| 释义 |
▪ I. contrive, v.1|kənˈtraɪv|
Forms: 4–6 controve, (4 -oeve, -eoue), 4–5 -eve, -eeve, 5–6 -yve, 6– contrive, (5–6 Sc. contruve). (Sylvester has analogical pa. pple. contriven, after striven, etc.)
[a. OF. controve-r, with stem-stress contreuve = It. controvare, f. con- together, etc. + trovare, OF. trover, mod.F. trouver to find:—L. turbāre to disturb, stir up, wake up, etc. (Controver thus answered formally to L. conturbāre.) The vowel-mutation according to stress, regular in OF. (cf. mouvoir, meuve, pouvoir, peut, etc.), has in mod.F. been levelled under ou (from o), but some F. dialects have treuver, treuve. ME. had orig. both controve and contreve (from -euve, -oeve); cf. move, meve, prove, preve, people; controve and its Sc. repr. contruve survived to the 16th c.; but, otherwise than in move, prove, the finally prevailing form was contreve; cf. retrieve. From the 15th c. this became contrive, a phonetic change still unexplained: cf. brier, friar, tire. The sense ‘invent with ingenuity’ has passed in F. into that of ‘invent fraudulently or falsely’; though this is often present in Eng., it has never superseded the original good or neutral sense.]
1. trans. To invent, devise, excogitate with ingenuity and cleverness (any plan or purpose).
c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace 14676 A selkouþ..neuere contreued in elde ne ȝouþe. c1330― Chron. (1810) 241 A man þat oste salle lede, & controues no quayntise, Howe he disceit salle drede, scaþe vmwhile salle rise. 1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 1561 Þam þat new gyses controves. 1461Liber Pluscardensis xi. viii, All thir foulis that melody contruvis. 1602Shakes. Ham. ii. ii. 216, I will..sodainely contriue the meanes of meeting betweene him, and my daughter. 1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. i. (1843) 5 The prince's going into Spain..was contrived wholly by the duke. 1784Cowper Task iv. 778 How close-pent man regrets The country, with what ardour he contrives A peep at Nature, when he can no more. 1864Tennyson Aylmer's F. 781 Grossly contriving their dear daughter's good..Ignorant, devising their own daughter's death!
b. esp. used of the planning or plottng of evil devices, treason, treachery, murder, etc.
c1325E.E. Allit. P. B. 266 Thenne founden þay fylþe in fleschlych dedez & controeued agayn kynde contrare werkez. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 7146 He þoughte on oþer wyse To contreoue a fals queyntyse. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. x. 19 Who-so can contreue deceytes an conspire wronges..to conseille is clepid. c1450Castle Hd. Life St. Cuthb. (Surtees) 2484 And to his neghbure nane euell controues. 1513Douglas æneis viii. i. 8 Incontinent togidder..All Latium assemblit, sone controvit [ed. 1553 contruuit] Ane coniuratioun or haisty convyne. 1653H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. ix. 28 A plot of Treason, which they had contrived together. 1713Steele Guardian No. 17 ⁋7 To contrive the debauchery of your child. 1807W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. V. 501 This apostate contrives treachery against Huon.
†c. Const. with inf. Obs.
c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 240 Þe kyng controued þer ouer a brigge forto make. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xvi. 137 Þe iewes..casten & contreueden to kulle hym whan þei miȝte. a1400Cov. Myst. (1841) 241 A tretowre xal countyrfe his deth to fortyfye. 1509Hawes Past. Pleas. xliii. iv, To make relacion, In bokes many I shall of him contrive. 1607Shakes. Cor. iii. iii. 63 We charge you, that you have contriu'd..to winde Your selfe into a power tyrannicall. 1709Strype Ann. Ref. I. xxxii. 367 All the foreign papal powers contrived to dethrone or destroy her. 1784Cowper Task vi. 205 Thus dream they, and contrive to save a God The incumbrance of his own concerns.
†2. intr. To make use of contrivance or ingenuity; to form devices; to plot, conspire. Obs.
c1440York Myst. xxvi. 241 Than wolde we knawe why þis knave þus cursidly contryued. 1596Shakes. Merch. V. iv. i. 360 Thou hast contriu'd against the very life Of the defendant. 1601― Jul. C. ii. iii. 16 The Fates with Traitors do contrive. 1641Milton Ch. Govt. i. ii. (1851) 102 That men should be tampring and contriving in his worship.
3. trans. To devise, invent, design (a material structure, literary composition, institution, etc.).
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. x. 177 Of alkinnes craftes I contreued toles. 1393Ibid. C. xv. 161 Was neuere creature..þat knew wel þe bygynnynge Bote kynde [i.e. Nature], þat contreeuede hit furst. 1523Fitzherb. Surv. Prol. (1539) 1 By experience I contriued, compiled, and made a treatise. 1593Shakes. Lucr. 206 Some loathsome dash the herald will contrive. 1696Whiston Th. Earth iii. (1722) 267 Such a peculiar Bottom..as our great Ships are contrived with. 1736Berkeley Wks. III. 521 The bank called the general bank of France, contrived by Mr. Law. 1784Cowper Task i. 60 But elbows still were wanting; these, some say, An alderman of Cripplegate contrived. 1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Ability Wks. (Bohn) II. 34 Broad-shouldered Liverpool merchants for whom Stephenson and Brunel are contriving locomotives and a tubular bridge.
absol.1701Farquhar Sir H. Wildair v. vi, I'll have the music from both houses; Pawlet and Locket shall contrive for our taste.
