograph, a name sometimes given to an instrument with an optical or electron-jet ‘pointer’ moving in two dimensions under control respectively of different variables. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 220/1 Cyclograph, an instrument in which a beam of light or cathode rays is made to move under the action of two controlling forces at right-angles to each other, thereby producing a closed figure (cyclogram) on the screen.
1841–4C. Anthon Class. Dict. 353 Dionysius, the *cyclographer, makes Circe the daughter of æëtes.
1933R. A. W. Watt et al. Applications Cathode Ray Oscillograph i. 3 Braun also introduced the *cyclographic method of using the tube.
1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 220/1 *Cyclogyro, a rotorcraft depending for its lift on power-driven rotors rotating on horizontal axes.
1926C. Wesenberg-Lund in K. Dansk. Videnskab. Skr. (Natur. & Math.) 8th Ser. XI. 127 The *cyclomorphose [in Daphnia cucullata] has been thoroughly studied in many lakes. 1930Ibid. 9th Ser. II. 37 In the seasonal variations or cyclomorphoses Lauterborn saw accommodations to variations in the external medium.
Ibid. 38 The *cyclomorphosis is a process of senility. 1939Q. Rev. Biol. XIV. 137/1 The phenomenon of cyclomorphosis among plankton organisms is particularly well exemplified in fresh-water Cladocera, especially in the group Daphnia cucullata and D. longispina. 1961S. C. Kendeigh Animal Ecol. vi. 60/1 An interesting phenomenon is cyclomorphosis, a seasonal change in body form that develops in many plankton organisms.
1835–6Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 107/2 An organization..more complex than that of the *cyclo-neurose classes.
1902Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. XXXVIII. 1136/2 Difficulty in accommodating for hyoscin commenced in fifteen to eighteen minutes, and there was complete *cycloplegia in thirty to forty-eight minutes.
Ibid. 1135/2 (heading) Comparative values of *cycloplegics... Atropin has been the chief reliance of ophthalmologists as a cycloplegic. Ibid. 1137/1 Tests possess sufficient accuracy to enable us to select the best out of the candidates for cycloplegic honors, namely hyoscin hydrobromate. 1956Nature 17 Mar. 523/2 Variable..disturbances of vision, due to cycloplegic and mydriatic actions. 1957Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 213/1 The use of cycloplegics (a kind of eye drops) is a conventional clinical method which attempts to determine the intrinsic relation of lens systems to length of eyeball when the accommodation is relaxed.
1889Cent. Dict., *Cyclorhaphous. 1901G. H. Verrall Brit. Flies VIII. 11 Cyclorrhaphous flies of not at all a leathery texture. 1961J. E. Collin Brit. Flies VI. 1 It is now more usual to..adopt as the two main divisions the Nematocera and Brachycera with the latter subdivided into the Orthorrhaphous- and Cyclorrhaphous-Brachycera.
1866Engineer 415 The *Cycloscope.
1976Helv. Chim. Acta LIX. 1480 *Cyclosporin A is a cyclic undecapeptide C62H111N11O12 which may be isolated from Trichoderma polysporum. 1979Daily Tel. 5 Sept. 8/3 The new drug Cyclosporin A..makes it possible to hope for more transplants for children who are endangered by the standard treatment against organ rejection. 1984Listener 23 Aug. 4/3 The advent of a new drug to prevent rejection of transplanted organs—cyclosporin—has already led to improvements in survival in adult heart-transplant patients.
1839–47Todd Cycl. Anat. III. 966/2 In the *cyclostomatous Fishes..the skeleton is of still more simple structure.
1835Kirby Hab. & Inst. Anim. II. xxi. 390 The *Cyclostomes or suckers, with regard to their skeletons, are the most imperfect of all the Vertebrates. 1854Badham Halieut. 440 Our little cyclostome..the lamprey. 1855H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. §8 The cyclostome Fishes.
1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. xlvii. (1828) IV. 427 Some of the *cyclostomous fishes..are supposed to connect the fishes with the Annulosa.
1916*Cyclostrophic [see geostrophic a.]. 1959R. E. Huschke Gloss. Meteorol. 151 The cyclostrophic wind can be an approximation to the real wind in the atmosphere only near the equator..or in cases of very great wind speed and curvature of the path.
