| 释义 |
▪ I. cramp, n.1|kræmp|
Forms: 4–7 crampe, (4–5 crompe, craumpe, 5 cramppe, croampe), 5– cramp.
[ME. cra(u)mpe, a. OF. crampe (13th c. in Littré), a. OLG. *krambe: cf. MLG. and MDu. krampe, LG. krampe, Du. kramp f., beside OS. cramp, OHG. chrampf, G. krampf m., according to Kluge, a subst. use of cramp, OHG. chrampf adj. compressed, bent in: see note at end of this article.]
An involuntary, violent and painful contraction of the muscles, usually the result of a slight strain, a sudden chill, etc.
Usually spoken of as cramp, formerly and still colloq. the cramp; a cramp is a particular case or form of the seizure. The word is also used of affections accompanied by feelings akin to those of cramp, and assumed to be in part due to it, as cramp of the chest (= angina pectoris), cramp of the heart, stomach, etc., and it is also applied to paralytic affections caused by over-exertion of particular muscles of the hand, as compositor's cramp, musician's cramp, scrivener's cramp, shoemaker's cramp, writer's cramp.
1374Chaucer Troylus iii. 1022 Wel he felte a-boute his herte crepe..The crampe [v.r. craumpe] of deth. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xiii. 335, I cacche þe crompe, þe cardiacle some tyme. c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 99 Þe crampe is a syknes..in þe which syknes cordis & senewis weren drawen to her bigynnynge. Ibid. 105 Þre maner of crampis: þe toon is clepid amprostonos, þe toþer empistenos, þe iij. tetanus. 1563T. Gale Antidot. ii. 21 Wyth this vnguent annoynt the member which hath the crampe. 1600Shakes. A.Y.L. iv. i. 105 Leander..he went but forth to wash him in the Hellespont, and being taken with the crampe, was droun'd. 1610― Temp. i. ii. 369 Ile racke thee with old Crampes. 1700in Maidment Sc. Pasquils (1868) 357 Who to your bed will cramps and stitches bring. 1788F. Burney Diary Feb., He recounted to me the particulars of his sudden seizure..from the cramp in his stomach. 1866A. Flint Princ. Med. (1880) 814 Painful contraction of muscles..not produced by any obvious cause, is known as cramp. 1887Times 27 Aug. 11/6 The deceased, while bathing with his father, was seized with cramp.
b. Applied to diseases of animals, esp. a disease of the wings to which hawks are liable.
c1430Bk. Hawkyng in Rel. Ant. I. 298 If he take colde ore he be full sommyd, for soth he schall gendre the crampe. Ibid. 302 For the cramp in hawkes wyng. 1486Bk. St. Albans B viij a, The Croampe commyth to an hawke with takyng of coolde in hir yowthe. 1618Latham 2nd Bk. Falconry (1633) 122 The Crocke & the Crampe are two very dangerous euils. 1736Bailey Housh. Dict. 218 Cramp a distemper in sheep. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) V. 337 They should be kept very clean, as indeed should all singing birds..otherwise they will have the cramp, and perhaps the claw will drop off.
c. fig.
1646J. Hall Poems 64 Nor anger pull With cramps the Soule. 1648W. Jenkyn Blind Guide i. 9 There is scarce a word..in the writing whereof his fingers were not wofully troubled with the Cretian cramp [i.e. lying].
d. Comb. cramp-bark (U.S.), the bark of the American Cranberry Tree, having anti-spasmodic properties; also the plant itself; cramp-bone, the knee-cap or patella of a sheep, believed to be a charm against cramp; cramp-ray = cramp-fish; cramp-spider, the Whirligig, a water-beetle; cramp-stone, a stone used as a charm against cramp; cramp-word (see cramp a. 1). Also cramp-fish, -ring.
1844Dickens Mart. Chuz. xlvi, Carried in her pocket..along with two *cramp-bones. 1849― Dav. Copp. xvii, He could turn cramp-bones into chessmen.
1769Pennant Zool. III. 67 *Cramp-ray. 1772–84Cook Voy. (1790) I. 323 The torpedo, or cramp-ray, is a very curious fish.
1721R. Bradley Wks. Nat. 147 Water Beetles of several kinds, Boat-Flies, a Monoculus, and *Cramp Spider.
