| 释义 |
▪ I. spoke, n.|spəʊk|
Forms: α. 1 spaca, 3, north. and Sc. 4– spake, 4–5 spak, 6–7, 9 spaik (7 spauk). β. 3– spoke, 5 spook-. γ. 6–7 spoak(e.
[OE. spáca masc., = OFris. spêke (WFris. speake, speak), MDu. speke, speec (Du. speek), OS. spêca (MLG. and LG. spêke), OHG. speicha (MHG. and G. speiche) fem.; the ultimate etym. is uncertain.
The MDu. or MLG. speke was adopted in ME.: see speke2. Du. spaak, LG. spake, etc., represent a different word (see sense 4 a).]
1. a. One of the set of staves, bars, or rods radiating from the hub or nave of a wheel and supporting the felloes or rim.
αc888K. ælfred Boeth. xxxix. §7 Swa swa þa spacan sticiað oðer ende on þære felᵹe oþer on þære nafe. Ibid., Þa felᵹa..hongiað on þæm spacan. c1000ælfric Gloss. in Wr.-Wülcker 106 Cantus, felᵹa... Radii, spacan. a1225Leg. Kath. 1921 Hat..ȝarkin fowr hweoles, & let þurh⁓driuen..þe spaken & te felien mid irnene gadien. 1334–5Durh. Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 525 In ij felys, ij spakes positis in rotis longe carecte. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints l. (Catherine) 853 All þe spakis..sall be fichit with hukis sere. c1425Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 665 Hic radius, spake. 1513Douglas æneid vi. ix. 185 On quhelis spakis speldit vtheris hingis. 1582Wills & Inv. N.C. (Surtees, 1860) 45 In the hen house. Certaine spaikes, j swall, j lose bord [etc.]. 1614in D. Wedderburne Compt-bk. (S.H.S.) 248 Fyve faldomis of burnewod with sum filleis and spaukis. 1815G. Beattie J. o' Arnha (1826) 16 The spaiks were like to lift their linen.
fig.1737Ramsay Sc. Prov. (1750) 61 It is the best spake in your wheel.
βc1275XI Pains of Hell 69 in O.E. Misc., A þusend spoken beoþ þer-on. c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 208/278 A grislich ȝweol with spokene longe i-nowe. c1340Nominale (Skeat) 324 M[an] in the nathe doth spokes. c1386Chaucer Sompn. T. 549 Twelf spokes hath a cart whel comunly. 1426Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 12642 Fyrst off alle, the[e] avyse How thys whel hath...iiij. spokys strechchyd oute. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §5 The wheles..be made of nathes, spokes, fellyes, and dowles. 1627Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. xiv. 64 They haue wheeles made with spokes like coach wheeles and..strongly shod with iron. 1717Addison tr. Ovid's Met. Wks. 1758 I. 162 Here fell a wheel, and here a silver spoke, Here were the beam and axle torn away. 1799G. Smith Laboratory I. 27 Ten or twelve inches will be enough for the diameter of wheels with six spokes. 1873Richards Operat. Handbk. 165 The Blanchard lathe..may turn from five to seven hundred small spokes a day.
γ1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. 11 b, The smaller sort [of husbandry necessaries] be these,..Strikes, Spoakes [etc.]. 1594Shuttleworths' Acc. (Chetham Soc.) 89 For setting on towe felkes and towe spoakes in a wheele, vd. c1620Z. Boyd Zion's Flowers (1855) 58 The spoakes..still neerer..gather, Till in the Nave in their points hard meete together. 1687Lond. Gaz. No. 2272/4 The Good-speed,..loaden with Iron, Spoaks for Carts, &c.
b. In fig. contexts, esp. in reference to the wheel of Fortune.
