| 释义 |
Bolshevik, n. and a.|ˈbɒlʃɪvɪk|
Also rarely -ic.
[a. Russ. bol′shevík, f. ból′she more, f. bol′shóĭ big. The Russ. pl. bol′shevikí has been used by some English writers.]
A. n. A member of that part of the Russian Social-Democratic Party which took Lenin's side in the split that followed the second Congress of the party in 1903, seized power in the ‘October’ Revolution of 1917, and was subsequently renamed the (Russian) Communist Party. Cf. Menshevik.
191719th Cent. July 141 The Mensheviki or Minimalists (Moderate Socialists)... The Bolsheviki (Extreme Socialists). 1917New Europe 6 Dec. 236 It was from this Conference [of Socialists at Stockholm, 1903] that the cleavage between Bolševiks and Menševiks dates, the former being those who held a ‘majority’ at the Conference, the latter a ‘minority’. 1918E. J. Dillon Eclipse of Russia 10 The Bolsheviks at once outbid the Cadets. Ibid. 33 After the triumph of the Bolsheviki. 1918C. E. Russell Unchained Russia 253 The Bolshevic was in Russia the most natural fruitage. a1968M. Richler in R. Weaver Canad. Short Stories 2nd Ser. (1968) 196 The crazed man behind him, another old bolshevik, repeats over and over again, ‘This could never happen in a socialist country.’
b. transf. and fig. A person of subversive or revolutionary views; an out-and-out opponent of the existing social order or accepted codes.
1926W. R. Inge Lay Thoughts 29 The cliques of literary Bolsheviks, who seem to be inspired by a destructive hatred..of civilisation.
B. adj. = Bolshevist a.
1907I. Zangwill Ghetto Comedies 401 Go to the Labour Parties... Not the Bolshewiki faction..but the Menshewiki 1917New Europe 8 Nov. 112 The Bolševik mentality. 1918C. E. Russell Unchained Russia 261 The Bolshevic movement. 1919J. Pollock Bolshevik Adv. p. xx, The part played by the Jews in Bolshevik Russia. 1952Economist 25 Oct. 240/1 The party is no longer Bolshevik, even in name. The Politburo has been dropped.
Hence ˈBolshevikism = Bolshevism; ˈBolshevikize v. = Bolshevize v.
1918Nation (N.Y.) 7 Feb. 135/1 What Germany is resolved upon is that these lands shall not be Bolshevikized economically. 1919H. S. King Russia during War 49 The rising tide of Bolshevikism. |