1629Massinger Picture v. i, Ricardo. I have the cramp all over me. Hilario... A *cramp-stone, as I take it, Were very useful. 1877Holderness Gloss., Cramp-steean, a certain kind of pebble carried in the pocket as a preservative against cramp.
[Note. The family of words etymologically related to cramp is very large. The ablaut series krimp-, kramp, krump- is a secondary (intensive) form of krimb-, kramb, krumb- (varying phonetically as krimm-, kramm, krumm-) with the root-meaning ‘to press in, compress forcibly’, as mentioned under cram v. There may have even been a simpler series krim-, kram, krum-, represented by ON. kremja ‘to pinch, squeeze’. Cf. the parallel relation of clam, clamp, and of the stems cring-, crink-, mentioned under crank n.1
The English members of the group are, I. from stem krimb-, krimm-: 1. OE. str. verb crimman, cramm, crummen to press in. 2. cram v., n.; cromb, crome, n., v. 3. crum, crumb a., v.; crummie. II. from stem krimp-: 1. crimp v., a., n., and their derivatives. 2. cramp a., n.1, n.2, v., and derivatives. 3. crump a., n., v.; crumpy, etc. III. from dimin. stem krimbil-: crimble v., cramble v., n. IV. from dimin. stem krimpil-: crimple v., n.; crample v.; crumple n., a., v., and their derivatives.
There is a strong analogy both of form and sense between this group and the parallel series of cring, crink, crank, cringle, crangle, crinkle, crankle, crunkle.]
▪ II. cramp, n.2|kræmp|
[Found since 16th century: apparently from Du. or LG. Cf. MDu. krampe (Kilian, in mod.Du. replaced by kram), OHG. chramph ‘hook, aduncus’ and chrampho, MHG. kramphe, mod.G. dial. krampf m.; also mod.G. krampe, properly of LG. origin: orig. the same word as cramp n.1, but now differentiated in the various langs. (mod.G. krampf spasm, krampe the instrument, Du. kramp and kram); the immediate derivation of the two words in Eng. is distinct.]
†1. An iron bar with the end bent to a hook; a grappling-iron; = cramp-iron 1. Obs. exc. dial.
1503Kal. Sheph. (1506) F iv, Wheles..lyke mylles euermore tournynge..& the wheles were full of hokes and crampes of yron. 1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 434 For the undoyng of which [knottes] shall neede no great yron crampe, but a seely simple wyer onely shall suffice. 1648Wilkins Math. Magick i. vii. 52 A sharp graple or cramp of iron, which may be apt to take hold of any place where it lights. 1883Hampshire Gloss., Cramp, a bent iron, or the like.
2. A small bar of metal with the ends bent, used for holding together two pieces of masonry, timber, etc., a clamp; = cramp-iron 2.
1594Plat Jewell-ho. iii. 26 Peece the timber work in such sort, as that it may resemble an arch of stone, make the ioints strong, and binde them fast with crampes or dogs of iron. 1628Louth Churchw. Acc. IV. 34 (in Peacock N.W. Linc. Gloss.) A Drill for puttinge in y⊇ cramps xijd. 1751C. Labelye Westm. Br. 20 Every Course cramped together with Iron Cramps, let into the Stones. 1793Smeaton Edystone L. §41 Iron cramps were used to retain the stones of each course together. 1805Southey Madoc in W. xv, Now have they From the stone coffin wrench'd the iron cramps. 1876Gwilt Archit. 1223 In modern buildings iron is chiefly used for the cramps..The Romans wisely used cramps of bronze.
3. A portable tool or press with a movable part which can be screwed up so as to hold things together; esp. one used by joiners and others for pressing together two pieces of wood, etc., which are being joined (see quots.). Cf. clamp n.1 2.
1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag. ii. i. 52 A pair of Cramps made of Iron, with Screws to fasten the Scale of Equal Parts and the Scale to be made together. 1850Weale Dict. Terms, Cramp, a short bar of iron, with its ends bent so as to form three sides of a parallelogram: at one end a set-screw is inserted, so that two pieces of metal, being placed between, can be held firmly together by the screw. 1876Gwilt Archit. Gloss., Cramp, an iron instrument about four feet long, having a screw at one end, and a moveable shoulder at the other, employed by carpenters and joiners for forcing mortise and tenon work together. 1882Worcester Exhib. Catal. iii. 16 Joiner's Screws, Cramps.
