| 释义 |
▪ I. cork, n.1|kɔːk|
[Cf. Sp. corcha, corche in same sense; but 15th c. corke, with 16th c. Du. kork, kurk, Ger. kork, appears to represent OSp. alcorque ‘a corke shooe, a pantofle’ (Minsheu), in which sense corke is cited in 1463 (sense 2); cf. also Ger. korke slipper (1595 in Grimm), and the earliest High G. name for cork, pantoffel- or pantofflenholz slipper-wood.
The Sp. corche represents (directly or indirectly) L. corticem bark (in which sense Sp. now uses corteza:—L. corticea). Alcorque, known in Sp. of date 1458, was immediately from Sp. Arabic (Covarrubias 1611 has ‘dicho en Arabigo corque’); but its origin is uncertain; Dozy thinks it represents L. quercus. If this be so, then corque, and by implication cork, has no connexion with Sp. corcha, corche, or L. cortex.]
I.
1. The ‘bark’ or periderm of the cork-oak, which grows to a thickness of one or two inches, is very light, tough, and elastic, and is commonly used for a variety of purposes.
virgin cork: the outer casing of the bark formed during the first year's growth, which afterwards dries, splits, and peels off naturally in flakes. Spons Encycl. ii. (1880) 723.
[c1440Promp. Parv. 93 Corktre, suberies. Corkbarke, cortex. 1483Cath. Angl. 76 Corke. [No Latin.] ]1570Levins Manip. 171 Corke, suber. 1601Holland Pliny xvi. viii. (R.), Concerning corke, the woodie substance of the tree is very small..the barke only serveth for many purposes. 1666Pepys Diary 14 July, Four or five tons of corke to send..to the fleet, being a new device to make barricados with. 1840Barham Ingol. Leg., Execution, Blacking his nose with a piece of burnt cork. 1872Oliver Elem. Bot. ii. 239 Cork is the outer bark, removed from the tree at intervals of from six to ten years.
2. Applied to various things made of cork.
†a. A sandal or slipper made of cork; a cork sole or heel for a shoe. Obs.
1463–4Act 2–3 Edw. IV, c. 4 Botes, shoen, galoches or corkes. 1473in Ld. Treas. Acc. Scotl. I. 29 To pay for patynis and corkis. 1530Palsgr. 169 Liege, a corke for a slyppar [cf. 209]. 1609Heywood Rape Lucrece Wks. 1874 V. 211 They weare so much Corke under their heeles they cannot choose but love to caper. 1624Davenport City Nt-cap. 11, She must have a Feather in her head and a cork in her heel. a1800Ballad ‘The Queen's Marie’ xvii. (Minstr. Sc. Border), The corks frae her heels did flee.
b. A piece of cork used as a float for a fishing net or line, or to support a swimmer in the water.
1496Bk. St. Albans, Fishing 17 Make your flotys in this wyse. Take a fayr corke, etc. 1555Eden Decades 195 As light as a corke. 1617Hieron Wks. II. 79 Whoso thinks to swimme well enough without this ministeriall corke. 1665Boyle Occas. Refl. iv. vi. (1675) 197 Whilst we continu'd angling..we often cast our Eyes..upon each others fishing Corks. 1840Clough Early Poems i. 31 The corks the novice plies to-day The swimmer soon shall cast away.
3. esp. A piece of cork, cut into a cylindrical or tapering form, used as a stopper for a bottle, cask, etc.; also transf. a similar stopper made of some other substance.
1530Palsgr. 737 Stoppe the bottell with a corke. 1611Shakes. Wint. T. iii. iii. 95 As you'ld thrust a Corke into a hogshead. 1660Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. Proem 12 That hole was stopt with a Cork. 1797Holcroft Stolberg's Trav. (ed. 2) III. lxxx. 229 Corks for bottles are made from the bark..and likewise cork soles. 1869E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 27 Bottles, with glass stoppers and not with corks. 1870G. Macdonald Back of N. Wind i, He..got a little strike of hay, twisted it up, folded it..and having thus made it into a cork, stuck it into the hole.
4. The cork-tree or cork-oak (Quercus Suber), a species of oak found in the countries on the Mediterranean, and grown for the production of cork.
1601Chester Love's Mart. lxiii. (1878) 95 The Hollyhalme, the Corke. 1814Southey Roderick xi, The vine..clinging round the cork And ilex, hangs amid their dusky leaves.