1412–20Lydg. Chron. Troy iv. 1757 While she is benygne, By influence graciously tassygne Hir spokes meue vn-to ȝoure plesaunce. 1535Lyndesay Satyre 1139, I dreid ȝe spaiks of Spritualitie Sall rew that ever I came in this cuntrie. 1602Shakes. Ham. ii. ii. 517 Breake all the Spokes and Fallies from her wheele. Ibid. iii. iii. 19 Maiestie..is a massie wheele,..To whose huge Spoakes, ten thousand lesser things Are mortiz'd and adioyn'd. 1644in Hartlib Legacy (1655) 278 If all such dispersed spoaks and vallies were fixed in one Centre (viz. a faithfull, carefull, skilfull Steward). 1813Shelley Q. Mab. ix. 153 The restless wheels of being,..Whose flashing spokes..Bicker and burn to gain their destined goal. 1834Marryat P. Simple (1863) 69 The wheel of fortune keeps turning for the comfort of those who are at the lowest spoke.
c. One of a set of radial handles projecting from a cylinder or wheel (esp. a steering-wheel).
1648Wilkins Math. Magic i. vi. 37 An axis or cylinder, having a rundle about it, wherin there are fastned divers spokes, by which the whole may bee turned round. [1769Falconer Dict. Marine s.v. Helm, The spokes of the wheel generally reach about eight inches beyond the rim or circumference, serving as handles to the person who steers the vessel.] 1841R. H. Dana Seaman's Man. 181 In relieving the wheel, the man should..go to the wheel behind the helmsman and take hold of the spokes. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 729 The helm..has a barrel,..and a wheel with spokes to assist in moving it.
d. Basket-Making = stake n.1 5 d.
1897A. Firth Cane Basket Work ii. 17 Spokes, the coarser canes used as the foundation, and round which the weavers are placed. 1925A. A. Gill Practical Basketry 39 After the spokes are arranged for weaving, take a short strand. 1958O. R. Scott Basketry Step by Step 8 The uprights of a basket are called stakes or spokes.
2. a. A bar or rod of wood, esp. one used or shaped for a particular purpose; a stake or pole; a hand-spike; a weaver's beam.
1467Sc. Acts, Jas. III (1814) II. 87 And at na merchandis gudis be revin nor spilt with vnresonable stollin as with spakis. 1496Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot. I. 289 To cary a laid of spakis fra the Castel to the Abbay, to mak pailȝoune pynnys. 1513Ibid. IV. 508 Ane dusan akyn sperris to mak wyndes spakis. 1681W. Robertson Phraseol. Gen. (1693) 1162 A weavers spoke, panus, jugum. 1869McLennan Peasant Life 1st Ser. 260 She brought him to the weaver's cottage, and pointed out ‘the spaik’.
b. A round or rung of a ladder, etc. Also fig.
a1658Lovelace Posth. Poems (1659) 71 Yet the Spoaks by which they scal'd so high, Gamble hath wisely laid of Vt Re Mi. 1833Loudon Encycl. Archit. §990 The hay-racks to be made 2 feet and a half wide; the rungs (spokes) of 1 inch and a half deal. 1892Stevenson Across the Plains 197 Except for the weekly spokes and shafts of the ladder.
c. Sc. One of a set of poles adapted for carrying a coffin to the graveside.
a1670Spalding Troub. Chas. I (1850) I. 74 Sum..liftis the Marquess corpis vpon litter:..the Marques sone..wes at his heid, the Erll of Morray on the right spaik, the Erll of Seafort on the left spaik [etc.]. 1822Galt Sir A. Wylie civ, When the coffin was borne to the entrance of the sepulchre, the spakes were drawn out. 1861E. B. Ramsay Sc. Life & Char. Ser. ii. vi. 120 It was the old fashion, still practised in some districts, to carry the coffin to the grave on long poles or ‘spokes’, as they were commonly termed. 1887P. M'Neill Blawearie 12 It's a gey queer funeral this,..neither a hearse to draw, nor a spake to carry the deid on.
d. (See quots. and cf. 4 a.)
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, Spoke,.. contrivance for skidding the wheels of a vehicle. 1875Knight Dict. Mech., Spoke, a fastening for a wheel to lock it in descending a hill.