4. In other technical uses.
†a. A contrivance for stopping a windmill. Obs. rare.
1612Sturtevant Metallica (1854) 69 The Windmilnes in Moorfields..haue a deuise called the Crampe, which will sodenly (in the face of the storm) [check] the ..circumgyration of the wheeles.
b. = crampet 3, crampon 3.
1890J. Kerr Hist. Curling i. i. 59 Riddell sprung upon the cramps. Ibid. ii. i. 206 A pair of cramps cost 2s. 8d. 1892Cornh. Mag. June 612 He..puts on his heavy shoes with iron cramps in the soles.
†c. An iron fastened on the feet for gliding on the ice; ? a skate. Obs.
1813Hogg Queen's Wake 191 The youth, on cramps of polished steel, Like lightning o'er the lake they glide.
d. Shoemaking. ‘A piece of wood having a curve corresponding to that of the upper part of the instep, on which the upper leather of a boot is stretched to give it the requisite shape’ (Webster). Also called crimp.
5. The cluster of calyces or husks of a bunch of nuts.
1866Nature & Art 1 Dec. 216 A basket or bag of nuts in their husks or cramps being produced. Ibid. For so many lovers had Sue of the Vale, That no cramp of nuts could give half of the tale.
6. ‘A pillar of rock or mineral left for support’ (Raymond, Mining Gloss. 1881).
7. A cramped or stiffly wrinkled part in paper, etc.; a fold, crease, ruck.
1828Hutton Course Math. II. 55 And when the paper is become dry, it will, by contracting again, stretch itself smooth and flat from any cramps and unevenness.
8. fig. A constraining and narrowly confining force or power; a cramping restraint.
1719W. Wood Surv. Trade 255 They are too wise to have any such Cramps upon Trade. 1781Cowper Truth 466 Crippling his pleasures with the cramp of fear! 1820H. Matthews Diary of Invalid 454 His genius was embarrassed by the cramp and confinement of the French literary laws. 1838–9Hallam Hist. Lit. IV. iii. iv. §104. 124 Attempts to fasten down the progressive powers of the human mind by the cramps of association.
9. A cramped or constrained condition or state.
1864Lowell Fireside Trav. 143 The compressed nature struggles through at every crevice, but can never get the cramp and stunt out of it.
10. Comb., as cramp-frame, cramp-hole, cramp-joint, etc.; cramp-drill, a portable drill consisting of a frame similar to the joiner's cramp, with a drill-spindle, feed-screw, and support for the article to be drilled.
1796Pegge Anonym. (1809) 346 The cramp-holes..do not perfectly correspond to the letters.
▪ III. cramp, a.|kræmp|
[Not known before 17th c., and perh. formed from cramp n. or v. But an adj. crampe cramped, seized or affected with cramp, occurs in OF. (cf. goutte-crampe in Littré), and the word is old in Teutonic: Icel. krapp-r, for earlier Norse *kramp-r contracted, strait, narrow, OHG. chramph, cramf, forcibly squeezed together, crooked, f. Teut. vb. stem krimpan, kramp, krumpen, to press together with force, compress, for which see note to cramp, n.1 In OE. the only trace of the word is in the adj. crompeht as a gloss of folialis; cf. ‘foliatum curbutum’ in Corpus Glossary (Hessels) 67.]
1. Difficult to make out, understand, or decipher; crabbed.
cramp word: a word difficult to pronounce or understand.
1674N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. Contents, Doctor More's cramp argument brought off. 1683A. Snape Anat. Horse iv. i. (1686) 151 The Cramp-names (as we call them) of the Muscles are no such hindrance to me as..to most others. 1697Potter Antiq. Greece ii. xx. (1715) 362 Proposing Riddles and cramp Questions. 1708Brit. Apollo No. 29. 2/1 Your Lawyer's..Cramp Law Terms. 1731Wodrow Corr. (1843) III. 481 It's pity a gentleman should write in so cramp a style, as to need a Dictionary at the margin and the foot of the page. 1858Lit. Churchman IV. 407/1 The cramp Latinity of Tertullian. 1887Parish & Shaw Kentish Gloss., Cramp-word, a word difficult to be understood. ‘Our new parson..uses so many of these cramp-words.’
b. In cramp handwriting now associated with cramped, constrained, not written freely and distinctly.