5. Bot. A peculiar tissue in the higher plants, forming the inner division of the bark (which name is sometimes restricted to the dead tissues lying outside the cork); it consists of closely-packed air-containing cells, nearly impervious to air and water, and protects the underlying tissues.
1875Bennett & Dyer tr. Sachs' Bot. i. ii. §15. 80 The formation of cork is very frequently continuous..when this occurs uniformly over the whole circumference, there arises a stratified cork-envelope, the Periderm, replacing the epidermis, which is in the meantime generally destroyed. 1878McNab Bot. ii. (1883) 39 All tissues external to the layers of cork, die and dry up, forming a strong..protecting tissue, the bark.
II. transf.
†6. Used by Grew for the ‘head’ or torus of some fruits, as apples, pears, gooseberries, bearing the withered remains of the floral leaves. Obs.
1671Grew Anat. Plants i. vi. §2 Ten [branches] are spred..through the Parenchyma [of the apple], most of them enarching themselves towards the Cork or Stool of the Flower. 1677― Anat. Fruits ii. §9 (Pears) A straight chanel or Ductus, which opens at the midle of the Cork or Stool of the Flower. Ibid. §10 (Quince) The coar stands higher or nearer to the Cork..and the Ductus from the bottom of the Coar to the top of the Fruit, much more open and observable.
7. fossil cork, mountain-cork, rock-cork: names for a very light variety of asbestos.
1865Page Handbk. Geol. Terms 389 Rock-Cork, a variety of asbestus whose fine fibres are so interlaced and matted as to give it the texture and lightness of cork..Often known as ‘mountain-cork’. Ibid. 207 Fossil-Cork. 1868Dana Min. 234 Mountain Leather is a kind [of asbestos] in thin flexible sheets, made of interlaced fibres; and mountain cork the same in thicker pieces.
8. fig. Applied to a person.
1601? Marston Pasquil & Kath. iv. 39 A slight bubling spirit, a Corke, a Huske. a1631Donne Poems (1650) 7, I can love..Her who still weeps with spungie eies, And her who is dry corke, and never cries.
9. Sc. colloq. A small employer or master tradesman; an overseer of foreman. [Perh. not the same word.]
1832Whistle-Binkie (Sc. Songs) Ser. i. 50 An' our cork when he's slack, Will gie ye a hint when he's takin on han's. 1856J. Strang Glasgow 129 The corks or small manufacturers of Anderston.
III. 10. attrib. or as adj. Made of or with cork as cork sole. (Sometimes with hyphen.)
1716Lond. Gaz. No. 5466/4 His Left Foot Shoe-heel half a Quarter of a Yard high, a Cork-sole answerable. 1766C. Leadbetter Royal Gauger ii. iii. (ed. 6) 241 A Cork Plate or Plum, for taking Gauges of Ale or Beer. 1775Ann. Reg. 82 Providing themselves with cork-belts and cork-collars. 1873Young Englishwoman June 280/2 [Bathing] Shoes..are made of the same material as the rest of the costume..a light cork sole being sewn on outside the material. 1886Offic. Guide Museums Econ. Bot. Kew 144 A Cork hat, as used in Portugal. 1889Times 18 Feb. 5 A dark-complexioned young man..with a cork-leg.
11. Comb.
a. attributive, as cork-band, cork-bark, cork-cambium, cork-cell, cork-crop, cork-hole, cork-layer, cork-tissue;
b. objective, as cork-bearing, cork-forming, adjs.; cork-borer, cork-boring, cork-drawer, cork-maker;
c. parasynthetic, as cork-barked, cork-brained (see d), cork-heeled (see d), adjs.
1615E. S. Britain's Buss in Arb. Garner III. 631 These sixty corks must have sixty *Cork-bands to tie them to the net.
c1440Promp. Parv. 93 *Corkbarke, cortex.
1866Treas. Bot. 1188 (s.v. Ulmus) The *Cork-barked Elm is in habit intermediate between the common and wych elms.
1759Ellis in Phil. Trans. LI. 210 Acorns of the *Cork-bearing oak.
1854Scoffern in Orr's Circ. Sc. Chem. 291 Each of these *cork-borers is a brass tube.
Ibid. 356 In the way of *cork-boring.
1878McNab Bot. ii. (1883) 38 The *cork cambium forms new annual rings, as the ordinary cambium forms rings of wood.
1882Vines tr. Sachs' Bot. 107 Thus arises..a layer of cells..which continues to form new *cork-cells, the Cork-cambium or layer of Phellogen.
1842Browning Soliloquy Sp. Cloister ii, Not a plenteous *cork-crop.