3. fig.
a. In phrases denoting an attempt to give advice, or have some say, in a matter. Still in colloq. use in to put in one's spoke (cf. oar n. 5 a).
1580Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 291 With that Philautus came in with his spoake, saying [etc.]. Ibid. 413 Camilla not thinking to be silent, put in hir spoke as she thought into the best wheele. 1601B. Jonson Poetaster ii. i. (1905) 28 You would seeme to be master? You would haue your spoke in my cart? you would aduise me to entertaine ladies?
†b. In uses suggestive of association with speak v.: A saying, maxim, remark. Obs.
It is doubtful whether mod. dial. spoke in the sense of ‘speech’, ‘story’, is a survival of this usage.
1594Nashe Unfort. Trav. Wks. (Grosart) V. 108 The spoke was this, Frustra pius, as much as to say, as fruitles seruice. 1599Porter Angry Wom. Abingt. (Percy Soc.) 40 Hee'l answere With some rime rotten sentence or olde saying, Such spokes as the ancient of the parish vse. 1615Curry-combe for Coxcombe iii. 135 Had we a good Towne⁓stocke, thou shouldest haue a pension, for thy good spoake.
c. Denoting speech or action intended to advance a person's interests. rare.
1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. s.v., To put a spoke in a man's wheel, is to say something of him to his advantage. 1884‘H. Collingwood’ (W. J. C. Lancaster) Under Meteor Flag 50, I shall perhaps be seeing..your new captain..this evening, and, if so, I will put a spoke in your wheel for you.
4. fig.
a. In phrases denoting action which is intended or likely to thwart, obstruct, or impede some person or proceeding; esp. to put a spoke in one's wheel.
Possibly a mistranslation of Du. een spaak (= bar, stave) in 't wiel steeken.
(a)1583B. Melbancke Philotimus G j b, If you haue learnd the eight liberall science, I mean cogging, I will sett a spoke to your cogge. 1661Merry Drollery ii. 37 He..look'd to be made an emperor for't, But the Devel did set a spoke in his Cart. c1681Hickeringill Trimmer iv. Wks. 1716 I. 377 The reason why I have not been prefer'd, and advanc't according to my merits, is the whispers, and sly insinuations of such Trimmers suggestions, as this is, which has put a spoke in my Ladder.
(b)1617Fletcher Mad Lover iii. vi, I'le put a spoak among your wheels. 1656Ld. Broghill in Thurloe's St. Papers (1742) V. 295 Argile has been very industryous to be chosen, but we have put a spoke in his wheel. 1712Steele Spect. No. 498 ⁋2 They had clapt such a Spoke in his Wheel, as had disabled him from being a Coachman for that Day. 1801tr. Gabrielli's Myst. Husb. III. 164 If you was to attempt to make your escape, I should be obligated to put a spoke in your wheel. 1853E. Forbes in Geikie Mem. xiv. (1861) 527, I trust in you..to put a spoke in the wheels of my opponents if you find them going too fast. 1885Manch. Exam. July 135/1 Capitalists..were trying to put a spoke in the wheel of Socialism.
(c)1607Hieron Wks. I. 411 Shee should not put in her spoke to withstand the motion, but should rather further her husband in such an honest businesse. a1677Barrow Serm. (1687) I. 149 He letteth them proceed on in a full carriere:..then instantly he checketh, putteth in a spoak, he stoppeth, or turneth them backward. 1840Hood Up Rhine 8, I did hope the policy would haue put a spoke in our tour, but, unluckily, it gives me latitude to travel all over Europe.
b. Some thing, action, or fact which prevents, impedes, or obstructs; an impediment or obstacle.
Usually with in the (or one's) wheel: cf. above.