1733Fielding Don Quix. in Eng. Introd., They are written in such damned cramp hands, you will never be able to read them. 1865Carlyle Fredk. Gt. VII. xviii. ii. 108 Handwriting, not too cramp for him.
2. Contracted, strait, narrow; cramping.
1785A. M. Bennett Juv. Indiscretions (1786) I. 30 The old gentleman made a cramp sort of a will. 1806–7J. Beresford Miseries Hum. Life (1826) xviii. xii. 135 On your way to your seat in a cramp corner. 1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Result Wks. (Bohn) II. 135 There is a cramp limitation in their habit of thought..a tortoise's instinct to hold hard to the ground. 1863Hoyle's Games Mod. 357 s.v. Billiards, Cramp-Games, those in which one player gives to another some apparently great advantages.
▪ IV. cramp, v.|kræmp|
[Strictly two words from cramp n.1 and cramp n.2 respectively; but these have run together in use, and have given rise to senses which partake of both notions.]
I. Connected with cramp n.1
†1.
a. trans. To give the cramp to (a person); to cause to be seized with cramp. Obs.
1572R. H. tr. Lauaterus' Ghostes (1596) 185 When thou wilt crampe some man by the toes in night time. 1587Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1972/2 William Forbie..fell asleep and could not be wakened with pricking, cramping, or otherwise burning whatsoever. 1589Pappe w. Hatchet B, What fast a sleepe? Nay faith, Ile cramp thee till I wake thee. a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Cramped, a weight with a string tied to one's Toe, when a Sleep, much used by School-boies, one to another.
†b. To affect (a part of the body) with cramp.
1602Marston Ant. & Mel. ii. Wks. 1856 I. 26 O how impatience cramps my cracked veins. c1610Middleton, etc. Widow ii. ii, And I take you railing at my patron, sir, I'll cramp your joints! 1634Ford P. Warbeck iii. ii, I can laugh..When the gout cramps my joints.
2. To affect with the painful stiffness, numbness, or contraction of the muscles which characterizes cramp; the result of a constrained position, paralysis, exposure to cold, etc. Usually in pass.
1639[see cramp v. 3]. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 729 When the contracted Limbs were cramp'd. 1731Medley Kolben's Cape G. Hope II. 206 Whoever touches this fish..his limbs will immediately be cramp'd and benumb'd. 1778F. Burney Early Diary 5 July, We stood till we were cramp'd to death, not daring to move. 1863Geo. Eliot Romola i. v, A man with a deep-veined hand cramped by much copying of manuscripts. 1869Goulburn Purs. Holiness iii. 23 A hand which was probably cramped together, and curved by the complaint.
II. Connected mainly with cramp n.2, but often affected by cramp n.1
†3.
a. To compress or squeeze (the body and limbs) with irons in punishment or torture. Contrasted with to rack. Obs.
a1555Latimer Serm. & Rem. (1845) 258 Racking, and cramping, injuring and wronging the same. 1605B. Jonson Volpone v. viii, Thou art to lie in prison, cramp'd with irons, Till thou be'st sick and lame indeed. 1639Massinger Unnat. Combats i. i, Now, cramped with iron, Hunger, and cold, they hardly do support me.
b. fig. and transf. To compress forcibly.
1673A. Walker Lees Lachrymans 12 Levelling Principles which..would wrack and cramp all conditions of Men into one size and Stature. 1705Addison Italy (J.), The antiquarians are for cramping their subjects into as narrow a space as they can. 1711― Spect. No. 58 ⁋10 The Verses were to be cramped or extended to the Dimensions of the Frame that was prepared for them.
4. a. To confine narrowly, fetter or shut in (in space), so as to restrict the physical freedom of. Often with up.
1683Apol. Prot. France iv. 35 They intended to seize upon him and the Admiral, to cramp the one in Prison, and cut off the others head. 1705W. Bosman Coast of Guinea 43 To banish, or at least cramp Akim so that he should not be able to go far inland. 1726Leoni Alberti's Archit. I. 89 a, The Camp ought not..to be so crampt up and confined, as not to afford sufficient room. 1796C. Marshall Garden. xvii. (1813) 278 Bad planting by cramping the root, etc., will often induce sickliness. 1831Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) I. 212 My objection to the vessel is it's smallness, which cramps one so for room. 1841D'Israeli Amen. Lit. 699 A company of puppy-dogs cramped up in a bag.