1800Weems Washington vii. (1877) 52 Mere *cork-drawers and songsters.
1875Bennett & Dyer tr. Sach's Bot. i. ii. §15. 91 The Lenticels are a peculiarity of *cork-forming Dicotyledons.
1743Lond. & Country Brew. iii. (ed. 2) 199 Stopping it up..excepting the Top vent or *Cork-hole.
1859Todd Cycl. Anat. V. 480/2 The *cork-layer of the vegetable integument.
1862Mrs. Carlyle Lett. III. 129 That absurd *corkmaker.
1875Bennett & Dyer tr. Sachs' Bot. i. ii. §15. 90 When succulent organs..are injured, the wound generally becomes closed up by *cork-tissue.
d. Special combs. cork-board, a kind of cardboard, made by mixing ground cork with the paper pulp, used as a non-conductor of heat, etc.; † cork-brain, a light-headed or giddy person; so † cork-brained a.; cork carpet, a kind of floor-cloth composed of ground cork, india-rubber, and gutta-percha; cork-elm, (a) the rock elm, Ulmus thomasii; (b) the winged elm, Ulmus alata; cork-faucet (see quot.); † cork-fossil = fossil-cork (see 7); cork-heeled a., having the heels fitted with cork; † also fig. light-heeled, wanton; cork-leather, a fabric of cork and leather; also of cork and india-rubber; cork linoleum (or lino), linoleum made from canvas backed with a mixture of linseed oil and ground cork; cork-machine, a machine for making corks; cork-oak, the tree (Quercus Suber) from which cork is obtained; cork-pine, cork-press (see quots.); cork-pull, an instrument for extracting a cork which has gone down into the bottle (see Knight Dict. Mech.); cork-tipped a., of a cigarette: having a filter of a cork-like substance at one end; also absol.; cork-wing, name of a fish, Crenilabrus melas or cornubicus. See also cork-cutter, -jacket, etc.
1630J. Taylor (Water P.) Wks. ii. 173/2 Some Giddy-headed *Corkbrains.
1630― Wks. (N.), An upstart *corke-braind Jacke.
1906M. H. Baillie-Scott Houses & Gardens x. 30 The [bathroom] floor will perhaps be covered with..a *cork carpet. 1959Chambers's Encycl. VIII. 587/1 Cork carpet is similar to plain linoleum but made of larger cork granules with a low pigment content, thus producing a softer and warmer floorcovering, but one more difficult to keep clean.
1813H. Muhlenberg Catal. Plants 29 *Cork elm. Ulmus alata. 1884Miller Plant-n. 259 Ulmus racemosa, American Cork Elm. 1931W. N. Clute Common Names Plants 26 The plant usually regarded as the true wahoo, is the plant often called the burningbush..but..the cork elm (Ulmus racemosa), and the basswood..also bear the name.
1874Knight Dict. Mech., *Cork-faucet, one adapted to be inserted through a cork, to draw the contents of a bottle.
1806Gregory Dict. Arts & Sc. I. 437 *Cork-fossil..a kind of stone..somewhat resembling vegetable cork.
1604Dekker Honest Wh. Wks. 1873 II. 131 Oh, who would trust your *corcke-heeld sex? c1700Ballad ‘Sir P. Spens’, Oour Scots nobles wer richt laith To weet their cork-heild-shoone.
1886W. A. Harris Tech. Dict. Fire Insur., *Cork-leather, which is waterproof and very elastic, is cork-powder consolidated with india⁓rubber.
1909J. Joyce Let. 23 Dec. (1966) II. 280 Try to get some ‘*cork-lino’ for kitchen. 1970Univ. Coll. (Oxf.) Record V. v. 315 The old cork-lino was replaced everywhere.
1909Daily Chron. 11 June 7/2 ‘*Cork Linoleum’ has to most people meant merely, or chiefly, a kind of trade mark.
1873Princess Alice in Mem. (1884) 300 Cypresses, stone pines, large *cork oaks.
1873Atlas of Michigan Pref. 20 The soft or *‘cork’ pine, so called from the resemblance in softness and texture of the wood to..cork. 1879Lumberman's Gaz. 15 Oct., Valuable cork pine timber.
1874Knight Dict. Mech., *Cork-press, one in which a cork..is rendered elastic, to enable it the more readily to enter the neck of a bottle.