1689Mem. God's last 29 Yrs. Wond. Eng. 64 Both which Bills were such Spokes in their Chariot-wheels, that made them drive much heavier. 1748Foote Knights i. Wks. 1799 I. 69 So, Jack, here's a fresh spoke in your wheel... This is a cursed cross incident! 1755Kidgell Card II. 179 Here Mrs. Walker thought it would be no small Spoke in the Wheel of her present Design, to take up her Residence herself. 1845Disraeli Sybil (1863) 212 Rely upon it a bold united front at this moment would be a spoke in the wheel. 1855Thackeray Newcomes ix, And thinks I there's a spoke in your wheel, you stuck-up little old Duchess.
5. transf.
†a. Bot. A pedicel or peduncle of an umbel; a radius or ray. Obs.
1578Lyte Dodoens 614 The spokes [of Ammi visnaga]..the Italians and Spaniardes doo use as tooth-pickes. 1796Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) I. 83 Spokes (radii), the fruit-stalks of flowers collected into Umbels or Umbellules. Ibid. II. 79 Fruit-stalks..forming a sort of umbel, the outer spokes of which are gradually shorter and shorter.
b. A ray or beam of light, sunshine, etc.
1849Cupples Green Hand xiv. (1856) 138 The sun had got low, and he shivered his dazzling spokes of light behind one edge of it [a bank of vapour]. Ibid. 152 While here and there a broad bright hazy spoke off the sun came cutting down into the forest.
6. attrib. and Comb., as spoke-flange; spoke-bone Anat. = radius n. 1 c; spoke-brush, -river, -wood (see quots.). Also spoke-shave.
A number of technical uses are given and defined in Knight Dict. Mech. (1875) and Suppl. (1884), as spoke-auger, -clamp, -gage, -groove, -lathe, -wheel; spoke-pointer, -setter, -trimmer; spoke driving, -facing, -inserting, etc.
a1843Encycl. Metrop. (1845) VII. 303 [In fishes] there is usually an aperture between the lower edge of the spoke-bone and the upper edge of the ulna. Ibid. 326 The Fore-Arm [in birds] consists of two bones, the cubit and spoke-bone, of which the latter is always in a state of semipronation. 1851Mayhew Lond. Labour I. 362/1 The street-vendors sell wash-leathers,..spoke-brushes (to clean carriage-wheels), and coach-mops. 1851J. Brown Forester (ed. 2) iv. 362 Young oaks, of the size generally termed spoke-wood, sell well. 1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, Spoke-river, a wheelwright, or shaper of spokes or rounds for ladders. 1869Archaeol. XLII. 126 Skewerwood..is also called spoke-wood. 1876J. Greenwood Low-life Deeps 218 The sand-paperer..had caught up a spoke-brush, and was poising it for a throw. 1898Cycling 48 The hub should not measure less than 2 in. between the spoke-flanges.
▪ II. spoke, v.|spəʊk|
[f. the n.]
1. trans. To furnish or provide with spokes or bars; to mark with spoke-like lines or rays.
1720Pope Iliad xxi. 45 As from a sycamore, his sounding steel Lopp'd the green arms to spoke a chariot-wheel. 1756M. Calderwood in Coltness Coll. (Maitl. Club) 122 Just by the water-pump there was a crib [for chickens] fixt about a yard from the ground; it was spoked in the bottom, so that the filth fell through. 1839Hawthorne Transform. xlix, A triumphal car,..its slow-moving wheels encircled and spoked with foliage. 1890R. Bridges Shorter Poems ii. 5 The white water-lily spoked with gold.
2. To thrust a spoke into (a wheel, etc.) in order to check movement; fig. to block, impede, or obstruct.
1854A. E. Baker Northampt. Gloss. s.v., ‘Spoke your cart’ is a phrase of similar significancy. 1896Daily News 4 June 5/4 Six pages of amendments skilfully handled are sufficient to spoke the wheels of any private Bill.
3. To drive or force (a wheel or vehicle) forward by pushing the spokes.
1860Chambers's Jrnl. XIV. 236 Those under the vehicle can ‘spoke’ the wheels forward. 1882E. O'Donovan Merv Oasis I. iii. 54 The waggons, often down to the axle, had to be forcibly spoked forward by the men. |