†b. to cramp in: to crush into a space where there is not sufficient room.
1605Bacon Adv. Learn. ii. xxi. §8 Those which crampe in [into a writing] matters impertinent.
c. trans. and intr. To deflect or turn to one side. U.S.
1875‘Mark Twain’ in Atlantic Mar. 286/2 A boat hates shoal water... Now cramp her down! Snatch her! 1883― Life Mississippi x. 99 Cramp her up to the bar! What are you standing up through the middle of the river for? 1924W. M. Raine Troubled Waters iii, She tried to cramp to the left.
5. fig.
a. To restrict or confine within injuriously narrow limits (any action or operations).
1625Bacon Ess. Usury (Arb.) 544 It is impossible to conceiue the Number of Inconueniences that will ensue, if Borrowing be Cramped. c1645[see b]. 1665Glanvill Sceps. Sci. 3 The sloath and laziness which..hath crampt endeavour. 1724Swift Drapier's Lett. Wks. 1755 V. ii. 74 Those who have used power to cramp liberty. 1749Berkeley Word to Wise Wks. 1871 III. 443 The hardness of the landlord cramps the industry of the tenant. 1780T. Jefferson Corr. Wks. 1859 I. 242 The want of money cramps every effort. 1873Dixon Two Queens I. ii. vii. 109 Trade was cramped by laws and customs.
b. To compress or narrow (the mind, faculties, etc.) by preventing their free growth.
c1645Howell Lett. (1650) II. 33 The last week you sent me word that you wer..crampd with Busines..if you write not this week..I shall think you are crampd in your affection rather than your fingers. a1704T. Brown Praise of Wealth Wks. 1730 I. 85 Poverty cramps the mind. 1711Addison Spect. No. 160 ⁋9 They cramp their own Abilities too much by Imitation. 1818M. W. Shelley Frankenst. iv, A selfish pursuit had cramped and narrowed me. 1877H. A. Page DeQuincey I. xiii. 273. [It] chilled his energies, and cramped his powers of production.
c. Phr. to cramp one's style: to restrict one's natural actions or behaviour.
[1819Lamb Let. 7 June (1935) II. 250, I will never write another letter with alternate inks. You cannot imagine how it cramps the flow of the style.] 1917A. Woollcott Let. 2 Sept. (1944) 26, I think the very fact of a censorship cramps one's style. 1919Punch 9 Apr. 283 (caption) Cramping his style. 1923Saucy Stories 1 Nov. 124/1, I always go out with Edith... Edith never cramps my style. 1928W. S. Maugham Ashenden 21 If I get into any trouble, you will never be admitted into any of the allied countries for the rest of your life. I can't help thinking it would cramp your style. 1930R. Lehmann Note in Music 44 He was so debonair and independent: it would take a lot to cramp his style. 1956B. Goolden Singing & Gold viii. 179 He got a kick out of being with Daphne even if she cramped his style. 1963J. Joesten They call it Intelligence xx. 190 Troll did not allow this misfortune to cramp his style.
III. Connected with cramp n.2 alone.
6. To fasten or secure with a cramp or cramps; esp. in Building, to join stones (together) with cramp-irons. † to cramp up: to do up or repair by this means. Obs.
1654Trapp Comm. Ezra x. iii, Tottering houses must be crampt with iron barres, or they will soon down. 1675Evelyn Mem. (1867) II. 102 This vessel was flat-bottomed..It consisted of two distinct keels cramped together with huge timbers. 1744Knight in Phil. Trans. XLIII. 162 A Steel Bar..capped or armed with Iron at each End, cramped with Silver. 1793Smeaton Edystone L. §93 The stones..were all cramped with iron, each to its neighbour. 1800Wellington in Gurw. Desp. I. 113 The 1st regiment will have their gallopers..which I have cramped up for them; it is impossible to do anything to those belonging to the 4th regiment. 1885Manch. Exam. 21 July 6/5 Supported by iron braces, which were cramped on to the central core.
fig.1780Burke Sp. at Bristol Wks. III. 419 The diversified but connected fabrick of universal justice, is well cramped and bolted together in all its parts.
7. Shoemaking. To form (the instep of a boot, etc.) on a boot-cramp.
1864in Webster; and later Dicts. |