1907Yesterday's Shopping (1969) 67/3 Cigarettes... Finest quality *cork tipped. 1924A. E. M. Foster Lond. Restaurants 25 If you find your cigarette stick to your lips you had much better get them cork-tipped. 1928Punch 22 Feb. p. ii (Advt.), Really nice girls smoke Player's Cork-Tipped. 1945‘L. Lewis’ Birthday Murder (1951) v. 63 Mrs. Saxe, smoking a cork-tipped cigarette. 1969‘J. Fraser’ Cock-Pit of Roses xix. 150 Give us some cigs...twenty of the cork-tipped.
1836Yarrell Brit. Fishes (L.), The *Corkwing..is not confined to the western part of England. 1868Chambers Encycl. s.v. Wrasse, The cork⁓wing is not unfrequent on the southern shores of England.
▸ fig. colloq. (orig. and chiefly U.S.). to pop (also blow) one's cork: to lose one's temper, fly into a rage; to lose self-control.
1938Amer. Speech 13 156/2 Pop your cork, loose [sic] your temper. 1947R. O. Boyer Dark Ship 283 The captain blew his cork. I thought he was going to shoot us. 1949F. Loesser Hamlet (song) in Compl. Lyrics (2003) 151/1 Ophelia, overcome with such grief and sorrow, She went and flipped her lid, She popped her cork, She jumped the track. 1992J. Marsden Lett. from Inside (2001) 127 What you said about Steve, I'd be worried. He sounds like he's blown his cork. 2004St. Petersburg (Florida) Times (Nexis) 6 Apr. 1 c, Calhoun popped his cork. Every mistake they made left him fuming, screaming at his players in view of the world.
▪ II. cork, n.2|kɔːk|
Also 5–6 corke, 6 corck, 7 korck.
[app. a contraction of corkir, a. Gaelic and Ir. corcur, orig. ‘purple’, hence, the lichen yielding a purple dye. Corcur was ad. L. purpur, with Goidelic change of p to c, as in L. planta, Ir. cland, clann, L. pascha, Gaelic casga, caisg.]
A purple or red dye-stuff obtained from certain lichens growing on rocks in Scotland and the north of England; = cudbear.
Lightfoot, Flora Scotica (1789) 818, has Lichen omphalodes as ‘Dark purple Dyer's Lichen; Cork or Arcell. Crotal of the Gaels’, and L. tartareus (now Lecanora tartarea) as ‘Large yellow-saucer'd Dyer's Lichen; Corcar of the Gaels’. Both of these produce cudbear. ‘Cork’ has also been more or less identified with archil or Orchil, a foreign dye-stuff of similar origin; see quot. 1483. (See Paper by Dr. J. Hammond Trumbull, in Proc. Amer. Philol. Assoc. (1877) 19.)
1483Act 1 Rich. III, c. 8 §3 Diers..usen to dye..Clothes with Orchell and Corke brought from beyonde the See called Jare cork. c1485Crafte of lymnynge in E.E. Misc. (Warton Soc.) 90 Whenne hit is alle-moste at boylynge, caste in ȝour corke. 1532–3Act 24 Hen. VIII, c. 2 Good and sufficient corke or orchall. 1551Turner Herbal i. P j b, This is called in London archall and the dyers vse it to dy withall. The Northenmen about blakamore where as it groweth calleth it cork, it groweth ther like a mos vpon stones. 1634Peacham Gentl. Exerc. i. xxiii. 79 The principall blewes..in use are, Blew Bice. Smalt..Korck or Orchall. 1758Phil. Trans. L. 677 The cork or arcel, which is used by the Scotch..to dye a purple or scarlet colour. 1884Miller Plant-n., Cork, Lecanora tartarea and Rocella tinctoria.
▪ III. † cork, n.3 Obs.
[Var. of colk, possibly influenced in spelling by association with core.]
1. The ‘colk’ or core of an apple, etc.
c1440Anc. Cookery in Househ. Ord. (1790) 448 Appuls and peres clene pared, and the corke tane out. c1450Two Cookery-bks. 106 Toke 30 coynes and x wardones, and pare hem, and drawe out the corkes at eyther end.
2. pl. ‘Cinders, Lancash.’ (Halliwell). Cf. coke, core n.1 2.
▪ IV. cork, n.4, corlk
erron. spellings of cauk.
1815Annals of Agric. XIX. 476 (E.D.S.) An imperfect chalk marl, or a cork, that is, a hard chalk. 1846Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. VII. ii. 450 The lower beds of hard chalk, provincially called corlk.