1932Wanless & Weller in Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. XLIII. 1003 The word ‘*cyclothem’ is..proposed to designate a series of beds deposited during a single sedimentary cycle of the type that prevailed during the Pennsylvanian period. 1957Encyl. Brit. IV. 844/1 Coals are more important than limestones in identifying cyclothems because most cyclothems include only one coal whereas two or more limestones may occur.
1925W. J. H. Sprott tr. Kretschmer's Physique & Char. xii. 208 We call the members of that large constitution-class, from which the schizophrenes are recruited, ‘schizothymes’, and those that correspond to the circular psychotics are called ‘*cyclothymes’. 1932Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Jan. 236 The mean age of the cyclothyme group is greater than that of the schizothyme. 1951John o'London's 9 Nov. 724/3 Dickens was undoubtedly a cyclothyme.
1921Glueck & Lind tr. A. Adler's Neurot. Constit. 187 Dementia præcox, paranoia and *cyclothymia. 1929P. Mairet tr. A. Adler's Probl. Neurosis 27 A cyclothymia beginning late in life.
1925W. J. H. Sprott tr. Kretschmer's Physique & Char. xiv. 259 Among *cyclothymic temperaments a certain mood-disposition usually goes with a certain psychic tempo. Ibid., Cyclothymic psychomotility is distinguished by the natural quality of reaction and bodily movement which is now quick, now slow. 1926W. McDougall Outl. Abnormal Psychol. 353 Most of us..are liable to mild alternations of this kind, moods of ‘excitement’ and of depression... When the liability to such alternations is well marked, the personality is said to be of the cyclothymic type. Ibid. 356 Cyclo-thymics, in whom periods of energetic euphoria alternate with despondent impotence. 1965J. Pollitt Depression & its Treatment iv. 59 In cyclothymic subjects, and those who have suffered from manic episodes, a large dose continued too long may produce hypomanic features.
2. Org. Chem. Also ital. (see quot. 1958). A prefix used in forming the names of some cyclic compounds.
1894G. M'Gowan tr. Bernthsen's Text-bk. Org. Chem. (ed. 2) xv. 323 Their ‘official names’ are Cyclo-propane, Cyclo-butane, etc. 1900E. F. Smith tr. von Richter's Org. Chem. (ed. 3) II. 17 In accordance with the decision of the Geneva Conference, they take the name of the normal hydrocarbons with like carbon content, and add to the same the prefix ‘cyclo’—e.g., cycloparaffins. 1904Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXXVI. i. 413 It was not found possible to eliminate nitrogen from this compound and so obtain a cyclooctane derivative. 1911Encycl. Brit. XXII. 31/1 Cyclo-hexanol, C6H11OH, is produced by the reduction of the corresponding ketone. 1925A. W. Judge Automobile Engines i. 10 A mixture of 20 parts benzole and 80 parts cyclohexane will enable an engine to be run at 200 lb. per sq. in. compression pressure. 1944L. F. & M. Fieser Org. Chem. 49 Cycloparaffins (cycloalkanes) bear a close resemblance to the paraffins. 1952Sci. News Let. 24 Dec. 412/1 A new mold chemical, cycloserine, was..reported promising against tuberculosis. 1955Electronic Engin. XXVII. 513 A special solvent, the main constituent of which is cyclohexanone. 1955H. Welch et al. in Antibiotic Med. (N.Y.) I. 72 Cycloserine is the generic name for a new antibiotic produced by Streptomyces orchidaceus. 1957Nomencl. Org. Chem. (I.U.P.A.C.) (1958) 18 The names of saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons (with no side chains) are formed by attaching the prefix ‘cyclo’ to the name of the acyclic saturated unbranched hydrocarbon with the same number of carbon atoms. 1958Packer & Vaughan Mod. Approach to Org. Chem. ii. 40 They are called cyclo-alkanes or cyclo-paraffins and are named correspondingly, e.g. cyclo-pentane, cyclo-hexane. Ibid., In American practice italics are not used for the cyclo, e.g. cyclopentane. 1963New Scientist 9 May 321/2 The photochemical process that Japanese chemists recently developed for converting cyclohexane into caprolactam—which is used in the manufacture of nylon 6—is now in full scale production. |