†4. To find out or discover (as the solution of a problem or riddle); to come to understand. Obs.
1393Gower Conf. III. 90 These olde philosophres wise Of all this worldes erthe rounde, How large, how thicke was the grounde Contrived in thexperience. c1400York Myst. xxx. 434 No cause can I kyndely contryue Þat why he schulde lose þus his liffe. c1450Castle Hd. Life St. Cuthb. (Surtees) 440 God spak in him þe smyth controue [intellexit]. 1600Thynne Epigrams No. 55 Deepe witted menn b'experience haue contrived, that mariage good and quiet is ech hower, where the mans heringe organs are deprived of their right vse. [1784Cowper Task iii. 156 Some..Contrive creation; travel nature up To the sharp peak of her sublimest height, And tell us whence the stars.]
†5. To make up, concoct, fabricate, invent. Obs. [Cf. F. controuver ‘to faine, forge, inuent, imagine out of his own brain’ (Cotgr.).]
c1400Rom. Rose 4249 Though he nought fond, yet would he [Wicked Tongue] lie..Discordaunt ever fro armonye, And distoned from melodie, Controve he wolde. c1450Henryson Mor. Fab. 74 Thine argument is false and eke contrufed. 1468Paston Lett. No. 582 II. 313 The malyciouse contryved talys that Frere Brakley..and othyrs ymagyned ontruly..of me.
6. To succeed in bringing to pass; to ‘manage’, to effect (a purpose).
1530Palsgr. 497/2, I contryve, I bringe to passe a mater by sekyng of my wyttes, Je machine. Ibid., It was harde to do, but I have contryved it at the laste. a1593Marlowe Dido v. i, A desperate charge, Which neither art nor reason may achieve, Nor I devise by what means to contrive. a1656Bp. Hall in Rem. Wks., Life (1660) 22 It pleased God inexpectedly to contrive the change of my station. 1726Chetwood Adv. Capt. R. Boyle 211 Tho' the Horse was sold for twenty Pistoles, we contriv'd it so, that my Landlord seiz'd the Money for his Reckoning. 1820Shelley Œdipus i. 135 Prophecies when once they get abroad..Contrive their own fulfilment.
b. Const. with inf. Extended ironically to action that has the result of bringing about an unintended or undesired event.
1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iv. 55 Th' industrious Kind..with their Stores of gather'd Glue, contrive To stop the Vents, and Crannies of their Hive. 1716–8Pope in Lady M. W. Montague's Lett. I. xxvi. 81 You have contrived to say..most pleasing things. 1777Priestley Matt. & Spir. (1782) I. Pref. 31 Members of the Church of England..contrive to differ among themselves. 1828Southey Ep. Allan Cunningham, He has just contrived to keep Out of rope's reach, and will come off this time For transportation. 1853Kingsley Hypatia xxvi, The negress put the cup to her lips, and contrived, for her own reasons, to spill the contents unobserved. 1888Skeat Chaucer's Minor P. Introd. p. xxxvii, An editor should always look at the MSS. for himself, if he can possibly contrive to do so.
†7. To bring by ingenuity or skill into a place, position, or form. Also in analogous uses with to, in, upon. Obs.
1577Hanmer Anc. Eccl. Hist. (1619) 109 [He] contrived such things as he had heard of his master, into short compendious notes. 1603Florio Montaigne 163, Sometimes I addresse my judgement and contrive it to a noble and outworne subject. 1606Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iii. iii. The Lawe How-much-fold sence is in few words contriuen! 1613Purchas Pilgrimage viii. iii. 618 So tough, that being contrived in building, it lasteth for ever. 1665Boyle Occas. Refl. v. ix. (1675) 332 A few such Closets..might be easily enlarged, and contrived into an Hospital. 1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag. v. 86 The half Bullets of Musquets contrived upon them. a1687Sancroft Let. in Clarendon's Hist. Reb. I. 6, MS...consisting of xvi books, contriv'd into 92 quires. 1701Collier M. Aurel. (1726) 124 He was afraid his son might make a false step..the notions contrived into him miscarry.
▪ II. † conˈtrive, v.2 Obs.
[app. irreg. f. L. contrīvī, pret. of conterĕre to wear away (cf. contrite, contrition); perh. associated by translators with the prec.]
trans. To wear down, wear away, consume, spend; to pass, employ (time).
1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 287 Whiche allemoste contriued [pertriverunt] the Romanes and victores of this worlde with mony batelles. c1534tr. Pol. Verg. Eng. Hist. (Camden) I. 81 Coyllus..contrived [contrivit] all his yowthe in the service of their warrs. 1566Painter Pal. Pleas. I. 116 b, You tarie and abide here..to contrive your tyme. 1590Spenser F.Q. ii. ix. 48 Nor that sage Pylian syre, which did survive Three ages, such as mortall men contrive. 1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. i. ii. 276 Please ye we may contriue this afternoone, And quaffe carowses to our Mistresse health. [Taken by some to belong to contrive v.1] |