▪ V. cork, n.5
erron. spelling of calk n.1
1806Webster Compend. Dict., Cork, a sharp point on a horse shoe. 1846W. T. Porter Quarter Race Kentucky 162, I then just took my old mare down to a blacksmith's shop, and had some shoes made with ‘corks’ about four inches long, and had 'em nailed on to her hind feet. 1902S. E. White Blazed Trail xxvii. 187 His face and flesh were ripped and torn everywhere by the ‘corks’ on the boots. 1922H. Titus Timber ix. 82 He..sharpened the corks, handling the foot gear with an odd excitement.
▪ VI. cork, v.1|kɔːk|
[f. cork n.1: in various uses, having no connexion with each other.]
I.
†1.
a. trans. To furnish (a shoe) with a cork sole or heel. Obs.
1580Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Liéger des pantoufles, to corcke slippers. 1602Warner Alb. Eng. ix. xlvii. (1612) 218 Then wore they Shooes of ease, now of an inch-broad, corked hye. 1834J. R. Planché Brit. Costume 268 The [shoes and slippers of the men] ‘corked’..and richly ornamented.
b. To provide or fit with a cork (as a float).
1641S. Smith Herringbusse Trade 11 They are to bring the Nets to their ropes, and..Corke them, and make them in all respects fit.
II.
2. a. To stop (a bottle, cask, etc.) with, or as with, a cork; and so to confine or shut up (the contents of a bottle, etc.).
1659Gayton Art of Longevity 20 In bottles close Corkt up a prisner. 1744Berkeley Let. on Tar Water §2 Keep it in bottles, well corked. 1759Ellis in Phil. Trans. LI. 209 Then cork the bottle. 1807T. Thomson Chem. (ed. 3) II. 334 He corked it up, and kept it some time.
b. transf. To stop up as with a cork; to shut up like the contents of a bottle. Also with down.
1650[see corking, below]. 1758J. S. Le Dran's Observ. Surg. (1771) 221 The Fat had corked up the Extremity. 1824Medwin Convers. w. Byron (1832) II. 45 Rogers had composed some very pretty commendatory verses on me; but they were kept corked up for many long years. 1860F. W. Robinson Grandmother's Money vi. viii, If you will only listen to your lord and husband's conversation with these good gentlemen, and cork the sentimental down, we shall soon be Darby and Joan again. 1894Outing (U.S.) XXIV. 220/1 The descriptions of the lion usually corked down in the ‘animal books’. 1916W. Owen Let. 1 Feb. (1967) 377 We were corked down in those subways for close on 3 hours.
III. 3. To blacken with burnt cork.
1836[see corked 3].
Hence ˈcorking vbl. n. of wines: the action or process of becoming corked (see corked ppl. a. 4).
1650H. More Observ. Anthrop. Theomag. 51 The corking-up close of the urine of a bewitched party. 1891Daily News 23 Sept. 5/4 Bottles, corks, corking apparatus, and other appliances used in manufacturing sparkling wines. 1904Lancet 18 June 1758/2 ‘Corking’ in wines or other fluids. 1920G. Saintsbury Notes on Cellar-Bk. xiii. 199 That plague of the cellar-owner, ‘corking’.
▪ VII. † cork, v.2 Obs. rare.
In 5 korke.
[f. cork n.2]
trans. To treat with ‘cork’ (the dye-stuff).
c1485Crafte of Lymnynge in E.E. Misc. (Warton Soc.) 90 After hit is y-maderyd, ȝe moste korke hit..for if ȝe wolle korky crymsons, ȝe moste..whenne hit is alle-moste at boylynge, caste in ȝour corke.
▪ VIII. cork, v.3
erron. f. caulk v.
1684Bucaniers Amer. ii. (1698) 53 The merchants ..will not entrust one penny worth of goods on that man's vessel that corks her. 1776G. Temple Building in Water 102 Corking any Leakages that may happen to appear. Ibid. 108 Scrape the Joints..and..cork them with the shavings of Lead. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. I. xxxii. 449 After corking up all openings with snow.
▪ IX. cork, v.4
erron. spelling of calk v.2
1776in New Jersey Archives 2nd Ser. I. 166 A chestnut sorrel mare,..shod before, shoes are steel corked. 1806Webster Compend. Dict., Cork, v.t.,..to form sharp points or shoe with points. a1817T. Dwight Trav. New Eng. (1821) II. 217 The clay.., unless a horse is corked, is dangerous both to him and to the rider. 1829Virginia Lit. Museum 16 Dec. 419 To cork, to shoe a horse with points—or with frost nails. |